US History - Chapter 12 by susan

Roots of the Cold War by Alice Bigelow

susan_winslow — 2014-02-27 11:20:10 UTC

U.S. relations with Soviet Union beginning to crumble
U.S.: capitalist democracy- free elections, economic&religious freedom, private property, and respect for differences

sought stronger, united GR & independent nations in E. Europe

Soviet Union: dictatorship- Stalin is decision maker, no religious freedom, no private property, no freedom of expression, any opposed or questioned were risked imprisonment or death

keep GR weak and divided & E. Europe under Soviet control

Yalta conference: Stalin agrees to free elections & "broadly representative" governments and divide GR into temporary occupation zones
Potsdam: Attlee hopes Stalin would confirm Yalta decisions but he refused
world wide rivalry between U.S. and Soviet Union
Cold War: 46-year struggle & two superpowers never faced each other directly in "hot" military conflict

Meeting the Soviet Challenge - Jonathan Bonnett - Somewhat Beautiful...

susan_winslow — 2014-02-27 11:20:22 UTC

President Truman - Not the only leader to believe that Stalin had plans for global domination.

Winston Churchill - Gave a speech in 1946, Fulton College in Missouri.

"An Iron curtain has descended across the Continent."

East of the Iron Curtain = Soviet controlled countries.
West of the Iron Curtain = Countries that are not controlled by the Soviets.
Soviets were gaining more power, by installing communist governments and police states.

Any resistance against this was crushed immediately.
Police and government forces wiped off political and religious dissent.

Churchill and Truman feared that the Soviets were attempting to spread communism to Western Europe and East Asia. They concluded that the only solution was to stand firm against it.
A number of European and Asian countries struggled against communist movements.

Ex. Greece and Turkey
1947 - U.S. was the only country with resources to help them. U.S. sent $400 million in aid.

Truman Doctrine:
- The idea of giving aid to nations struggling against communist movements. Became the foreign policy of the United States of America.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pD_yaNR7kHM&safe=active

Containing Soviet Expansion-Kate Monnig

susan_winslow — 2014-02-27 11:20:54 UTC

George F. Kennan- Leading authority on the Soviet Union

Author of "The Sources of Soviet Conduct"
Founder of the containment policy

Containment- A goal to keep communism within existing borders
Kennan's view on Soviet expansion- Stalin would not risk destroying his power on a war with the US just to expand communism
Marshall Plan- Gave grants and loans to Western Europe and provided food during famine, fuel for heating, to jump-start the economy and re-build Europe

Created by Secretary of State George C. Marshall
Aid was also offered to Soviet satellite states- Stalin refused the aid

The "Made in the US" stamps on the aid the states did receive was changed to "Made in the Soviet Union"

Helping re-build Europe helped contain communism

The Cold War Heats Up - Merab

susan_winslow — 2014-02-27 11:21:03 UTC

Front lines located in Germany.
Zones Controlled by France, Britain, and US was West Germany.
West Germany was bordered on the east by the Soviet-controlled part of East Germany.
Stalin also wanted to capture the West.In 1948 Stalin stopped all highway, railway, and waterway traffic from western Germany into West Berlin.
West Berlin would fall to the communists.
US and Britain supplied West Berlin through airlift.
Provided fuel, food, clothing, medical supplies, and anything else the residents would need.

Communists Gain Control of China by Gabe

susan_winslow — 2014-02-27 11:21:56 UTC

In October 1, 1949, Communists prevail against the nationalists and take control over China.
Mao Zedong declared the creation of the People's Republic of China (PRC)
Led the United States to suspend diplomatic ties with China
The Chinese Communist party was founded in 1921 in Shanghai.
Chinese communists united with the nationalist army for a time being to get rid of the warlords that prevented the formation of strong central government.
This mutual collaboration lasted until the "White Terror" of 1927 when the Nationalists started killing off Communists.
The Japanese threat after them taking over Manchuria kept Civil War from happening between Nationalists and Communists.
Nationalists kept receiving support from the U.S due to us not wanting a Communist China.
Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong met to reach an agreement on a post- war government but years of mistrust made it difficult for said parties to work together until they were both involved in an all-out war by 1946.
U.S kept fighting against the Communists in China but it wasn't enough and Nationalists forces fled to Taiwan sometime in October of 1949 to regroup and find a way to take back the mainland but they were never able to.
The U.S only recognized Chian's government in Taiwan as China's true government.

