Know Yourself?? Know Biology by YEE LIU QING Moe

Enzymes

g08218903 — 2020-04-02 06:55:01 UTC

Please explain lock and key hypothesis and relate enzyme with activation energy.

2020-04-02 12:11:33 UTC

Pong Kah Loong, 4S4
Lock and Key hypothesis is a form that the substrate fit perfectly on the enzyme active site. After that induced fit will occur to make sure that both substrate and enzyme will deform a little to take on a shape that allows the enzyme to bind the substrate. Reaction that have the enzyme goes more faster than the reaction without the enzyme. Enzyme call us catalysis because they be used over and over again.

2020-04-03 00:56:27 UTC

June Loke Qian Ting, 4S1
The lock and key hypothesis states that the substrate fits perfectly into an enzyme, like a lock and key. Both substrate and enzyme will deform a little to form a shape to allow the substrate bind with the enzyme. Since the substrate bind with a specific enzyme only, thus this hypothesis is meant for substrate specific enzymes. Enzymes are biological catalyst. Catalysts lower the activation energy for reactions. The lower the activation energy for reaction, the faster the rate of reaction. Thus enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energy. Most enzymes change their shape when substrate binds with them. The term induced fit means that the precise orientation of the enzyme required for catalytic activity can be induced by the binding of the substrate.

m2193479 — 2020-04-03 04:02:03 UTC

Pang Xu Ern 4S1
Enzymes are global protein molecules which function as biological catalysts. Each enzyme has a precise three-dimensional shape with groove called active site. The active site of an enzyme has a distinctive shape and charges that complement those of its substrate. The way an enzymes bind to its substrate can be explained by the 'lock and key' hypothesis.The substrate molecules is represented by the 'key' and the enzymes molecule is represented by the 'lock'.The substrate molecule binds to the active site to form an enzyme-substrate complex, like a key fits into a lock. There must be sufficient energy known as the activation energy before the reaction can take place.Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energy needed so that more substrate molecules attain the activation energy level and rate of reaction increases.

Lim Yi Hang 4S1

2020-04-03 05:21:47 UTC

Most enzymes are complex protein made of polypeptide chain that are folded into three-dimensional shape. The specific site of enzyme that can bind with specific substrate is called active site. The enzyme will bind with specific substrate at the active site to form an enzyme-substrate complex. This enzyme reaction can speed up the biochemical reactions in cells. The "lock and key" hypothesis states that the binding of a molecule substrate on the active site of enzyme is specific, that is only substrate molecule that can fit the form completely with an enzyme in an active site can bind with it. In short, the enzyme is represented by the lock and the substrate molecule is represented by the key.

Activation energy is the energy needed to break the bond in the substrate molecule so that biochemical reactions can take place. Most reactions inside the cell require high activation energy. Enzymes function lowering the activation energy to accelerate a biochemical reaction in cells. Thus, enzymes are also known as biological catalyst and organic catalyst.

LIM YUK KI 4S1

2020-04-04 07:15:31 UTC

Most enzymes are complex proteins made up of polypeptide chains that are folded into three-dimensional structures.This three-dimensional structure has an active site with a specific configuration that complements a specific substrate molecule.The binding of molecule substrate on an active site of enzymes is specific like a ‘lock and key’ combination.The specific substrate approaches the enzyme.Substrate combines with the active site to form enzyme-substrate complex.A reaction takes place and a product is created.The product then leaves the active site after the reaction is complete.The enzyme is represented by a ‘lock’ and the substrate is represented by a ‘key’ .Most reactions inside the cell require high activation energy.Activation energy is the energy needed to break the bond in the substrate molecule before reaction can occur.Enzymes function by lowering the activation energy.The presence of enzymes will reduce the activation energy of a reaction.By doing so, the rate of biochemical reactions in the cell is accelerated.

TEH JIA HUI 4S1

2020-04-04 08:09:43 UTC

Each class of enzyme catalyses only one particular reaction. Based on the lock and key hypothesis, each enzyme has a specific active site to bind to a particular substrate. The enzyme represented by a “lock” and the substrate is represented by a “key”.

Most reactions inside the cell required high activation energy. Activation energy is the initial energy needed to break down the bond in the substrate molecule before reaction can occur. Enzymes will lower down the need of this high activation energy and help to speed up the rate of biochemical reaction.

PHOON HAO YENG 4S1

2020-04-04 08:45:01 UTC

THE 'LOCK' AND 'KEY' HYPOTHESIS

The 'lock' and 'key' hypothesis states the binding of a molecule on an active site of enzymes. The enzyme is represented by a 'lock' and the substrate is represented by a 'key'. The specific substrate approaches the enzyme. Substrate combines with the active site to form enzyme-substrate complex. A reaction takes place and a product is created. After the reaction is complete, the product then leaves the active site. Enzyme remains unchanged and is ready to catalyst the next reaction.

RELATE ENZYME WITH ACTIVATION ENERGY

Activation energy is the energy needed to break the bond in the substrate molecule before reaction can occur. Enzymes are organic catalyst which speeds up biochemical reactions in living cell and lowers down activation energy. The presence of enzymes will reduce the activation energy of a reaction and the rate of biochemical reactions in the cell is accelerated.

2020-04-05 08:50:33 UTC

Adam Khoo Jia Han
4S4
The lock and key hypothesis states that the substrate will fit perfectly into a enzyme. Both substrate and enzyme will deform a little so that it can form a shape to allow the substrate to bind with a specific enzyme. Enzymes are our bodies biological catalyst. The use of catalyst is to lower the activation energy required for reactions. The rate of reaction becomes faster as the activation energy for the reaction becomes lower

2020-04-05 09:11:42 UTC

Javier Ng Zi Hang 4S4

The “Lock” and “Key” hypothesis shows that the enzyme’s active site is only specifically for substrate. The substrate and the enzyme will deform in order to form a shape to allow The substrate to bind with another specific enzyme. Enzymes are our bodies biological catalyst that could speed up biochemical reactions in living cells and lower the activation energy required for the reaction . The rate of reaction is higher while the activation energy required for the reaction becomes lower

DYLAN OOI YI YANG 4S1

2020-04-05 10:57:09 UTC

Most of the enzymes are complex proteins made up of polypeptide chains that are folded into three-dimensional structures. This structure have a specific configuration that complements a specific substrate molecule known as active site to form an enzymes-substrate complex. The 'lock and key' hypothesis is the binding of a specific substrate molecule on an active site of a specific enzymes. In conclusion, 'lock ' is the the enzymes while 'key' is the substrate molecule.
The activation energy is a energy that needed to break the bond in the substrate molecule before the reaction can occur. Enzymes functon by lowering the activatuon energy. By doing so, the biochemical reaction can occur quickly in cells due to the presence of enzymes that help to speed up reactions.

2020-04-05 13:59:33 UTC

Ch'ng Pei Jun 4S1
The lock and key hypothesis states that the substrate fits perfectly into the enzyme, just like a lock and key would. A specific enzyme can only bind with a specific substrate just like a 'lock and key' combination. The enzyme represents the 'lock' and the substrate represents the 'key'. Activation energy is defined as the energy that must be overcome in order for a chemical reaction to occur. Enzymes function by lowering the activation energy. Thus, if enzymes are present in a cell, the rate of chemical reactions in the cell is accelerated.

Mei Yu Qian 4S1

2020-04-06 02:05:02 UTC

Most enzymes are complex proteins made up of polypeptide chains that are folded into three dimensional structures. This three dimensional structure has an active site with a specific configuration that complements a specific substrate molecule. The binding of a molecule substrate on an active site enzyme is specific like a lock and key combination. The enzyme is represented by a lock and the substrate is represented by a key. Most reaction inside the cell require high activation energy. Activation energy is the energy needed to break the bond in the substrate molecule before reaction can occur. Enzyme function by lowering the activation energy. By doing so, the rate of biochemical reactions in the cell is accelerated.

LEE PEI-ZHE 4S1

2020-04-06 10:49:52 UTC

An enzyme is made up of polypeptide chains that are folded into 3D structures. This structure has a specific site which complements a specific substrate molecule. This site is known as the active site of an enzyme. The "lock and key" hypothesis explains the binding between the active site of an enzyme and a substrate molecule. The active site has a fixed structure (represented by the lock), which exactly matches the structure of a specific substrate (represented by the key) and combines to form enzyme-substrate complex. A reaction then takes place and a product is created. After the reaction is completed, the product will then leave the active site.
Activation energy is the energy needed to break the bond in the substrate molecule before reaction can occur. Enzymes are proteins that lower the activation energy of a reaction. In doing this, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction, helping it to occur faster.

Toh Yun Ning 4S1

yunning004 — 2020-04-06 11:38:05 UTC

Enzymes mostly are complex proteins made up of polypeptides chains folded up into a 3D structure. Enzymes also act as a biological catalyst , it function to speed up a biological reaction in the cell and remain unchanged at the end of the reaction. The lock and key hypothesis involve enzymes(lock ) and substrate (key), the binding of substrate in the active site of enzymes is specific. after the substrate combines with the active site of enzymes , enzymes-substrate complex is formed. Then, a reaction will occur in order to create products , product will leave the active site and the reaction is complete. Product cannot bind with enzyme again.

Activation energy is require in order to break down the bonds of substrate molecules before the reaction occurs. Enzymes lowered the energy so the biochemical reactions in the cell is accelerated.

Jocelyn Looi Wei Ni 4S1

2020-04-06 14:37:20 UTC

Most enzymes are complex proteins made up of polypeptide chains . They are folded into a three-dimensional structures that have an active site with a specific configuration that complement a specific substrate molecule.The lock and key combination is the binding of a molecule substrate on the active site. The enzyme is represented by a lock while the substrate is represented by a key. High activation energy is required in most reactions inside the cell . Activatin energy is the energy needed to break the bond in the substrate molebule before reaction occur. In this case, enzyme function by lowering the activation energy. By doing so, the rate of biochemical reactions in the cell is accelerated.

YEAP SHU CHYI 4S1

2020-04-07 06:23:02 UTC

The lock and key hypothesis is focused on the active site. The active site of an enzyme has a very unique geometric shape and it is only complementary to a specific substrate molecule. Both a substrate and an enzyme have specific geometric shapes that fit exactly into each other. Substrate is represented by key while enzymes is represented by lock.

Activation energy is the amount of energy needed before a reaction will proceed on its own. Energy is needed to break existing bonds before new bonds can be formed. The formation of new bonds may release more energy than was needed to break the original bonds.

Tang Wei Tao 4S1

2020-04-07 07:42:27 UTC

Activation energy is require in order to break down the bonds of substrate molecules before the reaction occurs. Enzymes lowered the energy so the biochemical reactions in the cell is accelerated.

Teoh Yi Rou 4S1

2020-04-07 10:44:48 UTC

Most enzymes are complex proteins made up of polypeptide chains that are folded into three dimensional structures. This three dimensional structure has an active site with a specific configuration that complements a specific substrate molecule. The binding of a molecule substrate on an active site enzyme is specific like a lock and key combination. The enzyme is represented by a lock and the substrate is represented by a key. Most reaction inside the cell require high activation energy.
Activation energy is the energy needed to break the bond in the substrate molecule before reaction can occur. Enzyme function by lowering the activation energy. By doing so, the rate of biochemical reactions in the cell is accelerated.

Chin Poh Ye

2020-04-08 18:29:02 UTC

Most enzymes are complex protein.They acting as biological catalysts that can speed up the rate of metabolic reactions, enzymes will not destroyed at the end of the reaction. Enzymes have three dimensional shape with groove called active site. Substrate will bind with active site. Substrate binds with active site can be explained by 'lock and key' hypothesis where enzymes represent as lock and substrate represents key. When substrate molecule binds with enzymes it will form an enzyme-substrate complex. Most reaction required sufficient energy that known as activation energy. Activation energy is the minimum energy that required for the substrates to start a reaction. Product will formed after reaction of enzymes and substrates.

Lim Kai Qing 4S5

2020-04-09 02:59:59 UTC

The 'lock and key' hypothesis states that the substrate fits perfectly into the enzyme, like a lock and a key would.
Most enzymes are complex proteins made up of polypeptide chains that are folded into 3D structure. This 3D structure has an active site with specific configuration that complements a specific substrate molecule. The binding of a molecule substrate on an active site of enzymes is specific like a 'lock and key' combination. The specific substrate approaches the enzyme. Substrate combines with the active site to form enzyme-substrate complex. A reaction takes place and a product is created. The product then leaves the active site after the reaction is complete. Most reaction inside the cell require high activation energy. Activation energy is the energy needed to break the bond in the substrate molecule before reaction can occur. Enzymes function by lowering the activation energy. The presence of enzymes will reduce the activation energy of a reaction.

Lim Wee Xin 4S5

2020-04-09 03:44:12 UTC

The specific action of an enzyme with a single substrate can be explained using a Lock and Key analogy first postulated in 1894 by Emil Fischer. In this analogy, the lock is the enzyme and the key is the substrate. Only the correctly sized key (substrate) fits into the key hole (active site) of the lock (enzyme).Most reactions inside the cell require high activation energy. Activation energy is the energy needed to break the bond in the substrate molucule before reaction can occur.

Lim Ching Lue 4s5

2020-04-09 05:33:44 UTC

m2184560 — 2020-04-09 06:07:57 UTC

Law Guo An 3A 4S1
The enzyme is represented by a “lock” and the substrate is represented by a “key”. The ‘lock
and key’ hypothesis is the substrate combines with the active site to form enzyme-substrate
complex. A reaction take place to form a product. The product will leave the active site after the
reaction is complete. Activation energy is the energy needed to break the bond in the substrate
molecule before reaction can occur. The presence of enzyme will reduce the activation energy
of a reaction. So, the rate of biochemical reactions in the cell is accelerated.

Khng Zheng Yang 4S4

2020-04-09 06:11:16 UTC

The lock and key hypothesis states that the substrate will fit perfectly into a enzyme. Both substrate and enzyme will deform a little so that it can form a shape to allow the substrate to bind with a specific enzyme. Enzymes are our bodies biological catalyst. The use of catalyst is to lower the activation energy required for reactions. The rate of reaction becomes faster as the activation energy for the reaction becomes lower.

Cell Cycle

g08218903 — 2020-04-09 06:30:02 UTC

Identify the phases in a cell cycle and briefly describe what happens in each phases.

