Summary of PBL 2 by AUNI ZAFIRAH BINTI AZIZAN / UPM https://padlet.com/2079871/ag2sxk2iuzos7hf5 en-us 2023-01-20 05:22:45 UTC 2025-10-17 18:11:02 UTC hello@padlet.com Avian Influenza michelleshuyi https://padlet.com/2079871/ag2sxk2iuzos7hf5/wish/2450832151 1. It is a highly contagious viral disease of domestic and wild birds

2. The virus consists of multiple subtypes

3. The disease is classed based on severity:
a. high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI)
b. low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI)]]> 2023-01-20 09:17:49 UTC https://padlet.com/2079871/ag2sxk2iuzos7hf5/wish/2450832151 Avian Influenza michelleshuyi https://padlet.com/2079871/ag2sxk2iuzos7hf5/wish/2450833032 1. a. Inactivated vaccine
b. Recombinant vaccine- HA and NA proteins from HPAI H5N1

2. Vaccines induce humoral immunity

3. a. Observe for clinical signs:
i. HPAI- blood-tinged nasal and oral discharge, red discolouration of feet
ii. LPAI- swollen infraorbital sinuses, sneezing, coughing
b. HA and HI assays
c. ELISA
d. Isolation and identification
e. Histological findings
f. Reverse transcriptase-PCR]]> 2023-01-20 09:18:51 UTC https://padlet.com/2079871/ag2sxk2iuzos7hf5/wish/2450833032 Avian Influenza michelleshuyi https://padlet.com/2079871/ag2sxk2iuzos7hf5/wish/2450835282 1. What are the types of vaccines used against the disease?

2. What are the vaccine-induced immune responses associated with protective immunity against the disease?

3. What are the methods to detect and diagnose the disease?]]> 2023-01-20 09:21:41 UTC https://padlet.com/2079871/ag2sxk2iuzos7hf5/wish/2450835282 Newcastle Disease Virus 2091352 https://padlet.com/2079871/ag2sxk2iuzos7hf5/wish/2450902310 1. What type of immune response does it induce? 

2. What are the types of vaccines used against this disease?

3. What are the methods used to detect and diagnose the disease?]]> 2023-01-20 10:34:35 UTC https://padlet.com/2079871/ag2sxk2iuzos7hf5/wish/2450902310 Newcastle Disease Virus 2091352 https://padlet.com/2079871/ag2sxk2iuzos7hf5/wish/2450905054 1. A paramyxovirus that infects poultry

2. Clinical signs include tremors, paralysis of wings and leg, gasping, coughing and diarrhoea. 

3. The disease is transmitted through infected birds' droppings and secretions from the nose, mouth and eyes]]> 2023-01-20 10:37:26 UTC https://padlet.com/2079871/ag2sxk2iuzos7hf5/wish/2450905054 Haemonchus contortus 2079871 https://padlet.com/2079871/ag2sxk2iuzos7hf5/wish/2451086638
  • Haemonchus contortus is known as barber pole worm  
  • Effect the abomasum of ruminant
  • Can used anthelmintic like Salicylanilides (Closantel, niclosamide)  to weaken the worm 

    • ]]>     2023-01-20 14:03:03 UTC https://padlet.com/2079871/ag2sxk2iuzos7hf5/wish/2451086638     Haemonchus Contortus 2079871 https://padlet.com/2079871/ag2sxk2iuzos7hf5/wish/2451087739
  • Want to know the immune response against the Haemonchus sp. ?
  • How is the protective immunity against the worms ?
  • Is there any vaccine?

    • ]]>     2023-01-20 14:04:03 UTC https://padlet.com/2079871/ag2sxk2iuzos7hf5/wish/2451087739     Haemonchus contortus 2079871 https://padlet.com/2079871/ag2sxk2iuzos7hf5/wish/2451088562
  • DX
    • 1.C/S = anemia, hypoalbuminemia, weight loss 
    2.Fecal culture = identification of species
    3.Mc Master = quantitative method to count strongyle eggs
    4. Necropsy = identification at abomasum 

    • Immune response 
    1. Gastric hypersecretion & goblet cell hyperplasia ~ produce leukotrienes increase mucus production (histamine) = inhibit of larvae motility
    2. Activation of complement pathway (c3a & c3b) ~ mobilization of eosinophil &neutrophil ~ increase prod. of histamine = inhibit of larvae motility
    3. Degranulation of mast cell
    Two pathway
    1. secrete IL -4, IL 13 ~ activation of eosinophil cytotoxity ~ release leukotrienes, prostaglandin E2 to increase permeability, mucous secretion, chemotaxis & coagulation = expulsion of helminth
    2. Secrete IL -3 , IL -5 ~ stimulate Th2 release IL -4 (proliferation B cell & release igE ) & IL- 9 (stimulate basophil) ~ igE induce ADCC involving Eosinophil & mast cell ~ igE has high affinity receptor ( FCgama R1) on mast cell & eosinophil ~ igE recognise haemonchus sp. Surface epitope = expulsion of helminth

    • Protective immunity 
    1.Vaccination
    -Barbervax ~ contain antigens derived from the worm intestinal lining 
    -stimulate the natural immune response and produce a/b
    -interfere the Haemonchus digestion = produce fewer egg & die
    2.anthelmintic
    -kill egg laying adult or larvae 
    - example Benzimidazoles (Fenbendazole & Albendazole), Avermectin (ivermectin) & Imidazothiazoles (levamisole)



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