process in a decent detail. Alongside this, the author cautiously points out the

challenges the process is facing. The basic idea is that the genetic code is being altered externally to produce a desired effect like the treatment of

genetic disorders or production of essential proteins or hormones. In the former case, Identifying the gene responsible for the disorder was a

challenging task before. But with the Human Genome completely sequenced, the genetic cause of almost 1000 hereditary diseases is found. In the latter

case, desired proteins are injected into animals, which produce the protein which can then be administered to the patient.

The human genome therapy is directly administered on

patients in real time. Various methods are discussed by the author. The major setback to this whole process is that even a slight miscalculation in the therapy

can prove fatal, which is why many ethical concerns are being raised, the

author, points out.

it would also suggest some simplifications to release modified crops into environment and suggest research priorities for ecologists

Gene therapy also cures many heriditary dises

1.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S36aE9_m_Xo

2.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2G-yUuiqIZ0

3.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZmZ161njr8

websites:-

4.http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/science/gmfoods/

5.http://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/genetically-modified-food-advantages.htm

6.genetically modified crops journal:-

Concepts in Biology- Eldon D Enger, Fredrick C Ross, David B Bailey

Genetic Engineering Applied to the Deveopment of Vaccines

Authors : K. Murray, S. Stahl and P. G. Ashton-Rickardt

Published by The Royal Society

https://www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/microbial-genetics-7/transgenic-organisms-94/genetically-engineered-vaccines-502-10778/

1.TAKEN FROM THE BOOK :-

Journal of Applied Ecology

2.AUTHORS:-

A. F. Raybould and A. J. Gray

3.PUBLISHER:-

British Ecological Society

4.YEAR OF PUBLICATION:-

1993

5.CITY OF PUBLICATION:-

london

1.TRANSGENIC:-

relating to or denoting an organism that contains genetic material into which DNA from an unrelated organism has been artificially introduced.

2.BIOLISTICS:-

a technique in genetic engineering in which tiny metal pellets coated with DNA are propelled into living cells at high velocities.

3.GENOME:-

the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.

4.ISOENZYME:-

each of two or more enzymes with identical function but different structure.

5.INTROGRESSION

the transfer of genetic information from one species to another as a result of hybridization between them and repeated backcrossing.

Glyphosate herbicide (Roundup) tolerance conferred by expression of a glyphosate-tolerant form of the plant enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) isolated from the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, strain CP4

2.INSECT RESISTANCE:-

Resistance to insect pests, specifically the European corn borer, through expression of the insecticidal protein Cry1Ab from Bacillus thuringiensis

3.ALTERED FATTY ACID COMPOSITION:-

High laurate levels achieved by inserting thegene for ACP thioesterase from the California bay tree Umbellularia californica

4.VIRUS RESISTANCE:-

Resistance to plum pox virus conferred by insertion of a coat protein (CP) gene from the virus

1.DO YOU THINK THERE IS A FUTURE FOR GENETIC MODIFICATION?

2.WOULD YOU LIKE TO PURSUE YOUR DEGREE ON THIS TOPIC?

3.DO YOU THINK GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS ARE USEFUL/HARMFUL?

4.DO YOU THINK IT IS ETHICAL TO MODIFY NATURAL CROPS?

http://abt.ucpress.edu/

http://www.jstor.org/page/journal/amerbiolteac/about.html

http://www.sciencemag.org/

http://www.scientificamerican.com/

http://www.nature.com/nm/index.html

http://www.ahjonline.com/

http://www.annalsthoracicsurgery.org/

Cystic Fibriosis: A genetic lung Disorder characterized by difficult breathing, fatty stool, infertility(in males).

Angiogenesis: Creation of new blood vessels

Perfusion: In physiology, perfusion is the process of a body delivering blood to a capillary bed in its biological tissue. The word is derived from the French verb "perfuser" meaning to "pour over or through.

Retrovirus: Enveloped Viruses which replicate through reverse transcription in a host cell

Transfection : the process of deliberately introducing nucleic acids into cells. The term is often used for non-viral methods in eukaryotic cells.

Cancer Treatment:

This video explains beautifully how :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5SC2EoxUOXo

The following video covers major aspects of the benifits of the gene therapy:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ez560GnkSrE

How long do you think will it take for human gene therapy to become a full fledged treatment ?

What types of diseases can the gene therapy cure?

Is the cure by gene therapy going to be permanent?

Is human Genome Therapy going to be affordable by the general public?

What is your answer to detractors of the gene therapy about the experiments being dangerous on human beings?

Many people say that it is unlawful to change natures laws by such scientific endeavours. What do you say about this ?

2. HBsAg : A surface antigen

3. HBsAc : A core antigen

4. Hepatatis b : A virus that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease.

1. Why is it more difficult to manufacture genetically engineeed vaccines?

2. What are the problems that can be minimized by the creation of recombinant vaccines?

3. What are the uses of enzyme endouclease?

4. Why do recombinant vaccines tend to be less immunogenic than their conventional counterparts?

2. Protocols for genetically engineered vaccines raise issues on their efficacy and overall benefit.

Source: Boundless. “Genetically Engineered Vaccines.” Boundless Microbiology. Boundless, 21 Jul. 2015. Retrieved 07 Oct. 2015 from https://www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/microbial-genetics-7/transgenic-organisms-94/genetically-engineered-vaccines-502-10778/