Allysa Gan 4S5

2020-04-09 06:49:59 UTC

Most enzymes are complex proteins made up of polypeptide chains that are folded into three-dimensional structures. this three-dimensional structures has an active site with a specific configuration that complements a specific substrate molecule. The binding of a molecule substrate on an active site of enzymes is specific like a 'lock and key' combination. The enzyme is represented by a 'lock' and he substrate is represented by a 'key'.
Firstly, The specific substrate approaches the enzyme. The substrate combines with the active site to form enzyme-substrate complex. Lastly a reaction takes place and a product is created. The product then leaves the active site after the reaction is complete.

Mei Yu Qian 4S1

2020-04-09 07:07:25 UTC

Teh Whye Yuan

2020-04-09 07:18:10 UTC

Lock is represented by enzymes and key is represented by substrate. Only specific substrate(key) can fit into the enzyme(lock).the enzyme have a site for the key to fit in called active site. Induced fit will happen to the active site when the key and lock are not completely fit.The enzymes are used to speed up the process of breaking up substrate .Substrate can be break up by the body without enzymes but need more activation energy. So enzymes function to break down food faster and lesser activation energy

JUNE LOKE QIAN TING , 4S1

m2191160 — 2020-04-09 07:19:58 UTC

The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells. The cell cycle consists of two main phases, which are interphase and M phase respectively. Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle and is made up of the G1, S and G2 phase.

G1 phase is where the cells grow and develop. Cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage. Proteins used in the cell cycle are synthesised. Nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin.

S phase is where DNA synthesis occurs. The DNA is nucleus is replicated. Each chromosome multiplies into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids.

G2 phase is where the cells continue to grow, develop and remain active metabolically. Cells gather energy and prepare to enter the next stage which is known as M phase.

Lastly, M phase which is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

Goh JinHao

2020-04-09 07:45:40 UTC

The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events that involves dna multiplication and cell divisionto produce two daughter cell.the cell cycle consists of interphase and M phase.interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle.This phase is made up of the G1,S and G2 phase.

Goh JinHao

2020-04-09 07:54:33 UTC

Most enzymes are complex proteins made up of polypeptide chains that are folded into three dimensional struture has an active site with a specific configuration that complements a specific substrate molecule.the binding of a molecule substrate on an active site if enzymes is specific like a lock and key combination.the enzymes is represented a lock and the substrate is represented a key.

Jocelyn Looi Wei Ni 4S1

2020-04-09 08:23:52 UTC

The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells . The cell cycle consists of interphase and M phase. Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle. This phase is made up of of the G1,S,G2 phase.

In G1 phase, the cells grow and the cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produce at this stage .Protein are also synthesised at this time. The nucleus looks big at the chromosomes in the form of chromatin.

In S phase,DNA synthesis occur and the DNA in the nucleus is replicated. EAch chromatin multiplies into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids. Both chromatuds are joined at the centromeres.
in G2 phase, the cell will continue grow and remain active motabolically during this phase. Cells will gather and make the final arrangement before entering to the M phase.

M phase is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis.Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase,anaphase and telophase.

2020-04-09 08:41:47 UTC

Law Wan Ting 4S1
Most enzymes are complex proteins made up of polypeptide chains.They are folded up to a specific three-dimensional structures.Substrate have a complementary to the active site of enzymes so they can fix into the active site.The binding of a molecules substrate on an active site of enzymes is specific like a 'lock and key' combination.So that it presented the lock is the enzymes and the key is the substrate.Most reactions inside the cell required high activation energy.Activation energy is the energy needed to break the bond in the substrate molecules before reactions occur. Enzymes function by lowering the activation energy.By doing so,the rate of biochemical reactions in the cell is accelerated.

PHOON HAO YENG 4S1

2020-04-09 08:45:05 UTC

The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells. The cell cycle consist of interphase and M phase. Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle. This phase is made up of the G1, S and G2 phase.

In G1 phase, the cells grow. Cells components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage. Proteins used in the cell cycle are also synthesized during this time. At this stage, the nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin.

In S phase, DNA synthesis occurs and the DNA in the nucleus is replicated. Each chromosome multiples into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids. Both chromatids contain the same copy of the DNA molecule. Both chromatids are joined at the centromeres.

In G2 phase, the cells will continue to grow and remain active metabolically. Cells gather energy and make final arrangements to enter the next stage of cell division. After the interphase stage, the cell will enter the M phase.

M phase is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

m2184560 — 2020-04-09 08:58:00 UTC

Law Guo An 4S1
Cell cycle is the sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells. There are four phases in the cell cycle which is G1, S, G2 and M phase.
G1 phase, cells grow. Cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage. Proteins used are also synthesised during this time. The nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin in this stage.
S phase, DNA synthesis occurs. The DNA in the nucleus is replicated. Each chromosome will multiplies into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids. Both chromatids contain same copy of DNA molecule. They are joined at the centromeres.
G2 phase, cells continue growing and remain active metabolically. Cells gather energy and make final arrangements to enter the next stage of cell division.
M phase, made up of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

LOH BOON PIN 4S5

2020-04-09 09:13:07 UTC

Most enzymes is made up with polypeptide chains. There are folded into 3D structures. This structure has a specific site which completely a specific substrate molecule. This enzyme reaction can speed up the biochemical reaction in living cells and lowers down the presence of enzymeswill reduce the activation energy of a reaction and accelerate when biochemical reaction in the cell.
The "lock and key" is explained hypothesis is way an enzymes bind it's substance. Combination the enzyme is represented by a 'lock' and the substance is represented by a 'key'.

Jasline Tan 4S1

2020-04-09 09:21:46 UTC

The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells. The cell cycle consists of two main phases, which are interphase and M phase respectively. Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle and is made up of the G1, S and G2 phase.

G1 phase is where the cells grow and develop. Cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage. Proteins used in the cell cycle are synthesised. Nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin.

S phase is where DNA synthesis occurs. The DNA is nucleus is replicated. Each chromosome multiplies into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids.

G2 phase is where the cells continue to grow, develop and remain active metabolically. Cells gather energy and prepare to enter the next stage which is known as M phase.

M phase which is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

Yoo Hua Zheng 4S5

2020-04-09 09:29:47 UTC

Enzymes are protein molecules and they are made up of team of amino acid and are folded up to a specific 3d structures. The action of the enzymes can be explained by LOCK and KEY hypothesis . Enzymes (active site )will acts as the 'lock' because each enzyme molecule has a region with a very specific size shape while substrate (shape complementary to active site )will acts as the 'key' . The substrate will combine with the enzymes like a key into the lock. Once the substrate attached into the enzyme it will become enzyme substrate complex and the reaction will happen and the bonds in substrate molecule will broken and product will formed .Product will not longer fit into the active site and they will escape into the surrounding medium . The activation energy is the energy required to start a reaction. Enzymes are proteins that bind to a molecule, or substrate, to modify it and lower the energy required to make it react.

Cheah Ui Zhe 4S1

2020-04-09 09:32:35 UTC

Most of the enzymes are complex proteins made up of polypeptides chains. They are folded into 3D strutures(3-dimensional structure). This structure has a site that are specific for the combination with substrate which is namely the active site. Theactive site with a specific configuration complements a specific substrate molecule. "Lock and Key" combination is formed when the binding of a substrate molecule on an active site of enzyme molecule to form enzyme-substrate complex. It is said as 'lock and key' because the enzyme is represented by a 'lock' and the substrate represented by a 'key'.
Activation energy is the energy needed to break the bond of substrate before reaction can occur. Most of reaction inside the cell require high activation energy. The presence of enzymes lower the activation energy. The specific substrate will aproaches the enzyme and bind with the active site to form enzyme-substrate complex. After the reaction, a products is created and leave the active site and the enzyme ready for another substrate to bind with it for reaction to occur. By lowering the activation energy, the rate of biochemical reaction can accelerated.

Jasline Tan 4S1

2020-04-09 09:35:03 UTC

Enzymes mostly are complex proteins made up of polypeptides chains folded up into a 3D structure. Enzymes also act as a biological catalyst , it function to speed up a biological reaction in the cell and remain unchanged at the end of the reaction. The lock and key hypothesis involve enzymes(lock ) and substrate (key), the binding of substrate in the active site of enzymes is specific. after the substrate combines with the active site of enzymes , enzymes-substrate complex is formed. Then, a reaction will occur in order to create products , product will leave the active site and the reaction is complete. Product cannot bind with enzyme again.Activation energy is require in order to break down the bonds of substrate molecules before the reaction occurs. Enzymes lowered the energy so the biochemical reactions in the cell is accelerated.

Yoo Hua Zheng 4s5

2020-04-09 09:48:39 UTC

The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events that involve DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells .The cell cycle consists of interphase and M phase .Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle .This phase is made up of the G1,S,G2 phase .
G1 phase
Cells grow .Cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced in this stage .
S phase
DNA synthesis occurs in the S phase .The DNA in the nucleus is replicated .Each chromosome multiples into two identical chromosomes know as sister chromatids . Both chromatids contain the same copy of the DNA molecules .Both chromatids are joined at the centromeres.
G2 phase
The cells will continue to grow and remain active metabolically during the G2 phase .Cells gather energy and make final arrangements to enter the next stage of cell division .After the interphase stage,the cell will enter the M phase.
M phase
Made up of mitosis and cytokinesis .Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase , anaphase, telophase.

Lim Yong Kang 4S5

m2197773 — 2020-04-09 09:54:19 UTC

Most enzymes are complex proteins made up of polypeptide chains that are folded into three-dimensional strcutures.This three-dimensional structure has an active site with a specific configuration that complements a specific substrate molecule.The blinding of a molecule substrate on an active site of enzymes is specific like a 'lock and key' combination.The enzyme is represented by a 'lock' and the substrate is represented by a 'key'.Most reactions inside the cell require high activation energy.Activation energy is the energy is the energy needed to break the bond in the substrate molecule before reaction can occur.By doing so,the rate of biochemical reactions in the cell is accelerated.

DYLAN OOI YI YANG 4S1

2020-04-09 09:57:44 UTC

Cell cycle is a sequence of event that involves DNA multiplicition and cell division then produce two daughter cells. There are two phases consists in this cell division which are interphase and M phase. Interphase is the longest phase that made up of G1, S and G2.
G1 phase, cells grow. Cell components like mitochondrian and endoplasmic reticulum are produced. Proteins are also synthesised. At this phase nuclues looks big while chromosome is in form of chromatin.
S phase,DNA synthesis occurs and DNA in nuclues is replicated.Every chromosome multies into two known as sister chromatids. Both chromatids contains same DNA molecule and are joined at the centromeres.
G2 phase,cell continue grow and remain active metabolically.Cells gather energy and make final arrangements to enter next stage of division.
M phase, made uo of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis involves prophase,metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

Lim Yong Kang 4S5

m2197773 — 2020-04-09 10:02:14 UTC

The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells.The cell cycle consists of interphase and M phase.Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle.This phase is made up of the G1,S and G2 phase.
G1phase.
-Cells grow.Cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage.Proteins used in the cell cycle are also synthesised during this time.At this stage,the nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin.
S phase.
-DNA synthesis occurs in the S phase.The DNA in the nucleus is replicated.Each chromosome multiplies into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids.Both chromatids contain the same copy of the DNA molecule.Both chromatids are joined at the centromeres.
M phase.
-M phase is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis.Mitosis involves prophase,metaphase,anaphase and telophase.
G2 phase.
-The cells will continue to grow and remain active metabolically during the G2 phase.Cells gather energy and make final arrangements to enter the next stage of cell division.After the interphase stage,the cell will enter the M phase.

Ch'ng Pei Jun 4S1

2020-04-09 10:55:22 UTC

The cell cycle consists of interphase and M phase. Interphase is made up of the G1, S and G2 phase. M phase is made up of mitosis (karyokinesis) and cytokinesis.

G1 phase (First Gap)
Cells grow and synthesis mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and proteins.

S phase (Synthesis of DNA)
Takes the longest in the interphase.
DNA is replicated. Chromosomes multiply into two identical sister chromatids that contain the same copy of DNA. Both chromatids join at the centromere.

G2 phase (Second Gap)
Cellscontinue to grow and remain active metabolically. Cells gather energy and make final preparations before entering the M phase.

M phase (Mitotic phase)
Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Nucleus of a parent cell divides into two nuclei. Cytokinesis occurs right after telophase and separates the cytoplasm of the two nuclei. Cell division is complete and two daughter cells are formed.

Pong Kah Loong 4S4

2020-04-09 11:08:16 UTC

The cell cycle have 3 interphase G1 phase , S phase and G2 phase. The M phase known as mitotic phase take place after the cell completed the interphase

G1 phase
During at G1 phase the cell grows physically larger, copies organelles, and makes the molecular building blocks it will need in later steps.

S phase
At S phase the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus. It also duplicates a microtubule-organizing structure called the centrosome.

G2 phase
After S phase the cell will be take to the second gap phase known as G phase. At G phase the cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis.

M phase
During the M phase, the cell divides its copied DNA and cytoplasm to make two new cells. M phase involves two distinct division-related processes mitosis and cytokinesis.

m2193479 — 2020-04-09 12:11:03 UTC

The cell cycle is divided into major phases which are Interphase and M phase. During M phase,there is mitosis cell division which include mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division). Successive mitotic cell division alternate with the interphase. The mitotic phase is the shortest part of the cell cycle while the interphase is a much longer phase and counts of about 90% of the cycle.

Interphase

G1 (Growth phase 1)
-Cell grow rapidly
-The metabolic rate of the cells is high
-New enzyme, protein and organelle are synthesised

S (DNA synthesis)
-The synthesis of DNA occurs.
-The DNA undergoes replication
-A duplicated chromosomes consists of two identical sister chromatid.

G2 (Growth phase)
-The cell continues to grow and remain metabolically active
-The cell accumulate energy and completes its final preparation for division.

Mitosis
1) Prophase
2)Metaphase
3)Anaphase
4)Telophase

Lim Ching Lue 4s5

2020-04-09 13:18:11 UTC

The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell that cause it to divide into two daughter cells. These events include the duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) and some of its organelles, and subsequently the partitioning of its cytoplasm and other components into two daughter cells in a process called cell division.