Americans Fight in Korea by Zakyah Abbott ( My people )한국전쟁

susan_winslow — 2014-02-27 11:22:15 UTC

Korea had been divided into two independent countries by the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II.
In North Korea, the Soviets installed a communist government and equipped its armed forces.
The United States provided small amounts of aid to non communist South Korea.
American occupation troops remained in South Korea until June 1949.
June 25, 1950, North Korean forces attacked across the 38th parallel.
90,000 North Korean troops were armed with powerful tanks and other Soviet weapons.
The northerners took over the South Korean capital city, Seoul.
President Truman announced that the United States would aid South Korea, after remembering the policy of appeasement had failed to check the German aggression that sparked World War II.
Truman did not ask Congress for a formal declaration of war, but he did order American troops who were stationed in Japan to move to South Korea.
American troops joined their South Korean allies in retreating to the southeast corner of the peninsula near the city of Pusan.
Soldiers from other UN countries joined the American and South Korean forces.
September 1950, General Douglas MacArthur had a plan to drive the invaders from South Korea.
October 1950, the North Koreans had been driven north of the 38th parallel.
November 25, 1950, some 30,000 Chinese soldiers attacked South Korean and U.S. positions.
http://video.about.com/asianhistory/Timeline-of-the-Korean-War.htm
http://video.about.com/history1900s/Overview-of-Korean-War.htm

Eisenhower Introduces New Policies by Ashley MacRae

susan_winslow — 2014-02-27 11:24:11 UTC

He accepted many of Truman's policies (to contain communism)
John Foster Dulles: experienced diplomat who helped form the UN after WWII
Eisenhower and Dulles differed significantly from Truman
They all agreed on the fact that communism was the greatest threat to the free world
Eisenhower did not want to spend billions of dollars on conventional forces
massive retaliation: US would use whatever they could to threaten the communists who threatened their allies
Dulles believed that only by going to brink of war could the US protect its allies
brinkmanship: name of Dulles's approach shown above
March 5, 1953: Joseph Stalin died
Nikita Khrushchev: new head of the Soviet Union; he was more peaceful then Stalin
July 1955: Khrushchev met with Eisenhower

though nothing productive happened; they say that they were a step closer to a "peaceful co-existence"

The Cold War Goes Global by Laura Yedigaryan

susan_winslow — 2014-02-27 11:24:26 UTC

The Soviet Union would not allow free elections in the areas it controlled, and it continued to attempt to spread communism around the world
Peace talks were taken seriously by people in Soviet-dominated countries such as Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia
Many resented the control exerted by the Soviet Union
In 1956 workers in Poland rioted against Soviet rule- won greater control of their government
Hungarian students and workers organized demonstrations- Soviet soldiers and tanks were sent there to crush the revolution
The U.S could not do anything about it
Egypt's president, Gamal Abdel Nasser used the Cold War to his advantage- wanted to construct a dam on the Nile River
The U.S tried to fund it, but Nasser opened talks with China and the Soviet Union- Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal(under government control)
Britain and France used the Suez Crisis to seize control of the Suez Canal- Eisenhower was outraged by these actions- no more U.S oil for these countries and no support from the U.S
The Eisenhower Doctrine- the U.S would use force to help any Middle Eastern nation threatened by communism- CIA created to fight against communism, helped establish a new government in Iran
The Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1-a month later they sent Sputnik 2 which carried a dog named Laika in it, unfortunately Laika died
The U.S thought that their technology would keep them ahead of the Soviet Union- $1 billion program to produce more scientists- NASA created
http://video.about.com/history1900s/Overview-of-the-Space-Race.htm

Worrying About Communists at Home by Keli Gjikondi

susan_winslow — 2014-02-27 11:24:50 UTC

Red Scare- fear that Communists would destroy America
The spread of communism into Eastern Europe and Asia raised concerns that American communists were working for the enemy
President Truman created a Federal Employee Loyalty Program
This order: permitted the FBI and other government security agencies to screen federal employees for signs of political disloyalty, empowered the Attorney General to compile a list of "totalitarian, fascist, or subversive organization" in the U. S
The Truman administration also used the Smith Act to cripple the Communist Party in the U.S
The House of Representatives created the House Un-American Activities Committee to investigate possible subversive activities by fascist, Nazis, or communists
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1sgom1snPaQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8D6d6_-Vngo

Spy Cases Worry Americans by Hayden Pfefferkorn

susan_winslow — 2014-02-27 11:26:13 UTC

HUAC- A government committee formed to investigate possible subversive activities by fascists, Nazis, or communist.
Whittake Chambers Accuses Alger Hiss

