Clarifier: monitor everyone's understanding

Questioner: Asks questions and rephrases other questions asked by the class or group members. This is not a role that students find easy, so it helps to provide them with question stems such as :

Skeptic: tries to strengthen the group’s work by probing for weaknesses in the developing explanation or model.

Progress monitor: asks others to periodically take the measure of the group’s progress.

Real scientists don't follow this and bounce around different steps to get their best answers.

A practice of science is to ask and refine questions that lead to descriptions and explanations of how the natural and designed world works and which can be empirically tested.

A practice of both science and engineering is to use and construct models as helpful tools for representing ideas and explanations. These tools include diagrams, drawings, physical replicas, mathematical representations, analogies, and computer simulations.

Scientists and engineers plan and carry out investigations in the field or laboratory, working collaboratively as well as individually. Their investigations are systematic and require clarifying what counts as data and identifying variables or parameters.

Scientific investigations produce data that must be analyzed in order to derive meaning. Because data patterns and trends are not always obvious, scientists use a range of tools—including tabulation, graphical interpretation, visualization, and statistical analysis—to identify the significant features and patterns in the data. Modern technology makes the collection of large data sets much easier.

In both science and engineering, mathematics and computation are fundamental tools for representing physical variables and their relationships. They are used for a range of tasks such as constructing simulations; statistically analyzing data; and recognizing, expressing, and applying quantitative relationships.

The products of science are explanations and the products of engineering are solutions.

Argumentation is the process by which explanations and solutions are reached.

Scientists and engineers must be able to communicate clearly and persuasively the ideas and methods they generate. Critiquing and communicating ideas individually and in groups is a critical professional activity.