In cells with nuclei (eukaryotes), (i.e., animal, plant, fungal, and protist cells), the cell cycle is divided into two main stages: interphase and the mitotic (M) phase (including mitosis and cytokinesis). During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, and replicates its DNA and some of its organelles. During the mitotic phase, the replicated chromosomes, organelles, and cytoplasm separate into two new daughter cells. To ensure the proper replication of cellular components and division, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints after each of the key steps of the cycle that determine if the cell can progress to the next phase.

In cells without nuclei (prokaryotes), (i.e., bacteria and archaea), the cell cycle is divided into the B, C, and D periods. The B period extends from the end of cell division to the beginning of DNA replication. DNA replication occurs during the C period. The D period refers to the stage between the end of DNA replication and the splitting of the bacterial cell into two daughter cells.[1]

The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of the cell division.

Sabrina 4S5

2020-04-09 14:51:03 UTC

Sabrina 4S5

2020-04-09 14:53:56 UTC

Enzymes are both proteins and biological catalysts (biocatalysts). Catalysts accelerate chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzyme catalysis in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life.[1]:8.1 Metabolic pathways depend upon enzymes to catalyze individual steps. The study of enzymes is called enzymology and a new field of pseudoenzyme analysis has recently grown up, recognising that during evolution, some enzymes have lost the ability to carry out biological catalysis, which is often reflected in their amino acid sequences and unusual 'pseudocatalytic' properties.[2][3]

Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types.[4] Other biocatalysts are catalytic RNA molecules, called ribozymes. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures.

Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the reaction rate by lowering its activation energy. Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds.[5][6] Chemically, enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter the equilibrium of a reaction. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules: inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity, and activators are molecules that increase activity. Many therapeutic 🤬 and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. An enzyme's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH, and many enzymes are (permanently) denatured when exposed to excessive heat, losing their structure and catalytic properties.

Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. Some household products use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions: enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein, starch or fat stains on clothes, and enzymes in meat tenderizer break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew.

Goh Pei Xian 4S1

2020-04-09 15:58:57 UTC

Goh Pei Xian 4S1

2020-04-09 16:00:29 UTC

The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells. The cell cycle consists of two main phases, which are interphase and M phase respectively. Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle and is made up of the G1, S and G2 phase.
G1 phase is where the cells grow and develop. Cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage. Proteins used in the cell cycle are synthesised. Nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin.
S phase s where DNA synthesis occurs. The DNA is nucleus is replicated. Each chromosome multiplies into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids.
G2 phase is where the cells continue to grow, develop and remain active metabolically. Cells gather energy and prepare to enter the next stage which is known as M phase.
M phase which is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

Chin Poh Yee

2020-04-09 16:24:53 UTC

Cell cycle refers to the sequence of events of DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells. There are two major phase in cell cycle that are interphase and M phase. During interphase, cell prepares for cell division , there are three stages e.g. G1 phase that where the cells grow and develop rapidly. Cell components such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage. Proteins are synthesized in this phase. S phase is the phase that is replication of DNA. DNA are duplicated to produce two identical sister chromatin. G2 phase is the phase cell store energy and cell difference. Cell continues to grow and maintain its metabolic rate. After interphase, mitosis are carry out in cell cycle. In mitosis, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase ,

2020-04-09 16:25:41 UTC

Cell cycle refers to the sequence of events of DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells. There are two major phase in cell cycle that are interphase and M phase. During interphase, cell prepares for cell division , there are three stages e.g. G1 phase that where the cells grow and develop rapidly. Cell components such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage. Proteins are synthesized in this phase. S phase is the phase that is replication of DNA. DNA are duplicated to produce two identical sister chromatin. G2 phase is the phase cell store energy and cell difference. Cell continues to grow and maintain its metabolic rate. After interphase, mitosis are carry out in cell cycle. Mitosis involve s of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase .

m2186734 — 2020-04-09 16:50:55 UTC

Tan Yong Ping 4S5

The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell that cause it to divide into two daughter cells. These events include the duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) and some of its organelles, and subsequently the partitioning of its cytoplasm and other components into two daughter cells in a process called cell division.

In cells with nuclei (eukaryotes), (i.e., animal, plant, fungal, and protist cells), the cell cycle is divided into two main stages: interphaseand the mitotic (M) phase (including mitosisand cytokinesis). During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, and replicates its DNA and some of its organelles. During the mitotic phase, the replicated chromosomes, organelles, and cytoplasm separate into two new daughter cells. To ensure the proper replication of cellular components and division, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints after each of the key steps of the cycle that determine if the cell can progress to the next phase.

Lim Xin Yi 4S1

2020-04-09 17:14:19 UTC

Most enzymes are complex proteins made up of polypeptide chains that are folded into three dimensional structures.This three-dimensional structure has an active site with a specific configuration that complements a specific substrate molecules.The binding of a molecule substrate on an active site of enzymes is specific like a 'lock and key' combination.The enzyme is represented by a 'lock' and the substrate is represented by a 'key'.The specific substrate approaches the enzyme.Substrate combines with the active site to form enzyme-substrate complex.A reaction takes place and a product is created.The product then leaves the active site after the reaction is complete.Most reactions inside the cell require high activation energy.Activation energy is the energy needed to break the bond in the substrate molecule before reaction can occur.Enzymes increase the biochemical reaction rate by lowering its activation energy.

Lim Xin Yi 4S1

2020-04-09 18:07:41 UTC

Cell cycle refers to a sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells.The cell cycle consists of interphase and M phase. Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle. Interphase is cell growing, replicating DNA, doing their cell functions.Cell spend the most of the time in interphase.This phase is made up of the G1,S and G2 phase.
G1 phase is where the cell grow.Cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage. Proteins used in the cell cycle are also synthesised during this time.At this stage, the nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin.
S phase is where the DNA synthesis occurs.The DNA in the nucleus is replicated. Each chromosomes multiplies into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids. Both chromatids contain same copy of the DNA molecule.Both chromatids are joined at the centromeres.
G2 phase is where the cells will continue to grow and remain active metabolically.Cells gather energy and make final arrangements to enter the next stage of cell division.
M phase includes mitosis and cytokinesis. M phase is where cells actually divided to make more cells.Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

TEH JIA HUI 4S1

2020-04-10 01:20:51 UTC

The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells. The cell cycle consists of interphase and M phase. Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle and it is made up of the G1, S, and G2 phase. The length of cell cycle depends on the type of cell.

INTERPHASE
1. G1 PHASE
Cell grow.Cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produce. Protein used in the cell cycle are also synthesised. Nucleus looks big and chromosome is in the form of chromatin.

2. S PHASE
DNA synthesis occur. The DNA nucleus is replicated. Each chromosome multiplies into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids. Both chromatids contain the same copy of the DNA molecule and are joined at the centromeres.

3. G2 PHASE
The cells will continue to grow and remain active metabolically. Cell getjer energy ans make dinal arrangementa to enter the next stage of cell division.

After the interphase stage, the cell will enter the M phase.

M PHASE
Made up of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

2020-04-10 01:32:29 UTC

Adam Khoo Jia Han
4S4
There are 2 cycles in the cell cycles where 1 is called Interphase and another 1 is Mitosis. The interphase consists of 3 smaller phases which are G1, Synthesis and G2 while the Mitosis only has 1 phase which is also called Mitosis. There are checkpoints in the cell cycle. The first checkpoint which is located in the G1 is used to check if the cells are growing properly or is it damaged.If it is damaged the cells will be prevented from moving on.

The second checkpoint is located at G2 after Synthesis. The second checkpoint is to check if the cells are replicate correctly back in synthesis

The third checkpoint is to check the metaphase and see if the chromosomes are lined up perfectly.There are some cells which will not go through the phases as they will remain in G0. G0 counts as a resting place to these cells that does not want be divided.

If a cell cannot be fixed it will go through a process called Apotosis. This process is where the cells which explode on their own as this is to ensure that the cells that are damaged will not be divided

Anne Marie 4S1 (Cell Cycle)

m2200788 — 2020-04-10 01:38:20 UTC

Cell cycle is the sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells. There are four phases in the cell cycle, which is G1, S, G2 and M phase.
G1 phase, cells grow. Cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage. Proteins used are also synthesised during this time. The nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin in this stage.
S phase, DNA synthesis occurs. The DNA in the nucleus is replicated. Each chromosome will multiplies into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids. Both chromatids contain same copy of DNA molecule. They are joined at the centromeres.
G2 phase, cells continue growing and remain active metabolically. Cells gather energy and make final arrangements to enter the next stage of cell division.
M phase, made up of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Anne Marie 4S1 (Lock and Key Hypothesis)

m2200788 — 2020-04-10 01:39:46 UTC

Lock and key hypothesis is the way substrates bind to their specific enzymes. The enzyme is represented as the ‘lock’, whereas the substrate is represented as the ‘key’. Specific substrate molecules bind to the active site of its respective enzyme. This will form an enzyme-substrate complex. The enzyme catalyses the substrate molecules into products, which then departs the active site. For example, the maltose substrate will bind to the active site of the maltase enzyme under lock and key hypothesis. The products formed will be two glucose molecules and water, which then will leave the active site. Since the maltase enzyme is a catalyst, it can be reused and is free to bind with other maltose substrates again.

Activation energy is the minimum energy required to break bonds in the substrate molecules and begin metabolism reactions. Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering the activation energy needed by substrates to undergo a chemical reaction. With enzymes, the rate of reaction increases and more products are produced. Conversely, without enzymes, the rate of reaction decreases and lesser products are produced. However, regardless with or without enzymes, the amount of energy released is the same.

Tan Xin Yi 4S5

2020-04-10 01:51:32 UTC

Enzyme (Biological catalysts):protein molecules made up by living cells, acting as catalysts that speed up the rate of metabolic reactions and it selves not chemically changed at the end of the reaction. Enzymes speed up (catalyze ) chemical reactions; in some cases, enzymes can make a chemical reaction millions of times faster than it would have been without it.A substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme and is converted into products. Once the products leave the active site, the enzyme is ready to attach to a new substrate and repeat the process.The “lock and key” model was first proposed in 1894. In this model, an enzyme’s active site is a specific shape, and only the substrate will fit into it, like a lock and key.This model has now been updated and is called the induced-fit model.In this model, the active site changes shape as it interacts with the substrate. Once the substrate is fully locked in and in the exact position, the catalysis can begin.

Tan Xin Yi 4S5

2020-04-10 02:16:57 UTC

The cell cycle:refer to the sequence of events taking place in a cell when it is formed until it divides into two daughter cells. It involves cell growth and asexual reproduction.The length of a cell cycle depends on the type of cells. There are 2 main phases in the cell cycle : interphase & cell division or the M phase.
Interphase

During G1 phase, also called the first gap phase, the cell grows physically larger, copies organelles, and makes the molecular building blocks it will need in later steps.
In S phase, the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus. It also duplicates a microtubule-organizing structure called the centrosome. The centrosomes help separate DNA during M phase.
During the second gap phase, or G2 phase, the cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis. G2 phase ends when mitosis begins.

Cell division (M phases)
During the mitotic (M) phase, the cell divides its copied DNA and cytoplasm to make two new cells. M phase involves two distinct division-related processes: mitosis and cytokinesis.In mitosis, the nuclear DNA of the cell condenses into visible chromosomes and is pulled apart by the mitotic spindle, a specialized structure made out of microtubules. Mitosis takes place in four stages: prophase (sometimes divided into early prophase and prometaphase), metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. You can learn more about these stages in the video on mitosis.In cytokinesis, the cytoplasm of the cell is split in two, making two new cells. Cytokinesis usually begins just as mitosis is ending, with a little overlap. Importantly, cytokinesis takes place differently in animal and plant cells.

Loh Wei Li 4S1 : Enzymes

2020-04-10 03:33:48 UTC

Most enzymes are complex proteins made up of polypeptide chains that are folded into three-dimensional structures. This structure has an active site with a specific configuration that complements a specific substrate molecule. The binding of a molecule substrate on an active site of enzymes is specific like a 'lock and key' combination. The enzyme is represented by a 'lock' and the substrate is represented by a 'key'.

Jocelyn Chow Ke Whey 4S1

2020-04-10 03:46:00 UTC

Enzymes are complex proteins made up of polypeptide chains that are folded into three-dimensional structures.This structure has an active site with specific configuration that complements a specific substrate molecule.The enzyme is represented by a lock and the substrate is represented by a key.This is the binding of a molecule substrate on an active site of enzymes is specific like a lock and key combination.The activation energy require for the cells are high.The energy is needed to break the bond in the substrate molecules before reaction can occur. Enzymes function by lowering the activation energy and causes the rate of biochemical reactions in the cell to accelerate.

Loh Wei Li 4S1 : Cell Cycle

2020-04-10 04:13:27 UTC

Cell cycle refers to the sequence of events that involves DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells. The cell cycle consists of interphase and M phase. Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle. This phase is made up of the G¹, S and G² phase.

1. G¹ Phase
Cells grow. Cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage. Proteins used in the cell cycle are also synthesised during this time. At this stage, the nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin.

2. S Phase
DNA synthesis occurs in the S phase. The DNA in the nucleus is replicated. Each chromosome multiplies into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids. Both chromatids contain the same copy of the DNA molecule. Both chromatids are joined at the centromeres.

3. G² Phase
The cells will continue to grow and remain active metabolically during the G² phase. Cells gather energy and make final arrangements to enter the next stage of cell division. After the interphase stage, the cell will enter the M phase.

4. M Phase
M phase is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

Tan Sing Yee 4S1

2020-04-10 04:24:12 UTC

G1 phase (First Gap)
G1 phase is the phase where the cells grow and develop. Cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage. Proteins used in the cell cycle are synthesised. Nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin.

S phase (Synthesis of DNA)
DNA synthesis occurs. The DNA is nucleus is replicated. Each chromosome multiplies into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids. Both chromatids contain the same copy of DNA. Both chromatids join at the centromere.

G2 phase (Second Gap)
G2 phase is where the cells continue to grow, develop and remain active metabolically. Cells gather energy and prepare to enter the next stage which is known as M phase.

M phase (Mitotic phase)
M phase is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

Tan Zhi Ying 4S1

2020-04-10 04:33:49 UTC

4. M Phase
M phase is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

Tan Zhi Ying 4S1

2020-04-10 04:39:45 UTC

Enzymes mostly are complex proteins made up of polypeptides chains folded up into a 3D structure. Enzymes also act as a biological catalyst , it function to speed up a biological reaction in the cell and remain unchanged at the end of the reaction. The lock and key hypothesis involve enzymes(lock ) and substrate (key), the binding of substrate in the active site of enzymes is specific. after the substrate combines with the active site of enzymes , enzymes-substrate complex is formed. Then, a reaction will occur in order to create products , product will leave the active site and the reaction is complete. Product cannot bind with enzyme again.Activation energy is require in order to break down the bonds of substrate molecules before the reaction occurs. Enzymes lowered the energy so the biochemical reactions in the cell is accelerated.

