https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0 en-us 2022-02-08 13:01:56 UTC 2022-02-11 05:16:17 UTC hello@padlet.com wcallanan288 https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035448349 Ratified in 1865, the 13th Amendment officially abolished slavery in the United States, however, due to the statement, "except for punishment of crime," which became a legal loophole used to create the convict lease system later. Overall the 13th Amendment was a success due to the official Abolition of slavery and helping to usher in a new era (even if the process took much longer than expected). Cite: Page 1, Paragraph 2]]> 2022-02-08 13:32:00 UTC https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035448349 wcallanan288 https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035454151 Established in March of 1865, the Freedmen's was designed to assist newly freed slaves (as well as poverty stricken whites). They began with the establishment of schools to educate and inform the black population, as well as placing freedmen on confiscated land to help give them a start with earning. However, with the assistance they did provide, they were not able to accomplish their overall goal of providing protection to the black population. Due to a lack of funding and race politics many goals were not able to be carried out by the Bureau. In 1872, the Bureau was dismantled due to interference from the KKK and pressure from white southerners, leading to an overall failure of the Bureau to carry out their initiatives. Cites: History.Com/Page 1, Paragraph 3]]> 2022-02-08 13:34:41 UTC https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035454151 wcallanan288 https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035455649 The Black Codes are comprised of a series of legislatures beginning in the fall of 1865; the goal of the legislatures was to limit the freedmen's rights to a point of being returned to near-slavery conditions once more (with another goal to return them to their previous plantations). Freedmen were limited in numerous ways: the number of occupations for freedmen was severely limited, freedmen had no ability to vote, freedmen were also prevented from getting education through public funds. The Black Codes were a large failure to the goal of Reconstruction, as they set black relations in the south to near pre-Civil War conditions. Cite: Page 6, Paragraph 1]]> 2022-02-08 13:35:18 UTC https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035455649 wcallanan288 https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035457922 As Reconstruction began, it had already taken numerous failures to its progress. The Black Codes damaged black relations, and the Freedmen's Bureau was not extremely effective in practice. In December of 1865, President Andrew Johnson declared Reconstruction complete and quickly withdrew many Union soldiers from the south. With such a quick decision, and Johnson's already lenient Reconstruction policies many became outraged. Newly elected southern delegates were also quickly refused by Congressional Republicans, who decided for the formerly Confederates states to be excluded from congress until a proper way to readmit them could be found. This entire issue was another failure of Reconstruction as it only caused more tension and reduced any progress being made during Reconstruction. Cite: Page 7, Paragraph 1]]> 2022-02-08 13:36:19 UTC https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035457922 wcallanan288 https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035458880 The practice of Sharecropping began in 1865 and served to further take advantage of freedmen and bring the south closer to previous practices. The practice itself was very similar to slavery, with the owner of land providing land, housing, tools, and seed, while a merchant provided food and supplies as a loan. However, by harvest the landowner would take most of the profits made; the sharecropper would make only a half, if not a third of their total profits. The small profits made by the sharecropper would go to paying off their debt to the merchant, creating a perpetual cycle that would keep the sharecropper from going off on their own. This is a failure of Reconstruction with how it kept black relations in the south nearly as held back as before the Civil War, keeping real progress from being made once again. Cite: Page 9, Paragraph 1]]> 2022-02-08 13:36:43 UTC https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035458880 wcallanan288 https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035460821 To improve the culture and lives of Freedmen, many projects needed to be undergone. To help build a stronger culture, many buildings were built for black communities. Many churches were built to allow religion to be worshipped openly in communities. Primarily, schools were built in order to give education to Freedmen and allow them to pursue further careers. An example of one of the black colleges built is Howard and Morehouse College, it was founded mainly to educate black lawyers, doctors, ministers, and businessmen. Overall the action to build black communities was a success as it allowed the population to come into their own, and begin to escape some of the persecution that the south still put on them. Cite: Page 11, Paragraph 1]]> 2022-02-08 13:37:35 UTC https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035460821 wcallanan288 https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035466124 As with most bills, the Freedmen's Bureau needed to be renewed to continue its use in the south. With the renewal came new policies (primarily by Republican Lyman Trumbull). Some of the policies included a lack of expiration date on the bill, establishing more schools in the south, and helping freedmen to purchase land, while also assigning military governors to protect African Americans in the south. Naturally, with Johnson's policies, he vetoed the bill and prevented its passing, however, in July of 1866 the bill was passed but in a much more moderate version (excluding the plan of providing land to freedmen). This bill was a failure due to its initial veto and subsequent crippiling in order to pass it at all. Cite: Page 15, Paragraph 1]]> 2022-02-08 13:39:40 UTC https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035466124 wcallanan288 https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035468482 The Civil Rights Act in concept is very simple, an act designed to protect ALL people's Civil Rights within the United States. This bill is particularly interesting due to it getting around a presidential veto. The main purpose of the act was to guarantee the Civil Rights of all people, however, it was mainly created as a