Alger Hiss was very successful man who went to John Hopkins and Harvard Law School
Worked for the government and was accused to be the contact for an espionage
Trial before the HUAC > Says he is innocent > Found guilty > 5 years in prison
Began to raise concern about high authorities working for enemy countries

The Rosenbergs Are Executed

Arrested on charges of passing secret information about nuclear science to Soviet agents
Very controversial: spy vs Rosenbergs
Electrocuted in 1953 > believed it was so harsh because they were Jewish
Evidence later arose confirming that both were guilty of the accused crimes

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1sgom1snPaQ

McCarthy Uses Ruthless Tactics HANNAH

susan_winslow — 2014-02-27 11:26:35 UTC

Joseph McCarthy: senator, accused State Department of being infested with communist agents (57), refused to give specific names, served 2 terms
McCarthyism: his version of anticommunism, irresponsible allegations
1950-1954: most powerful politician
Increasing power= attacked higher figures (former Senator of State Geroge Marshall)
Lies, feared by politicians, bullying tactics
US Army=communists, attacks=personally motivated
Senate held televised hearings to sort out allegations: twisted truth, lost supporters
Continued to serve in Senate, power&influence
Downfall (1954) marked decline of Red Scare

Joseph Stalin & the Cold War by Maya-Elena Beckley

susan_winslow — 2014-02-27 11:27:44 UTC

Feb. 1945 How should Eastern Europe be governed?
Stalin initially agrees to establish representative governments.
LIES!!! The USSR remained in power for quite a while after WWII ended.
Satellite States:

Poland
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
East Germany

Truman vs Stalin
Potsdam (Summer 1945) official start of 46 year Cold War
Warsaw Pact
Berlin Airlift
www.youtube.com/watch?v=WC8WaG1KqQ
www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHZQXNe2HpQ

Biography on Harry S. Truman by Andrea Ticu

susan_winslow — 2014-02-27 11:27:55 UTC

Born on May 8, 1884 in Lamar, Missouri
Poor eyesight prevented him to participate in sports
Fine musician and read every book in the Independence Public Library
1926 Elected Judge
1934 Ran for U.S. Senate and won
President from 1945 to 1953
Stop spread of communism
"Fair Deal" program that included many social security benefits, public health insurance, and an end to racial discrimination.
December 26, 1972 dies in Kansas CIty at the age of 88
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HYmpHyG6blM
http://www.biography.com/people/harry-s-truman-9511121

NATO and Warsaw Pact during the Cold War Sculley

susan_winslow — 2014-02-27 11:54:14 UTC

In 1949 the United States and 11 other Western nations formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
The Soviet Union and other Communist nations in Eastern Europe founded the Warsaw Pact-1955.
Conflict between the Western nations (including the United States, Great Britain, France and other countries) and the Communist Eastern bloc ( USSR) began almost as soon as WW II ended
April 4, 1949, twelve countries in North America and Western Europe gathered in Washington D.C., to sign the North Atlantic Treaty. Stated that an attack on any of these countries was an attack against all.
Original members of NATO consisted of Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United States. In 1955 West Germany became a member.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z6XHw-ibicY

The Clash between Truman and MacArthur- Lola

susan_winslow — 2014-02-28 09:52:20 UTC

Truman: Current US President who was concerned with resolving war in Korea peacefully
MacArthur: a popular hero of World War II who was then the commander of United Nations forces fighting in the Korean War under President Truman
November and December 1950, Chinese troops crossed into North Korea and attacked American lines, driving the U.S. troops back into South Korea
MacArthur asked for permission to bomb communist China and use Nationalist Chinese forces from Taiwan against the People's Republic of China
Truman says no
Tension grows between the two
MacArthur develops a position and intentions that counteract those of Truman

Truman relives MacArthur of his duties for making public statements that contradicted the administration's policies

Truman replaces him with Gen. Matthew Ridgeway

MacArthur returns to America as a war hero
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3aCIfVhW7w

Arms Race Heightens Tensions by Sierra Stockley-Jackson

2014-03-03 09:12:47 UTC

Soviet Union sets off atomic bomb (September 2, 19?4)
Communist takeover in China

--both events lead to Americans living in fear of foreign countries

Atomic Energy Commission produces hydrogen bomb. The goal was to keep U.S. more advanced than Soviets.
There was controversy of whether or not the bomb would cause an arms race

--both J. Robert Oppenheimer and Albert Einstein were against the H-bomb

"Competition" between U.S. and Soviets of producing nuclear power/weapons
Mutually assured destruction prevents actual warfare, but Americans feared the chances of nuclear destruction.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fESuFzvsOEg