Tan Sing Yee 4S1

2020-04-10 04:47:46 UTC

The 'lock and key' hypothesis states that most enzymes are complex protein made of polypeptide chain that are folded into three-dimensional shape.The enzyme is represented as the ‘lock’, whereas the substrate is represented as the ‘key’. The specific site of enzyme that can bind with specific substrate is called active site.The enzyme will bind with specific substrate at the active site to form an enzyme-substrate complex. This enzyme reaction can speed up the biochemical reactions in cells.The binding of a molecule substrate on the active site of enzyme is specific, that is only substrate molecule that can fit the form completely with an enzyme in an active site can bind with it.
Activation energy is the energy needed to break the bond in the substrate molecule so that biochemical reactions can take place. Most reactions inside the cell require high activation energy. Enzymes function lowering the activation energy to accelerate a biochemical reaction in cells. Thus, enzymes are also known as biological catalyst and organic catalyst.

Melissa Ooi Sean Yin 4S1

2020-04-10 04:51:01 UTC

An enzyme is an organic catalyst that is mostly made up of protein and is produced by living cell organism. Most enzymes are complex proteins made up of polypeptide chains that are folded into three-dimensional structures. This structure has an active site with a specific configuration that complements a specific substrate molecule. The binding of a molecule substrate on an active site of enzymes is specific like a 'lock and key' combination. The enzyme is represented by a 'lock' and the substrate is represented by a 'key'.

The lock and key hypothesis states that the substrate fits perfectly into the enzyme, like a lock and a key would.

This is in contrast with the induced fit hypothesis, which states that both the substrate and the enzyme will deform a little to take on a shape that allows the enzyme to bind the substrate.

Since, the substrate binds to a specific enzyme, this hypothesis is meant for the substrate specific enzymes. Most reaction inside the cell require high energy needed to break the bond in the substrate molecule before reaction can occur. Enzymes function by lowering the activation energy. By doing so, the rate of biochemical reactions in the cell is accelerated.

Cheah Ui Zhe 4S1

2020-04-10 04:51:16 UTC

Cell cycle or cell division cycle refers to the sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells. The cell cycle consists of interphase and M phase.

Interphase is the longest phase in cell cycle. This phase is made up of G1, S and G2 phase.
G1- Cell grow. Some component of cell such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage. Proteins used in the cell cycle are also synthesised during this time. At this stage, the nucleus looks big and chromosome is int he form of chromatin, which is the thread-like structure.
S phase- DNA synthesis. The DNA in the nucleus is replicated. Each chromosome multiples into two identical chromosome known as sister chromatids. Both chtomatids contain the same copy of the DNA molecule. Both chromatids are joined at the centromeres.
G2- The cells continue to grow and remain active metabolically during the G2 phase. Cells gatger energy and make final arrangements to enter the next stage of cell division. After the interphase stage, the cell will enter the M phase.
M phase- M phase is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm that happens immediately after the nucleus is formed, that is, at the end of telophase

Melissa Ooi Sean Yin 4S1

2020-04-10 05:18:41 UTC

G1 Phase ( First Gap Phase)
The cell grow physically larger, copies organells, and makes the molecular building blocks it will need in later steps.

S Phase (Synthesis of DNA)
In S phase, the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus. It also duplicates a microtubule-organizing structure called the centrosome. The centrosomes help separate DNA during M phase.

G2 phase (Second Gap)
During the second gap phase, the cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis. G2 phase ends when mitosis begins.

M phase (Mitotic phase)
During the mitotic (M) phase, the cell divides its copied DNA and cytoplasm to make two new cells. M phase involves two distinct division-related processes: mitosis and cytokinesis.
In mitosis, the nuclear DNA of the cell condenses into visible chromosomes and is pulled apart by the mitotic spindle, a specialized structure made out of microtubules. Mitosis takes place in four stages: prophase (sometimes divided into early prophase and prometaphase), metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
In cytokinesis, the cytoplasm of the cell is split in two, making two new cells. Cytokinesis usually begins just as mitosis is ending, with a little overlap. Importantly, cytokinesis takes place differently in animal and plant cells.

Lee Pei-Zhe 4S1

2020-04-10 05:19:38 UTC

The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells. It consist of interphase and M phase. Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle and is made up of G1, S and G2.

Interphase:
During G1 phase,
The cells increases in size. Cell components such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage. Proteins used in the cell cycle are also synthesised during this time. The nucleus also looks big and the chromosomes are in the form of chromatin. The G1 checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis.

During S phase,
DNA synthesis occurs and the DNA in the nucleus is replicated. Each chromosome multiplies into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids. Both chromatids contain the same copy of the DNA molecules. Both chromatids are joined at the centromeres.

During G2 phase,
The cell will continue to grow and remain active metabolically. Cells will also gather energy and make final arrangement for the next stage of cell division. The G2 checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready to enter the M phase and divide.

M phase
M phase is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Mitosis is immediately followed by cytokinesis, which divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.

Tang Joe Lynn 4S1

m2183011 — 2020-04-10 05:23:27 UTC

The cell cycle refers to a sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells. It consists of two different phases which are interphase and M phase.Interphase is thr longest phasr in the cell cycle and cells spend most of their time in interphase. Interphase are made up of of three parts which are G1(Gap1),S(Synthesis) and G2(Gap2).

During G1(Gap 1):Cell grow.Cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage. Proteins used in the cell cycle are synthesised.Nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin.

During S phase (Synthesis):DNA synthesis occurs.The DNA in the nucleus is replicated. Each chromosome multiples into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids.Both chromatids contain the same copy of the DNA molecule and join at the centromeres.

During G2 phase (Gap2):Cells continue to develop and remain active metabolically. Cells gather energy and prepare to enter the next stage which is known as M phase.

M phase is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis.It is where cells can actually devid to make more cells.Mitosis involved prophase ,anaphase,telophase and metaphase.

Lim Kai Qing 4S5

2020-04-10 05:29:02 UTC

The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells. The cell cycle consists of interphase and My phase. Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle that made up of the G1, S and G2 phase. G1 phase is cells grow. Cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage. Proteins used in the cell cycle are also sunthesised during this time. At this stage, the nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin.
DNA synthesis occurs in the Same phase. The DNA in the nucleus is replicated. Each chromosome multiplies into two identical chromosome known as sister chromatids. Both chromatids contain the same copy of the DNA molecule. Both chromatids are joined at the centromeres.
The cells will continue to grow and remain active metabolically during the G2 phase. Cells gather energy and make final arrangements to enter the next stage of cell division. After the interphase stage, the cell will enter the M phase. M phase is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

m2183011 — 2020-04-10 05:32:36 UTC

hains . They are folded into a three-dimensional structures that have an active site with a specific configuration that complement a specific substrate molecule.The lock and key combination is the binding of a molecule substrate on the active site. The enzyme is represented by a lock while the substrate is represented by a key. High activation energy is required in most reactions inside the cell . Activatin energy is the energy needed to break the bond in the substrate molebule before reaction occur. In this case, enzyme function by lowering the activation energy. By doing so, the rate of biochemical reactions in the cell is accelerated.

Tang Joe Lynn 4S1

m2183011 — 2020-04-10 05:38:03 UTC

Most enzymes are complex proteins made up of polypeptide chains that are folded into three-dimensional structures and has an active site with a specific configuration that compliments of specific substrate molecule to form an enzymes substrate complex.The "'lock and key' hypothesis states that the substrate fits perfectly into the enzyme.In conclusion, the 'lock is the enzymes while the "key" is the substrate molecule. In the cell, hi activation energy is required in most reactions. Activation energy is required in order to break down the bonds of substrate molecules before the reaction occurs. Enzymes are proteins that lower the activation energy of a reaction.In fact, presence of enzymes could help to speed up the reaction.

Jocelyn Chow Ke Whey 4S1

2020-04-10 05:45:56 UTC

During G1(Gap 1):Cell grow.Cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage. Proteins used in the cell cycle are synthesised.Nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin.

During S phase (Synthesis):DNA synthesis occurs.The DNA in the nucleus is replicated. Each chromosome multiples into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids.Both chromatids contain the same copy of the DNA molecule and join at the centromeres.

During G2 phase (Gap2):Cells continue to develop and remain active metabolically. Cells gather energy and prepare to enter the next stage which is known as M phase.

M phase is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis.It is where cells can actually devid to make more cells.Mitosis involved prophase ,anaphase,telophase and metaphase.

2020-04-10 06:16:36 UTC

Javier Ng Zi Hang

4S4

There are 2 cycles in the cell cycles where 1 is called Interphase and another 1 is Mitosis. The interphase consists of 3 smaller phases which are G1, Synthesis and G2 while the Mitosis only has 1 phase which is also called Mitosis. There are checkpoints in the cell cycle. The first checkpoint which is located in the G1 is used to check if the cells are growing properly or is it damaged.If it is damaged the cells will be prevented from moving on.

The second checkpoint is located at G2 after Synthesis. The second checkpoint is to check if the cells are replicate correctly back in synthesis

The third checkpoint is to check the metaphase and see if the chromosomes are lined up perfectly.There are some cells which will not go through the phases as they will remain in G0. G0 counts as a resting place to these cells that does not want be divided.

If a cell cannot be fixed it will go through a process called Apotosis. This process is where the cells which explode on their own as this is to ensure that the cells that are damaged will not be divided

2020-04-10 06:18:00 UTC

Javier Ng Zi Hang. 4S4

The second checkpoint is located at G2 after Synthesis. The second checkpoint is to check if the cells are replicate correctly back in synthesis

2020-04-10 06:28:26 UTC

Lam Yi Han 4s5
A cell cycle is a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides. A cell spends most of its time in what is called interphase, and during this time it grows, replicates its chromosomes, and prepares for cell division. The cell then leaves interphase, undergoes mitosis, and completes its division. The resulting cells, known as daughter cells, each enter their own interphase and begin a new round of the cell cycle.
A cell cycle is a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides. A cell spends most of its time in what is called interphase, and during this time it grows, replicates its chromosomes, and prepares for cell division. The cell then leaves interphase, undergoes mitosis, and completes its division. The resulting cells, known as daughter cells, each enter their own interphase and begin a new round of the cell cycle.

Neoh Eugene 4S1

m2186474 — 2020-04-10 06:38:07 UTC

The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells.The cell cycle is divided into two major phases which are interphase and M phase.

G1
Cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage.Proteins used are also synthesised during this time.The nuclues looks bg and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin in this stage.

S phase
DNA synthesis occurs.The DNA in the nucleus is replicated.Each chromosome will multiplies into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids. Both chromatids contain same copy of DNA molecules.They are joined at the centromeres.

G2phase
Cells continue growing and remain active metabolically. Cells gather energy and make final arrangements to enter the next stage of cell division.

M phase
M phase is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis .Mitosis involses prophase,metaphase ,anaphase and telophase

Teh Whye Yuan

2020-04-10 06:40:36 UTC

Cell cycle has two main phase: Interphase and mitosis.Cell spent most of their time in Interphase. Interphase can be divided into G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase.

At G1 phase
Cells grow.Cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced. Protein in cell cycle are produced at this phase.The nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin.There is a checkpoint to check if the DNA are nice and perfect.

S phase
DNA synthesis occur. DNA are replicated. Each chromosomes turns into two identical chrosomes.

G2 phase
Cells continue to grow. Enzymes and proteins are synthesised for cell division. Cell gathers energy and is ready for cell division. There is a checkpoint to check if the cell divides its DNA perfectly

Mitosis
The cell divides itself into two daughter cell. The checkpoint checks if the chromosome is aligned at the middle on the equatorial plane

Neoh Eugene 4S1

m2186474 — 2020-04-10 07:01:48 UTC

The lock and key hypothesis
Most enzymes are complex proteins made up of polypeptide chains that are folded into three dimensional structures.This three-dimensional structure has an active site with a specific configuration that complements a specific substrate molecule.The binding of a molecule substrate on a specific active site of enzymes is specific like a lock and key combination .The enzyme is represent by a lock and the substrate is represent by a key.
Most reaction inside the cell require a high activation energy. Activation energy is the energy needed to break the bond in the substrate molecule before reaction can occur.Enzymes function by lowering the activation energy .By doing so, the rate of the biochemical reaction in the cell is accelerated.

2020-04-10 07:09:10 UTC

Loh Bing Jian 4S5
Cell cycle is refer to the sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division. The cell cycle consists of interpretation and M phase. Interstate is the longest phase in the cell cycle.
The phase unmade up of G1,S and G2 phase.
1.G1 PHASE
Cell grow. Cell components such as mitochondria and endoplsamic reticulum are produced in this stage. Protein used in cell cycle and synthesis during this time. The nucleus look big and the chromosomes is in the form of chromatin.
2.S PHASE
DNA synthesis is occurs in S phase. The DNA in the nucleus is replicated. Each chromosome multiplies into two identical chromosome know as sister chromatids. Both chromatids contain the same copy of the DNA molecule. Both chromatids are joined at the centromeres.
3.G2 PHASE
The cells will continue to grow and remain active metabolicaly during the G2 phase. Cell gather energy and make final arrangements to enter the next stage
of cell division. After the interstate stage, the cell will enter M phase
4.M PHASE
M phase is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis involves professional, metaphase, anaphase,and telophase.

Toh Yun Ning 4S1

m2200765 — 2020-04-10 07:10:49 UTC

The cell cycle can be thought of as the life cycle of a cell. In other words, it is the series of growth and development of cell. The division of a mother cell and reproduction division to make two new daughter cells.In this process also involve DNA multiplication.
Cell cycle consist of interphase (G1,S,G2) and M phase (mitosis, cytokinesis)

G1: In this phase a cell has 46 chromosomes with 46 chromatids. Cell component (Mitochondrion , endoplasmic reticulum) are produce in this phase . protein (histones) is synthesised to get ready for DNA synthesis. At this stage, the nucleus looks big.
S : DNA synthesis occur in this phase. each chromosomes multiplies into two identical chromosomes and become sister chromatids. both chromatids are joined at the centromeres.
G2: this stage is all about preparing the cell for mitosis and meiosis. the cell continue to grow and produce any molecules that need to be divided. The cell also gather energy because after this stage , the cell will enter M phase.
In M phase, the cell will start to undergo the process of division the nucleus will divided into two nuclei (mitosis: prophase, metaphase,anaphase,telophase) . During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm splits into two and the cell divides.