way of ensuring that the black population was given the same rights as white people. This act was an overall success for multiple reasons, it got past a presidential veto, it inspired further Civil Rights movements in the future, and it helped ensure Civil Rights in a time of uncertainty for the black population. Cite: Page 16, Paragraph 1]]> 2022-02-08 13:40:40 UTC https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035468482 wcallanan288 https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035469211 The 14th Amendment is something of a sibling act to the Civil Rights Act. The 14th Amendment strengthens the promises of the Civil Rights act, fully amending the constitution to comply with it. The Amendment was passed by Congress in June of 1866 and defined citizenship to include birthright citizenship. The Amendment also increased the federal government's power for the purpose of protecting rights with equal protection. However, the bill does not fully grant voting rights to the black population, but it does specify discrimination by race is prohibited in voting. This Amendment was a success as it enhanced the Civil Rights Act, and included further improvements to protect the rights of all people. Cite: Page 16, Paragraph 2]]> 2022-02-08 13:40:59 UTC https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035469211 wcallanan288 https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035470850 While the 14th Amendment was ratified in 1866, it was not officially ratified on the state level until July of 1868. The ratification by the states specifically stated the main points of the 14th Amendment, however, it is mentioned that states cannot interfere or enforce laws that limit the rights of citizens (referring to the black codes). Overall the ratification by the states was successful as it targeted the black codes and helped to at least somewhat diminish the rampant abuse towards the rights of the southern black population. Cite: Page 16, Paragraph 3]]> 2022-02-08 13:41:41 UTC https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035470850 wcallanan288 https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035472159 In May of 1866, violence began in Memphis between the white southerners and black Union soldiers leading to intensely violent riots. There were over 48 deaths (the majority being black), 75 blacks injured, 100 robbed, 5 raped, and over 100 buildings in the black community burned to the ground. Furthermore, in July the violence continued in New Orleans, in which a white mob (including law enforcement), attacked and killed 40 blacks and Radical Republicans. These 2 riots in particular are a severe failure and a lesson of Reconstruction. Even with laws passed by the North, the South was still intensely angered and easily drawn to violence, halting progress for Reconstruction further. Cite: Page 17, Paragraph 1]]> 2022-02-08 13:42:12 UTC https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035472159 wcallanan288 https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035475696 With the introduction of the Civil Rights Act and the 14th Amendment, rights for the black population gained much more legal protection than they previously had. "The First Vote" as it is called, is the name for the beginning of the majority of black voters in the U.S., beginning in November 1867. The black vote helped hundreds of black men get elected into all levels of offices during Reconstruction, and began to diversify legislation overall. However, many blacks were still kept from voting through intimidation or a form of black code. The idea of "The First Vote" is still a success overall, as it set a new standard for freedom and showed that the black population had a voice and representation in government. Cite: Page 20, Paragraph 1]]> 2022-02-08 13:43:46 UTC https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035475696 wcallanan288 https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035480310 On July 31, 1867, President Andrew Johnson attempted to fire Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, however, this act violated the Tenure of Office Act which allowed Johnson to officially put up for impeachment. Congress had also weakened Johnson's military control through the Command of the Army Act (requiring all military orders of the president to be approved by a general). Later on May 16, 1868, Johnson was impeached by the house of congress, however, he retained office by a single vote with the help of his lawyer promising to no longer interfere in Reconstruction's progress. After his impeachment, Johnson did not get nominated for the following election. This event was an overall success due to the crippling of Johnson's interference with Reconstruction up to that point, however, Johnson was not fully disposed of due to the vote keeping him in office. Cite:Page 25, Paragraph 1-2]]> 2022-02-08 13:45:39 UTC https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035480310 wcallanan288 https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035488922 The Election of 1868 was truly a political battle between the North and South, with the Democratic nominee Horatio Seymour directly opposing Reconstruction and openly appealing to racial fears and hatred. The Republican nominee was Ulysses S. Grant who supported Reconstruction, putting the two in direct opposition. However, Grant decidedly won the election, securing Reconstruction for a time. As President, Grant aided the Freedmen's Bureau to increase the creation of schools in the south. The 15th Amendment was also passed under Grant's office. The election was very successful for the purposes of Reconstruction, with Grant elected the Reconstruction process was much less burdened and able to make much more progress. Cite: Page 26, Paragraphs 1-2]]> 2022-02-08 13:49:08 UTC https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035488922 wcallanan288 https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035491170 The 15th Amendment, which was passed under the office of President Grant, was ratified in 1869 and soon after ratified by the states in 1870. The purpose of this amendment was to address the massive issue of intimidation at southern polls, preventing a large number of black voters from properly voting. The amendment itself states that the right to vote cannot be denied based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude (freed slaves). This amendment was a success as it helped further cement the freedom of the southern black population as well as solidify their rights in general, but specifically their right to have a voice in the government. Cite: Page 26, Paragraph 3]]> 2022-02-08 13:50:09 UTC https://padlet.com/wcallanan288/ah4tfim922xqgqd0/wish/2035491170