Hee Jet How 4S5

2020-04-10 08:18:12 UTC

Hee Jet How 4S5

2020-04-10 08:19:33 UTC

The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells.The cell cycle consists of interphase and M phase.Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle.This phase is made up of the G1,S and G2 phase.
G1phase.
-Cells grow.Cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage.Proteins used in the cell cycle are also synthesised during this time.At this stage,the nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin.
S phase.
-DNA synthesis occurs in the S phase.The DNA in the nucleus is replicated.Each chromosome multiplies into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids.Both chromatids contain the same copy of the DNA molecule.Both chromatids are joined at the centromeres.
M phase.
-M phase is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis.Mitosis involves prophase,metaphase,anaphase and telophase.
G2 phase.
-The cells will continue to grow and remain active metabolically during the G2 phase.Cells gather energy and make final arrangements to enter the next stage of cell division.After the interphase stage,the cell will enter the M phase.

YEAP SHU CHYI 4S1

2020-04-10 08:37:46 UTC

The cell cycle refers to sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cell. The cell cycle consists of interphase and M phase. Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle. This phase is made up of the G1, S and G2 phase. The other phase which is M phase is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis.

G1 phase also called as first gap phase. The cells grow physically larger, copies organelles and makes the molecular building blocks it will need in later steps. The cell components such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are produced in this stage. Proteins used in the cell cycle are also synthesised during this time. At this stage, the nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin.

In S phase, the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus. Each chromosome multiplies into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids. Both chromatids contain the same copy of the DNA molecule. Both chromatids are joined at the centromeres.

During G2 phase, the cells grows more and remain active metabolically. At this stage, it also makes proteins and organelles and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis. G2 phase end when mitosis begins.

In mitosis, the nucleus DNA of the cell condenses into visible chromosomes and is pulled apart by the mitotic spindle, a specialized structure is made out of microtubules. Mitosis takes place in four stages which is prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Prophase sometimes also divided into early prophase and prometaphase.

In cytokinesis, the cytoplasm of the cell is split in two and making two new cells. Cytokinesis usually begins just as mitosis is ending with a little overlap. Importantly, cytokinesis takes place differently in animal and plant cells.

Joey Lee Rou Yi 4S1

2020-04-10 09:22:09 UTC

Joanne Tan Gim Lean 4S5

2020-04-10 11:12:03 UTC

Cell cycle is a events that take place in a cell that cause it to divide into two daughter cells. These events include the duplication of its DNA and some of its organelles, and subsequently the partitioning of its cytoplasm and other components into two daughter cells in a process called cell division.During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, and replicates its DNA and some of its organelles. During the mitotic phase, the replicated chromosomes, organelles, and cytoplasm separate into two new daughter cells. To ensure the proper replication of cellular components and division, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints after each of the key steps of the cycle that determine if the cell can progress to the next phase.G1 is a sells increase in size in Gap 1. The G1 checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis.S is where DNA replication occurs during this phase.G2 is the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis, the cell will continue to grow. The G2 checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready to enter the M phase and divide.

Joanne Tan Gim Lean 4S5

2020-04-10 11:28:54 UTC

Enzymes mostly are complex proteins made up of polypeptides chains folded up into a 3D structure. Enzymes also act as a catalyst , it function to speed up a biological reaction in the cell and remain unchanged at the end of the reaction. The lock and key hypothesis involve enzymes(lock ) and substrate (key), the binding of substrate in the active site of enzymes is specific. after the substrate combines with the active site of enzymes , enzymes-substrate complex is formed. Then, a reaction will occur in order to create products , product will leave the active site and the reaction is complete. Product cannot bind with enzyme again.Activation energy is require in order to break down the bonds of substrate molecules before the reaction occurs. Enzymes lowered the energy so the biochemical reactions in the cell is accelerated.

LIM YUK KI 4S1

2020-04-10 11:56:12 UTC

Cell cycle refers to the sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells. The cell cycle consists of interphase and M phase.Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle.This phase is made up of G1，S and G2 phase.
Cells grow during the G1 phase.Cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage.Proteins used in the cell cycle are also synthesised during this time.At this stage，the nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin.
DNA synthesis occurs in the S phase. The DNA in the nucleus is replicated.Each chromosome multiplies into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids.Both chromatids contain the same copy of the DNA molecule.Both chromatids are joined at the centromeres.
The cells will continue to grow and remain active metabolically during the G2 phase.Cells gather energy and make final arrangements to enter the next stage of cell division.After the interphase stage，the cell will enter the M phase.
M phase is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis.Mitosis involves prophase，metaphase，anaphase and telophase.

Lee Khai Yueh 4S1

2020-04-10 12:10:04 UTC

Most enzymes are complex proteins made up of polypeptide chains that are folded into three-dimensional structures which has an active site with a specific configuration that complements a specific substrate molecule.The enzymes is represented by a 'lock' and substrate is represented by a 'key'.The specific substrate would approach the enzyme and combines with the active site of the enzyme to form enzyme-substrate complex.Then a product that is created would leave the active site after the reaction is completed.

Activation energy is the energy needed to break the bond in the substrate molecule before reaction can occur. The enzymes function by lowering the activation energy so that the rate of biochemical reactions in the cell is accelerated.

Lee Khai Yueh 4S1

2020-04-10 12:47:33 UTC

Cell cycle refers to the sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells.The cell cycle consist of interphase (made up of G1 ,S and G2 phase) and M phase.

1. G1 phase
- Cells grow
- Mitocondrion and endoplasmic reticulum
- Poteins are synthesised
- Nucleus look big
- Chromosome is in the form of chromatin
2. S phase
- DNA synthesis
- DNA in the nucleus is replicated (chromosomes multiples into 2 identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids)
(Both chromatids contains the same copy of the DNA molecule and they are joined at the centromeres.)
3. G2 phase
- Cells continue to grow and remain active metabolically
- Cells gather energy and make final arrangements the enter the next stage of cell division
4. M phase
- Made up of mitosis ( involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase) and cytokinesis

Chan Rou Mei 4S5

2020-04-10 12:51:32 UTC

The cell cycle is an ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells. Cells on the path to cell division proceed through a series of precisely timed and carefully regulated stages of growth, DNA replication, and division that produces two identical cells. The cell cycle has two major phases: interphase and the mitotic phase . During interphase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated.The four stages of interphase are called G1, S, G2 and M.
G1 phase: -Cell increases in size
-Cellular contents duplicated

S phase: -DNA replication
-Each of the 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) is replicated by the cell

G2 phase: -Cell prepares for cell division

M phase: -Mitosis followed by Cytokinesis (cell separation)
-Formation of two identical daughter cells

Chan Rou Mei

2020-04-10 13:15:26 UTC

Enzymes are built of proteins folded into complicated shapes; they are present throughout the body.The chemical reactions that keep us alive For example our metabolism rely on the work that enzymes carry out.Enzymes speed up chemical reactions; in some cases, enzymes can make a chemical reaction millions of times faster than it would have been without it.A substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme and is converted into products. Once the products leave the active site, the enzyme is ready to attach to a new substrate and repeat the process.

The “lock and key” model was first proposed in 1894. In this model, an enzyme’s active site is a specific shape, and only the substrate will fit into it, like a lock and key.This model has now been updated and is called the induced-fit model.In this model, the active site changes shape as it interacts with the substrate. Once the substrate is fully locked in and in the exact position, the catalysis can begin.

Mandy Tan Pey Enn 4s5

2020-04-10 13:49:31 UTC

The cell cycle is a cycle of stages that cells pass through to allow them to divide and produce new cells. It is sometimes referred to as the “cell division cycle” for that reason.

New cells are born through the division of their “parent” cell, producing two “daughter” cells from one single “parent” cell.

Daughter cells start life small, containing only half of the parent cell’s cytoplasm and only one copy of the DNA that is the cell’s “blueprint” or “source code” for survival. In order to divide and produce “daughter cells” of their own, the newborn cells must grow and produce more copies of vital cellular machinery – including their DNA.

The two main parts of the cell cycle are mitosis and interphase.

Mitosis is the phase of cell division, during which a “parent cell” divides to create two “daughter cells.”

The longest part of the cell cycle is called “interphase” – the phase of growth and DNA replication between mitotic cell divisions.

Both mitosis and interphase are divided into smaller sub-phases which need to be executed in order for cell division, growth, and development to proceed smoothly. Here we will focus on interphase, as the phases of mitosis have been covered in our “Mitosis” article.

Interphase consists of at least three distinct stages during which the cell grows, produces new organelles, replicates its DNA, and finally divides.

Only after the cell has grown by absorbing nutrients, and copied its DNA and other essential cellular machinery, can this “daughter cell” divide, becoming “parent” to two “daughter cells” of its own.

The graphic below shows a visual representation of the cell cycle. The small section labeled “M” represents mitosis, while interphase is shown subdivided into its major components: the G₁, S, and G₂ phases.

This cell cycle is used by all eukaryotic cells to produce new cells. Prokaryotic cells such as bacteria use a process called “binary fission.”

For some unicellular eukaryotes, the cell cycle is the same as the reproductive cycle. Their “daughter cells” are independent organisms that will go on to reproduce themselves through mitosis.

In other organisms, the cell cycle is used for growth and development of a single organism, while other methods are used to reproduce the organism.

Animals and some plants, for example, create new offspring through a process of sexual reproduction which involves the creation and combination of special 🤬 cells.

But animals and plants still use the cell cycle to produce new cells within their tissues. T

Mandy Tan Pey Enn 4s5

2020-04-10 13:53:54 UTC

An enzyme is a molecule that can be synthesized biologically or chemically (synthetically). Its major function is to act as a catalyst that speeds up a particular chemical reaction without changing the chemical reaction at the end of the reaction. Enzyme is usually a protein molecule with a characteristic sequence of amino acids that fold to produce a specific three-dimensional structure, which gives the molecule unique properties. Proteins are one of the major biomolecules; the others are carbohydrates (especially, polysaccharides), lipids, and nucleic acids. Enzymes that are proteins in nature are composed of polymers of amino acids. The amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds. The type and the sequence of amino acids in an enzyme protein are specified by the DNA in the cell that produces them. While not all enzymes are proteins, not all proteins are enzymes as well. A protein may be classified based on its form and main functions: it can be a globular protein like most enzymes, fibrous protein which are for structural role, such as collagen, keratin, etc.; and membrane proteins that serve as receptors or channels for polar or charged molecule to pass through the cell membrane.

Enzymes that are not proteinaceous in nature are exemplified by ribozymes. A ribozyme is an enzyme made of RNA rather than a protein. Example of a ribozyme is the ribosome, which is a complex of protein and catalytic RNA units.

Tan Yong Sheng 4S5

2020-04-10 13:59:22 UTC

The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell that cause it to divide into two daughter cells. These events include the duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) and some of its organelles, and subsequently the partitioning of its cytoplasm and other components into two daughter cells in a process called cell division.
The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: G₁ phase, S phase (synthesis), G₂ phase (collectively known as interphase) and M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis).
G1-Cells increase in size in Gap. The G1 checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis.
S-DNA replication occurs during this phase.
G2-During the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis, the cell will continue to grow. The G2 checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready to enter the M (mitosis) phase and divide.
M-Cell growth stops at this stage and cellular energy is focused on the orderly division into two daughter cells. A checkpoint in the middle of mitosis (Metaphase checkpoint) ensures that the cell is ready to complete cell division.

Yeoh Shuen Ern 4S5

2020-04-10 14:20:14 UTC

Tan Yong Sheng 4S5

2020-04-10 14:21:18 UTC

Enzyme, a substance that acts as a catalyst in living organisms, regulating the rate at which chemical reactions proceed without itself being altered in the process. The biological processes that occur within all living organisms are chemical reactions, and most are regulated by enzymes. Without enzymes, many of these reactions would not take place at a perceptible rate. Enzymes catalyze all aspects of cell metabolism. This includes the digestion of food, in which large nutrient molecules (such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) are broken down into smaller molecules; the conservation and transformation of chemical energy; and the construction of cellular macromolecules from smaller precursors. Many inherited human diseases, such as albinism and phenylketonuria, result from a deficiency of a particular enzyme. As enzymes are made up of proteins, their actions are sensitive to change in many physio chemical factors such as pH, temperature, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration. An enzyme will interact with only one type of substance or group of substances, called the substrate, to catalyze a certain kind of reaction. Because of this specificity, enzymes often have been named by adding the suffix “-ase” to the substrate’s name. The specific action of an enzyme with a single substrate can be explained using a Lock and Key analogy first postulated in 1894 by Emil Fischer. In this analogy, the lock is the enzyme and the key is the substrate. Only the correctly sized key (substrate) fits into the key hole (active site) of the lock (enzyme).

Yeoh Shuen Ern 4S5

2020-04-10 14:23:09 UTC

The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells. The cell cycle consists of two main phases, which are interphase and M phase respectively. Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle and is made up of the G1, S and G2 phase.

G1 phase is where the cells grow and develop. Cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage. Proteins used in the cell cycle are synthesised. Nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin.

S phase is where DNA synthesis occurs. The DNA is nucleus is replicated. Each chromosome multiplies into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids.

G2 phase is where the cells continue to grow, develop and remain active metabolically. Cells gather energy and prepare to enter the next stage which is known as M phase.

M phase which is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

Yeng Song Lin 4S1

2020-04-10 16:01:10 UTC

The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells. The cell cycle consists of two main phases, which are interphase and M phase respectively. Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle and is made up of the G1, S and G2 phase while M phase is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis.

INTERPHASE
G1 phase is where the cells grow . Cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage. Proteins used in the cell cycle are also synthesised. Nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin.

S phase is where DNA synthesis occurs. The DNA in the nucleus is replicated. Each chromosome multiplies into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids Both chromatids contain the same copy of the DNA molecule and are joined at the centromeres.

G2 phase is where the cells continue to grow and remain active metabolically. Cells gather energy and make final arrangement to enter the next stage of cell division.

M PHASE
Mitosis is the division of the nucleus of parent cell into two nuclei. It involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm that happens immediately after the nuleus is formed, that is, at the end of telophase.

Yeng Song Lin 4S1

2020-04-10 16:25:07 UTC

Most enzymes are complex protein made of polypeptide chain that are folded into three-dimensional shape. The "lock and key" hypothesis state that this three-dimensional structure has an active site with a specific shape that will only allow specific substrate molecule to fit in. Thus, when the specific substrate approaches the enzyme. The substrate will combine with the active site to form an enzyme-substrate complex. After a reaction take place and a product is created, the product will then leave the active site and the enzyme is again ready for another reaction. In conclusion, in the binding of a substrate on an active site of enzymes, the enzyme is represented by the "lock" and the substrate is represented by the "key".

Activation energy is the energy needed to break the bond in the substrate molecule so that biochemical reactions can take place. Most reactions inside the cell require high activation energy. Thus, enzymes function by lowering the activation energy in order to accelerate the rate of biochemical reaction in the cell.

Law Wan Ting 4S1

2020-04-10 16:49:12 UTC

Cell cycle is defined as the stage through which is cell passes from one cell division to the next.It refer to the sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daugher cells. The cell cycle consists of interphase and M phase. Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle. This phase is made up of the G1,S and G2 phase.

G1phase(Gap1)-Cell individually itself grows.Cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced.Protein used in the cell cycle are also synthesis during this time.Nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin at this stage.

S phase(synthesis)-DNA synthesis occurs and DNA is replicated. Each chromosome multiples into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids. Both chromatids contain the same copy of the DNA molecule and joined at the centromeres.

G2 phase(Gap2)-The cells grow some more in preparation bfor mitosis and remain active metabolically.Cells gather energy and make final arrangements to enter the next stage of cell division.

M phase-M phase is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis.Mitosis involved prophase,metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

2020-04-11 03:55:04 UTC

Khoo Zhi Xian 4S4
Most enzymes are complex proteins made up of polypeptide chains that are folded into three-dimensional structures. This three-dimensional structure has an active site with a specific configuration that complements a specific substrate molecule.The binding of a molecule substrate on an active site of enzymes is specific like a 'lock and key' combination. The enzyme is represented by a 'lock' and the substrate is represented by a 'key'.

Cell cycle is the sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells. There phases in the cell cycle is made up of G1, S, G2 and M phase.G1 phase, cells grow. Cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage. Proteins used are also synthesised during this time. At this stage, the nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin S phase, DNA synthesis occurs in this phase. The DNA in the nucleus is replicated. Each chromosome will multiplies into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids. Both chromatids contain same copy of DNA molecule. Both chromatids are joined at the centromeres.G2 phase, cells continue growing and remain active metabolically. Cells gather energy and make final arrangements to enter the next stage of cell division. M phase, made up of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

2020-04-11 12:51:14 UTC

An enzyme is a organic catalysts that is mostly made up of proteins and is produced in living cell organism. Not all enzyme are synthesised from proteins. The substance needed for an enzyme reaction are called substrates. It will blind with the enzyme at a specific site known as the active site and form an enzyme-substrate complex. Most enzyme are complex proteins made up of polypeptide chain that are folded into 3D structures. This structures has an active site with a specific configuration that complements a specific substrate molecule. The blind of a molecule substrate on an active site enzyme is specific like a ‘lock and ‘ combination. The enzyme is represented by a ‘lock’ and the substrate is represented by a ‘key’

2020-04-11 12:51:32 UTC

Cell cycle Lim Yi Hang 4S1

2020-04-11 13:00:35 UTC

Cell cycle is the sequence of events involving DNA multiplication and cell division to produce 2 daughter cells. There are 2 phases, interphase and M phase.

The first stage of interphase is G1 phase. At this stage, cells grow. Cell components are produced and proteins are synthesised. Chromosomes appear in a form of long thread called chromatin. The next stage is G2 phase. DNA multiplication occur. Each chromosome multiplies into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids which are joined at the centromere. The third stage is G2 phase. The cells continue to grow and gather energy to make final arrangement before entering M phase.

M phase basically consists of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis involved prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. On the other hand, cytokinesis is the division of nucleus.

Moey Wei Lian 4S1

2020-04-11 14:33:13 UTC

The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells.The cell cycle consists of interphase and M phase.Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle.This phase is made up of the G1,S and G2 phase.
-G1phase.
Cells grow.Cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage.Proteins used in the cell cycle are also synthesised during this time.At this stage,the nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin.
-S phase.
DNA synthesis occurs in the S phase.The DNA in the nucleus is replicated.Each chromosome multiplies into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids.Both chromatids contain the same copy of the DNA molecule.Both chromatids are joined at the centromeres.
-G2 phase.
The cells will continue to grow and remain active metabolically during the G2 phase.Cells gather energy and make final arrangements to enter the next stage of cell division.After the interphase stage,the cell will enter the M phase.
-M phase.
M phase is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis.Mitosis involves prophase,metaphase,anaphase and telophase.

Moey Wei Lian 4S1

2020-04-11 14:47:02 UTC

Enzyme is an organic catalyst that is mostly made up of proteins and is produced by living cell organisms. Not all enzymes are synthesised from proteins. The substances needed for an enzyme reaction called substrates. The substrates will bind with enzymes at a specific site known as the active site and form an enzyme-substrate complex.
Most enzymes are complex proteins made up of polypeptide chains that are folded into 3D structures and has an active site with a specific configuration that compliments of specific substrate molecule to form an enzymes substrate complex. The binding of a molecule substrate on an active site of enzymes is specific like a 'lock amd key'. The 'lock is the enzymes while the "key" is the substrate molecule. Inside the cell, high activation energy is required in most reactions. Activation energy is the energy needed to break down the bonds in the substrate molecules before the reaction can occur. Enzymes functions to lowering the activation energy. By doing so, the rate of biochemical reaction in the cell is accelerated.

Wong Ji Hong Enzymes 4S5

2020-04-11 15:06:17 UTC

Enzymes have a specific shaped are called Active site. Items that can be bind are called Substrate. Its very specific binding because the active site is specifically shaped for substrate to bind there. Active site can change shape to fit substrate and its called Induced fit. The substrate can also build or separate themself to fit the active site, the result are called products. Enzymes have the ability to speed up the reaction, that can do on their own to make processes effective for life. For example, the enzyme lactase are able to break down big two lactose, thats in the disaccharide form for human to digest.

The activation energy is the energy required to start a reaction. Enzymes are proteins that bind to a molecule, or substrate, to modify it and lower the energy required to make it react.

Wong Ji Hong Cell Cycle 4S5

2020-04-11 15:42:34 UTC

G0 Not growing

Cell are self functioning, not prepared to divide

Temporary

Not enough resources

Brain Spinal cord

Challenge to healing

G1 Gap1

Cell individually grow and didn't replicate DNA

Check for Growing well, DNA damaged, Resources its need

S Synthesis

Making DNA

G2 Gap2

Grow more and prepare for Mitosis

Check for DNA replicated correctly in Synthesis, Growing well, Resources its need to continue

Mitosis - growing

M phase

Metaphase

Check Chromosomes (DNA) lined up in the middle spindle correctly to be separate

If can't pass those phases

Apoptosis

Self destructs to ensures that irreparable cells will not divide

Protein involved in the cell cycle

Positive Regulator

Cdk - Cyclin-dependent kinase will fit with Cyclin

Different Cyclin will bind with Cdk in different phase

Negative Regulator

p53

Ooi Lip Hong 4S4

2020-04-13 03:11:11 UTC

An enzyme is an organic catalyst thai is mostly made up of protein and is produced by living cell organism.However, not all enzymes are synthesised frim proteins.The substances needed for enzymes reaction are called substrates.Substrates will bind with enzymes at a specific site known as the active site and form an enzyme-substrate complex.

2020-04-13 03:16:35 UTC

Ooi Lip Hong 4S4
The cell cycle refers to the sequences of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells.The cell cycle consists of interphase and M phase.Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle.This phase is made up of the G1,S and G2 phase.

2020-04-13 05:44:48 UTC

Thomas Cheam Choon Wai 4S4. An enzyme is an organic catalyst that is mostly made up of proteins and is produced by living cell organisms. However, not all enzymes are synthesised from proteins. The substances needed for an enzyme reaction are called substrates.Substrates will bind with enzymes at a specific site known as the active site and form an enzyme-substrate complex.

2020-04-13 05:49:31 UTC

Thomas Cheam Choon Wai 4S4. The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells.The cell cycle consists of interphase and M phase. Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle. This phase is made up of the G1,S and G2 phase.

Oscar Chan Feng Lin 4S4

2020-04-15 08:19:13 UTC

The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events that involves DNA multiples and cell division to produce two daughter cells. Mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produce, synthesis is provided during the time that proteins is used in the cell cycle, the nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the from of chromatin in G1 phase. DNA synthesis occurs in the S phase. Each chromosome multiples into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids. Both chromatids contain the same copy of the DNA molecule and are joined at the centromeres. G2 phases is the time where cells will continue to grow and remain active metabolically. Cells gather energy and make final arrangements to enter the next stage of cell division . M phases is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

Mitosis

g08218903 — 2020-04-15 14:01:18 UTC

Please identify the phases in mitosis and describe what happens in each phases in not more than two sentences.

LOH BOON PIN 4S5 (Cell Cycle)

2020-04-16 00:29:55 UTC

The cells cycle of the sequences to events that involves DNA multiples and cell division to produce two daughter cells. The cell cycle consists of interphase and M phase is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis. DNA synthesis occurs in the S phase. DNA synthesis occurs in the S phase because DNA in the nucleus is replicated each chromosome known as sister chromatic. Both chromatic contain the same copy of DNA molecule and joined at the centromeres. The Phase made up of the G¹, S and G² Phase.
G1 Phase (First Gap)-Cells grow. Cell components
such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage. Proteins used in the cell cycle are also synthesised during this time. At this stage, the nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin.
S Phase- DNA synthesis occurs in the S phase. The DNA in the nucleus is replicated. Each chromosome multiplies into two identical chromosomes known as sister chromatids. Both chromatids contain the same copy of the DNA molecule. Both chromatids are joined at the centromeres.
G2 Phase- The cells will continue to grow and remain active metabolically during the G2 phase. Cells gather energy and make final arrangements to enter the next stage of cell division. The final preparations for the mitotic phase must be completed before the cell is able to enter the first stage of mitosis.
M phase- This phase is made up by mitosis and eytokinesis. Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telephase.

JUNE LOKE QIAN TING 4S1

m2191160 — 2020-04-16 01:15:36 UTC

There are 4 phases in mitosis, which are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase respectively.

During prophase, chromatin starts to shorten and thicken to form chromosome structure that is made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids that are joined at the centrometre in the nucleus. The nucleus membrane disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears, the centrioles moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form.

Next, during metaphase, the chromosomes that are maintained by spindle fibres become alligned in a single row on the equatorial plane. Metaphase ends when the centrometre begins to divide.

Then, during anaphase, the centrometre divides into two and the sister chromatids seperate. The spindle fibres shorten causing the sister chromatids to be attracted to the opposite pole cells and anaphase ends when this phenomenon occurs.

Lastly, during telophase, the chromatids which now known as daughter chromosomes are at opposite poles of the cell which contains one set of complete and identical chromosomes. Chromosomes are shaped again into chromatin threads, nucleoli are formed again, spindle fibres disappear and a new nucleus membrane is formed, the telophase ends and is followed by cytokinesis.

LOH BOON PIN 4S5 (mitosis)

2020-04-16 01:33:10 UTC

Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division). The major purpose of mitosis is for growth and to replace worn out cells.If not corrected in time, mistakes made during mitosis can result in changes in the DNA that can potentially lead to genetic disorders.
First process are Prophase - The chromosome is seen to be made up two identical threads called sister chromatids are join together with centromere. In end of prophase the membrane around the nucleus in the cell dissolves away releasing the chromosomes In mitotic spindle, consisting of the microtubules and other proteins, extends across the cell between the centrioles as they move to the opposite poles of the cell.
The second process are Metaphase- The centrioles are at opposite poles of the cell with the mitotic spindle fibres extending from them. The mitotic spindle fibres attach to each of the sister chromatids.
The third process are Anaphase- The sister chromatids and the centromere divides into two. Mitotic spindle which pulls one chromatid to one pole and the other chromatid to the opposite pole. Anaphase ends when the chromatid arrives at the pole of the cell.
The Final process areTelophase- each pole of the cell contains one set of complete and chromosomes gather together. The single cell then pinches in the middle to form two separate daughter cells each containing a full set of chromosomes within a nucleus this process is followed by cytokinesis.

Lee Khai Yueh 4S1

2020-04-16 01:56:43 UTC

Mitosis is defined as the division of the nucleus of parent cell into two nuclei.
1. Prophase
in the nucleus,chromatin starts to shorten and thicken to form a chromosome structure which is seen to be made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids that are joined at the centromere through a light microscope. the nucleus membrane disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears, the centriole moves to the opposite poles and spindle fires start to form.

2. Metaphase
the spindle fibres maintain the chromosome and the chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane.metaphase ends when the centromere egins to divide.

3. Anaphase
The centromere divides into two and the sister chromatids separate and are attracted to the opposite pole cell as the spindle fibres shorten and contract. Anaphase ends when the chromatid arrives at the pole of the cell.

4. Telophase
When the chromatids are at the opposite poles, they are called the daughter chromosome and each pole contains one sset of complete and identical chromosomes.Chromosomes are shaped again into chromatin threads, nucleoli are formed again, spindle fibres disappear and a new nucleus membrane is formed, the telophase stage is followed by cytokinesis.

Anne Marie 4S1 (Mitosis)

m2200788 — 2020-04-16 02:19:15 UTC

Mitosis is the process of division of the nucleus in the parent cell into two daughter nuclei, whereby the nucleus of each daughter cell contains an identical number of chromosomes and genetic material as the parent cell. Mitosis also allows new cells to be formed to replace dead cells and repair damaged cells. This process is only applied to somatic cells. Mitosis can be divided into four phases:

1. Prophase
Chromatin in the nucleus starts to condense to form chromosomes, whereby each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids which are joined at the centromere. Centrioles then migrate to opposite poles of the cell, and at the end of prophase, the nuclear membrane disintegrates and the nucleolus disappears.

2. Metaphase
The chromosomes are lined up in a straight line in the middle of the cell, known as equatorial plane. Spindle fibres from centrioles will fix the chromosomes at the centromere, and metaphase ends when the centromeres start to divide.

3. Anaphase
The centromere divides into two and the sister chromatids are pulled apart to the opposite poles by shortening spindle fibres. Anaphase ends when the chromosomes reach the poles of the cell.

4. Telophase
Here, the chromosomes will start to uncoil and form fine chromatin threads again. Spindle fibres disappear, the nuclear membrane reappears and the nucleolus forms again in each nucleus.

2020-04-16 02:28:35 UTC

Adam Khoo Jia Han
4S4

Mitosis actually occurs in four phases. The phases are called prophase , metaphase , anaphase, and telophase.

The first and longest phase of mitosis is prophase. During prophase, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope, or membrane, breaks down.

During metaphase, spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each pair of sister chromatids. The sister chromatids line up at the equator, or center, of the cell.

During anaphase, sister chromatids separate and the centromeres divide,the sister chromatids are pulled apart by the shortening of the spindle fibers.One sister chromatid moves to one pole of the cell, and the other sister chromatid moves to the opposite pole.

During telophase, the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin,this prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form.

Lim Yi Hang 4S1

2020-04-16 02:39:10 UTC

Mitosis is the pricess of division of nucleus of parent cell into two nuclei. Each nuclei has the same number of chromosomes and genetic content as the parent cell and are in diploid condition.

The first phase is prophase. In the nucleus, chromatin shorten and thicken to form a chromosome structure that is visible under a light microscope. The chromosome is made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids that are joined together at the centromere. At the end of this phase, nucleus membrane disintegrates, nucleoli disappears. Centriole moves to the opposite pole of the cell and spindle fibres start to form.

The next phase is metaphase. In thid stage, spindle fibres produced will maintain the chromosome on the middle of equatorial plane and chromosome become aligned in a single row. At the end of metaphase, centromere begins to divide.

This stage is followed by the anaphase. Spindle fibres shorten and contract, causing centromere to divide into two and sister chromatids separate. As a result, sister chromatids are attracted and pulled towards the opposite pole of the cell. When both sister chromatids reached the pole of the cell, metaphase ends.

The last stage is telophase. At this stage, sister chromatids have reached the opposite pole of the cell and are now known as the daughter chromosome (chromosome that is going to form 2 daughter cells). Each pole consists of one complete and identical chromosome. Chromosomes are shaped as find chromatin thread. nucleoli reappear, spindle fibres disappear, new nucleus membrane is formed. That is the end of telophase.

Telophase is followed by cytokinesis that involves the division of chromosome to form 2 daughter cells that are in diploid condition. Each daughter cells is identical to the parent cell and has the same number of chromosome as parent cell.

2020-04-16 02:47:47 UTC

Javier Ng Zi Hang
4S4

Mitosis actually occurs in four phases. The phases are called prophase , metaphase , anaphase, and telophase.

The first and longest phase of mitosis is prophase. During prophase, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope, or membrane, breaks down.

During metaphase, spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each pair of sister chromatids. The sister chromatids line up at the equator, or center, of the cell.

During anaphase, sister chromatids separate and the centromeres divide,the sister chromatids are pulled apart by the shortening of the spindle fibers.One sister chromatid moves to one pole of the cell, and the other sister chromatid moves to the opposite pole.

During telophase, the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin,this prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes formed

Jasline Tan 4S1

2020-04-16 02:55:25 UTC

Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.

There are 4 phases in mitosis, which are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase respectively. Firstly, during prophase, chromatin starts to shorten and thicken to form chromosome structure that is made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids that are joined at the centrometre in the nucleus. The nucleus membrane disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears, the centrioles moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form.

Secondly, during metaphase, the chromosomes that are maintained by spindle fibres become alligned in a single row on the equatorial plane. Metaphase ends when the centrometre begins to divide.

Thirdly, during anaphase, the centrometre divides into two and the sister chromatids seperate. The spindle fibres shorten causing the sister chromatids to be attracted to the opposite pole cells and anaphase ends when this phenomenon occurs.

Lastly, during telophase, the chromatids which now known as daughter chromosomes are at opposite poles of the cell which contains one set of complete and identical chromosomes. Chromosomes are shaped again into chromatin threads, nucleoli are formed again, spindle fibres disappear and a new nucleus membrane is formed, the telophase ends and is followed by cytokinesis.

Oscar Chan Feng Lin 4S4

2020-04-16 03:06:45 UTC

Most enzymes are complex proteins made up of polypeptide chains that are folded into three-dimensional structures. The lock and key states that the substrate fits perfectly into the enzyme, like a lock and a key would. The specific substrate approaches the enzyme, then substrate combines with the active site to form enzyme-substrate complex, when a reaction takes place and a product is created. The product then leaves the active site after the reaction is complete.

Activation energy is the energy needed to break the bond in the substrate molecule before reaction can occur. It can be defined as the energy that must be overcome in order for a chemical reaction to occur, or the minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction.

Tan Sing Yee 4S1

2020-04-16 03:55:51 UTC

Mitosis is the division of the nucleus of parent cell into two nucleic.Each nuclei has the same number of chromosomes and genetic content as the parent cell.
There are 4 phases in mitosis:
1. Prophase
Firstly, chromatin starts to shorten and thicken to form chromosome structure which is made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids joined at the centrometre in the nucleus. The nucleus membrane disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears, the centrioles moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form.
2. Metaphase
Secondly,the centrioles are at the opposite poles of the cell.The chromosomes that are maintained by spindle fibres become alligned in a single row on the equatorial plane. Metaphase ends when the centromere begins to divide.
3. Anaphase
Thirdly,the centrometre divides into two and the sister chromatids seperate. The spindle fibres will then shorten and contract causing the sister chromatids to be attracted to the opposite pole cells Anaphase ends whenthe chromatid arrives at the pole of the cell.
4. Telophase
Lastly, the chromatids which is known as daughter chromosomes are at opposite poles of the cell. Each pole contains one set of complete and identical chromosomes. Chromosomes are shaped again into chromatin threads, nucleoli are formed again, spindle fibres disappear and a new nucleus membrane is formed.The telophase is then followed by cytokinesis.

Pang Xu Ern 4S1

m2193479 — 2020-04-16 04:07:29 UTC

Mitosis is a type of cell division which involves the division of the nucleus to produce two identical daughter cells, each containing the same number and same kind of chromosomes/ genetic contents are parent cell. Mitosis occurs in all somatic cells which are body cells except gametes. Division of cells by mitosis in unicellular organisms is a form of asexual reproduction where each new cell grows and becomes an entire organisms. An example is Amoeba sp. In multicellular organisms, a cell divides to generate new cells to replace dead and damaged cells. Mitosis in unicellular organisms also results in the production of new cells for growth and development of an organism. Somatic cells contain two sets of chromosomes, one set derived from the female parent (maternal origin) and the others from male parent (paternal origin). Somatic cells with two sets of chromosomes are called diploid cells. The diploid number is designated as 2n. Cells with a single set of unpaired chromosomes are called haploid cells. The haploid number is designed as n. All gametes are haploid. Each species of organisms has its own fixed number of chromosomes in the somatic cell has 46 chromosomes. In mitosis, each somatic cell divides to produce two new diploid cells identical to the parent cell.

Prophase
In the cytoplasm,spindle fibres begin to form between the centrioles and migrates to lie at the opposite poles of the cell. At the end of prophase, the nucleus disappears and the nucleur membrane disintegrates.

Metaphase
The centromeres of all the chromosomes are lined up on a plane across the equator of the cell called the mataphase plate. The chromosomes are arranged randomly at the metaphase plate and metaphase ends when centromeres divide.

Anaphase
The sister chromatids are pulled apart to the opposite poles by the shortening of the spindle fibres that connnect the chromosomes to the poles. Once separated, the chromatids are referred to as daughter chromosomes and anaphase ends when the chromosomes reach the poles of the cell.

Telophase
The chromosomes start to uncoil and revert to chromatin again. The spindle fibres disappear and a new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes and the nucleolus reforms in each nuclues.

The process of mitosis is now completed.

Ooi Lip Hong 4S4

2020-04-16 04:16:01 UTC

Mitosis is defined as the division of the nucleus of parent cell into two nuclei.Each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes and genetic content with the nucleus of parent cell.Mitosis also consist of 4 phases that is Prophase,Metaphase,Anaphase and Telophase.First of all, Prophase.In the nucleus,chromatin starts to shorten and thicken to form a chromosome structure that can be seen through a light microscope.Then,the chromosome is seen to be made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids.Secondly, Metaphase.Centrioles are at the opposite poles of the cell and the spindle fibre maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plane.Thirdly, Anaphase.The centromere divides into two and the sister chromatids separate.After that, Spindle fibres shorten,contract and the sister chromatids are attracted to the opposite pole cells.Lastly, Telophase.When the chromatids are at the opposite poles, they are now called the daughter chromosome.Each poles contains one set of complete and identical chromosomes.

Kang Ze You 4S4

m5239152 — 2020-04-16 04:38:30 UTC

Mitosis actually occurs in four phases. The phases are called prophase , metaphase , anaphase, and telophase.

The first and longest phase of mitosis is prophase. During prophase, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope, or membrane, breaks down.

During metaphase, spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each pair of sister chromatids. The sister chromatids line up at the equator, or center, of the cell.

PHOON HAO YENG 4S1

2020-04-16 04:52:15 UTC

Mitosis is defined as the division of the nucleus of parent cell into two nuclei. Each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes and genetic content with the nucleus of parent cell.
Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

At prophase, chromatin thickens, shortens and form visible chromosome, sister chromatids are joined at the centromere. Nucleus membrane disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears, centrioles move to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form.

At metaphase, centrioles are at the opposite poles of the cell and spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plate. Chromosomes alinged in a single row on the equatorial plate and the centromere begins to divide.

At anaphase, centromere divides into two and the sister chromatids separate. Spindle fibres shorten, contract and the sister chromatids are attached to the opposite poles of the cell.

At telophase, each pole contains one set of complete and identical chromosomes. Nucleoli formed again, spindle fibres disappear and a new nuclear membrane is formed.

Lim Kai Qing 4S5

2020-04-16 05:34:23 UTC

Mitosis is defined ad the division of the nucleus of parent cell into two nuclei. Each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes and genetic content with the nucleus of parent cell.
1. Prophase
In the nucleus, chromatin starts to shorten and thicken to for a chromosome structure that can be seen through a light microscope. The chromosome is seen to be made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids. Both sister chromatids are joined at the centromere. The nucleus membrane disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears, the centriole moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form.
2. Metaphase
Centriole are at the opposite poles of the cell. The spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plane. The chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane. Metaphase ends when the centromere begins to divide.
3. Anaphase
The centromere divides into two and the sister chromatids separate. Spindle fibres shorten, contacts and the sister chromatids are attracted to the opposite pole cells. Anaphase ends when the chromatid arrives at the pole of the cell.
4. Telophase
When the chromatids are at the opposite poles, they are now called the daughter chromosome. Each pole contains one set of complete and identical chromosomes. Chromosomes are shaped again as fine chromatin threads. Nucleoli are formed again. Spindle fibres disappear. A new nucleus membrane is formed. The telophase stage is followed by cytokinesis.

Teh Jia Hui 4S1

2020-04-16 06:18:26 UTC

Loh Wei Li 4S1

m2187748 — 2020-04-16 06:19:08 UTC

Mitosis is defined as the division of the nucleus of parent cell into two nuclei. Each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes and genetic content with the nucleus of parent cell.

PROPHASE:
In the nucleus, chromatin starts to shorten and thicken to form a chromosome structure that can be seen through a light microscope. The chromosome is seen to be made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids. Both sister chromatids are joined at the centromere.
Spindle fibres start to form when the nucleus membrane disitergrates, the nucleolus dissapears and the centriole moves to the opposite poles.

METAPHASE:
Centrioles are at the opposite poles of the cell. The spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plane. the chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane. Metaphase ends when the centromere begins to devide.

ANAPHASE:
The centromere divides into two and the sister chromatids seperate, At the same time, the sister chromatids are attracted to the opposite pole cells when the spindle fibres shorten and contract.
Anaphase ends when the chromatid arrives at the pole of the cell.

TELOPHASE:
When the chromatids are at the opposite poles, they are now called the daughter chromosomes. each pole contains one set of complete and identical chromosomes. Chromsomes are shaped again as fine chromatin threads. Nucleoli are formed again and the spindle fibres dissapear. A new nucleus membrane is formed. The telophase stage is followed by cytokinesis.

Allysa Gan 4S5

2020-04-16 06:56:30 UTC

Mitosis is defined as the division of the nucleus of parent cell into nuclei. Each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes and genetic content with the nucleus of parent cell.

1.Prophase:
In the nucleus, chromatin starts to shorten and thicken to form a chromosome structure that can e seen through a light microscope. The chromosome is seen to be made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids. Both sister chromatids are joined at the centromere. The nucleus membrane disintegrates, the nucleus disappears, the centriole moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form.

2. Metaphase
Centrioles are at the opposite poles of the cell. The spindle fibres maintains the chromosomes at the equatorial plane. The chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane. Metaphase ends when he centromere begins to divide.

3. anaphase
The centromere divides into two and the sister chromatids separate. Spindle fibres shorten, contract and the sister chromatids are attracted to the opposite pole cells. Anaphase ends whenthe chromatid arrives at the pole of the cell.

4.Telophase
When the chromatids are at the opposite poles, they are now called the daughter chromosome. Each pole contains one set of complete and identical chromosomes. Chromosomes are shaped again as fine chromatin threads. Nucleoli are formed again. Spindle fibres disappear. Anew nucleus membrane is formed. The telophase stage is followed by cytokinesis.

Jocelyn Looi Wei Ni 4S1

m2195467 — 2020-04-16 07:05:52 UTC

Mitosis is defined as the division of the nucleus of parent cell into two nuclei. Each nuclei contains the same number of chromosomes and genetic content with the nucleus of parent cell.
In prophase, chrimatin starts to shorten and thicken to form a chromosome structure that are made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids and can be seen through a light microscope in the nucleus. Sister chrimatids are joined at the centromere. The nucleus membrane disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears, the centriole moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form.
In metaphase, the spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes become aligned in a single row at the equatorial plane . Centromere begins to divide .
In anaphase, centromere divied into teo and the sister chrimatids seperate. Spindle fibre shorten, contract and the sister chromatids are attracted to the opposite pole cells. The chromatids arrives at the pole of the cell.
In telophase, chromatids at the opposite poles are called daughter chromosome. Each pile contain one srt of complete and identical chromosomes which are shaped again as fins chromatin threads. Nucleoli are formed while spindle fibres disapper and a new nucleus membrane is formed.

Lim Ching Lue 4S5

2020-04-16 07:22:46 UTC

In cell biology, mitosis is a part of the cell cycle when replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. Cell division gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the number of chromosomes is maintained.In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is preceded by the S stage of interphase (during which the DNA is replicated) and is often accompanied or followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components.Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells genetically identical to each other.

The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to spindle fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell.The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The rest of the cell may then continue to divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells.Producing three or more daughter cells instead of the normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication).Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.

Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission. Mitosis varies between organisms.For example, animal cells undergo an "open" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, whereas fungi undergo a "closed" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus.Most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Most human cells are produced by mitotic cell division. Important exceptions include the gametes – sperm and egg cells – which are produced by meiosis.

Dylan Ooi Yi Yang 4S1

2020-04-16 07:22:52 UTC

Mitosis is te division of nucleus of its parent cell into two nuclei.The two nuclei have the same number of chromsomes and genetic content with the parent cell.There are 4 phases in mitosis.
1. Prophase
Chromatin in the nucleus starts shorten and thicken to form chromosomes which is made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids that joined at the centromere.The nuclues membrane disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears, the centriole moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form.
2. Metaphase
Centrioles are at the opposite poles and the spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plane.The chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane and metaphase ends when the centromere begins to divide.
3.Anaphase
The centromere divides into two and the sister chromatids separate attracted to the opposite of pole cells cause by the spindle fibres shorten and contract.Anaphase ends when the sister chromatid arrives at the pole of the cells
4.Telophase
Chromatids at the opposite poles are called daughter chromosomes and each pole are one complete identical chromosomes.The chromosomes are shaped again as fine chromatin threads then the nucleoli formed and the spindle fibres dissapear. A new nuclues form and continue with cytokinesis.

Yeng Song Lin 4S1

2020-04-16 07:34:44 UTC

Mitosis is the division of the nucleus of parent cell into two nuclei. It has 4 phases :

1. Prophase

In the nucleus, chromatin starts to shorten and thicken to form chromosome that is made up of 2 identical threads called sister chromatids which are joined at the centromere.
The nucleus membrane disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears, the centriole moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form.

2. Metaphase

The spindle fibres from the centrioles that are at the opposite poles of the cell maintains the chromosomes at the equatorial plane.
The chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane.

3. Anaphase

The centromere starts to divide into two and the sister chromatids separate.
Spindle fibres shorten, contract and the sister chromatids are attracted to the opposite pole cells.

4. Telophase

One complete and identical set of chromatids reach the opposite poles and are now called the daughter chromosome that are then shaped again as fine chromatin threads.
Nucleoli are formed again, spindle fibres disappear and a new nucleus membrane is formed.

m2184560 — 2020-04-16 07:55:24 UTC

Law Guo An 4S1

Mitosis is a process of division of the nucleus of parent cell into two nuclei and each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes and genetic content with the nucleus of parent cell.

Prophase, the chromatin in the nucleus starts to shorten and thicken to form a chromosome structure that is seen to be made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids and joined at the centromere. The nucleus membrane disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears, the centriole moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form.

Metaphase, the centrioles are at opposite poles of the cell and the spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plane. The chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane.

Anaphase, the centromere starts divides into two and the sister chromatids separate. Spindle fibres shorten, contract, and the sister chromatids are attracted to the opposite pole cells.

Telophase, the chromatids are at opposite poles and called the daughter chromosome. Each pole contains one set of complete and identical chromosomes and a new nucleus membrane is formed.

Ch'ng Pei Jun 4S1

2020-04-16 08:07:27 UTC

Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase anaphase and telophase.

Prophase
- Chromatin thickens to form a chromosome structure made up of two identical sister chromatids which then join at the centromere.
- The nucleus membrane disintegrates. nucleolus disappears and centriole moves to the opposite poles and produce spindle fibre.

Metaphase
- Centrioles are at the opposite poles of the cell.
- The spindle fibres align chromosomes in a single row on the equatorial plane.

Anaphase
- The centromere divides into two and the sister chromatids separate.
- Spindle fibres pull and contract until sister chromatids arrives at the pole of the cell.

Telophase
- Each pole contains a set of daughter chromosomes (sister chromatids) that are identical to each other.
- The daughter chromosomes return into fine chromatin threads, nucleoli are formed, spindle fibres disappear and a new nuclues membrane is formed.

Lim Xin Yi 4S1

2020-04-16 09:54:03 UTC

Mitosis is the division of the nucleus of parent cell into two nuclei.Each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes and genetic content with the nucleus of parent cell.

Prophase
Chromatin starts to shorten and thicken to form a chromosome structure which is made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids which are joined at the centromere.The nucleus membrane disintegrates,the nucleolus disappears,the centriole moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form.

Metaphase
Centrioles are at the opposite poles of the cells and spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plane.The chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane.

Anaphase
The centomere divides into two and the sister chromatids separate.Spindle fibres shorten,contract and the sister chromatids are attracted to the opposite pole cells.

Telophase
Chromatids arrive at the opposite poles called the daughter chromosome and each pole contains one set of complete and identical chromosomes which are shaped again as fine chromatin threads.Nucleoli are formed again,spindle fibres disappear and a new nucleus membrane is formed.

2020-04-16 13:31:53 UTC

1. Prophase
In the nucleus, chromatin starts to shorten and thicken to form a chromosome structure. The nucleus membrane disregartes, the nucleous disappears, the centroile moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibre start to form .
2. Metaphase
Centriol are at the opposite poles of the cell. The chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane.
3. Anaphase
The centromere divides into two and the sister chromatic separate. Spindle fibres shorten, sister chromatic are attracted to the opposite pole cell.
4. Telophase
When the chromatids are at the opposite poles, each poles contain one set of complete and identical chromosomes. Chromosome are shaped again as fine chromatin thread.

Sabrina 4S5

2020-04-16 15:07:39 UTC

Mitosis is defined as the division of the nucleus of parent cell into two nuclei. Each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes and genetic content with the nucleus of parent cell.

Prophase

In the nucleus, chromatin starts to shorten and thicken to form a chromosome. The chromosome made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids. Both sister chromatids are joined at the centromere.

The nucleus membrane disintegrates , the nucleolus disappears, the centriole moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form.

Metaphase
Centrioles are at the opposite poles of the cell and the spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plane . The chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane. Metaphase ends when the centrimere beings to devide.

Anaphase
The centromere divides into two and the sister chormatids separate. Spindle fibres shorten, contract and the sister chromatids are attracted to the opposite pole cells.

Telophase
When the chromatids are at the opposite poles, they are now called the daughter chromosome. Each pole contains one set of complete and identical chromosomes. A new nucleus membrane is formed .

m2186734 — 2020-04-16 16:20:55 UTC

Tan Yong Ping 4S5

In cell biology, mitosis is a part of the cell cycle when replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. Cell division gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the number of chromosomes is maintained. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is preceded by the S stage of interphase (during which the DNA is replicated) and is often accompanied or followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components.Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells genetically identical to each other.

Jocelyn Chow Ke Whey 4S1

2020-04-16 16:22:16 UTC

Mitosis is te division of nucleus of its parent cell into two nuclei.The two nuclei have the same number of chromsomes and genetic content with the parent cell.There are 4 phases in mitosis.
1. Prophase
Chromatin in the nucleus starts shorten and thicken to form chromosomes which is made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids that joined at the centromere.The nuclues membrane disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears, the centriole moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form.

2. Metaphase
Centrioles are at the opposite poles and the spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plane.The chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane and metaphase ends when the centromere begins to divide.

3.Anaphase
The centromere divides into two and the sister chromatids separate attracted to the opposite of pole cells cause by the spindle fibres shorten and contract.Anaphase ends when the sister chromatid arrives at the pole of the cells

4.Telophase
Chromatids at the opposite poles are called daughter chromosomes and each pole are one complete identical chromosomes.The chromosomes are shaped again as fine chromatin threads then the nucleoli formed and the spindle fibres dissapear. A new nuclues form and continue with cytokinesis.

Cheah Ui Zhe 4S1

2020-04-16 18:36:55 UTC

Mitosis is the division process of nucleus of one parent cell into two nuclei. Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

1.Prophase
-The chromatin shorten, thicken to form visible chromosomes which can be seen under light microscope. The chromosomes is made up of two identical chromosomes which know as sister chromatid.Chromosomes are joined together at centrere. The nucleus membrane starts to disintegrate and the nucleolus dissapear.
-Centriole moves to the opposite pole and the spindle fibre start to form.

2.Metaphase
-The centriole are at the opposite point of the cell. The spindle fibre mantains the chromosomes at the equational plane.
-The chromosomes are aligned in a single row on the equational plane.
-Metaphase end when centromere begins to devide.

3. Anaphase
-Centromere divides and the sister chromatids seperates
-The spindle fibre shorten and contract, the sister chromatids are attracted to the opposote pole of cells.
-The anaphase end when the sister chromatids arrive at the pole of cell.

4. Telophase
-When the chromatids are at the opposite poles, they are called daughter chromosomes. Each pole contains one set if complete and identical chromosomes.
-Nucleolus start to form again and a new nucleus membrane us formed. The spindle fibre dissapear.
-The telophase is followed by Cytokinesis process.

Tan Zhi Ying

2020-04-17 00:22:02 UTC

Thomas Cheam Choon Wai 4S4

2020-04-17 01:00:12 UTC

OoiDunTzi4S5(Mitosis)

m2374373 — 2020-04-17 02:12:32 UTC

Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division)

Lim Yong Kang 4S5

m2197773 — 2020-04-17 02:48:47 UTC

Mitosis is defined as the division of the nucleus of parent cell into two nuclei.Each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes and genetic content with the nucleus of parent cell.

Prophase
1.In the nucleus,chromatin starts to shorten and thicken to form a chromosome structure that can be seen through a light microscope.
2.The chromosome is seen to be made up if two identical threads called sister chromatids.
3.Both sister chromatids are joined at the centromere.
4.The nucleus membrane disintegrates,the nucleolus disappears,the centriole moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form.

Metaphase
1.Centrioles are at the opposite poles of the cell.
2.The spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plane.
3.The chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane.
4.Metaphase ends when the centromere begins to divide.

Anaphase
1.The centromere divides into two and the sister chromatids separate.
2.Spindle fibres shorten,contract and the sister chromatids are attracted to the opposite pole cells.
3.Anaphase ends when the chromatid arrives at the pole of the cell.

Telophase
1.When the chromatids are at the opposite poles,they are now called the daughter chromosome.
2.Each pole contains one set of complete and identical chromosomes.
3.Chromosomes are shaped again as fine chromatin threads.
4.Nucleoli are formed again.
5.Spindle fibres disappear.
6.A new nucleus membrane is formed.
7.The telophase stage is followed by cytokinesis.

YEAP SHU CHYI 4S1

2020-04-17 03:06:43 UTC

Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. Each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes and genetic content with the nucleus of parent cell.

PROPHASE
In the nucleus, chromatin starts to shorten and thicken to form a chromosome which is made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids and both of sister chromatids are joined at the centromere. The nucleus membrane disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears, the centriole moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form.

METAPHASE
Centrioles are at the opposite poles of the cell, the spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes and become aligned in the single row on the equatorial plane. Metaphase ends when the centromere begins to divide.

ANAPHASE
The centromere divides into two and the sister chromatids separate. Spindle fibres shorten,contract and the sister chromatids are attracted to the opposite pole cells and anaphase will ends when the chromatid arrives at the pole of the cell.

TELOPHASE
When the chromatids are at the opposite poles, they are now called daughter chromosome and each pole contains one set of complete and identical chromosomes. Chromosomes are shaped again as fine chromatin threads, nucleoli are also formed again and spindle fibres disappear. A new nucleus is formed.

Lee Pei-Zhe 4S1 (mitosis)

2020-04-17 03:16:10 UTC

Mitosis is the division of the nucleus of parent cell into two nuclei where each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes and genetic content with the nucleus of the parent cell. Mitosis consist of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

Prophase: Chromatin starts to shorten and thicken in the nucleus to form a chromosome structure which is made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids and are joined at the centromere. The nucleus membrane disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears and the centrioles moves to the opposite poles and form spindle fibres.

Metaphase: Chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane. Each chromosome is attached to a spindle fibre originating from the centrioles of opposing poles, Metaphase ends when centromeres begin to divide.

Anaphase: Centromeres divide into two while the spindle fibre shorten causing the sister chromatids to separate and attracted to the opposite pole cells. Anaphase ends when chromatids arrives at the pole of the cell

Telophase: When the chromatids are at the opposite poles, they are now called daughter chromosome, each pole will contains one set of complete and identical chromosomes. Chromosomes are shaped again as fine chromatin threads and nucleoli are formed again while spindle fibres disappear, then a new nucleus membrane is formed, Telophase stage is followed by cytokinesis.

Mei Yu Qian 4S1

2020-04-17 04:31:28 UTC

Mitosis is the division of the nucleus of parent cells into two nuclei. Each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes and genetic content with the nucleus of parent cell.

Prophase
In nucleus, chromatin starts to shorten and thicken to form a chromosome structure. The chromosome is made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids. Both sister chromatids are joined at the centromere. The nucleus membrane disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears, the centriole moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form.

Metaphase
Centrioles are at the opposite poles of the cell. They maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plane. The chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane. Metaphase ends when the centromere begins to divide.

Anaphase
The centromere divides into two and sister chromitids separate. Spindle fibres shorten, contract and sister chromatids are attracted to the opposite pole cells. Anaphase end the the chromatid arrives at the pole of the cell.

Telophase
When the chromatids are at the opposite poles, they are now called the daughter chromosome. Each pole contains one set of complete and identical chromosomes. Chromosomes are shaped again as fine chromatids threads. Nucleoli are formed again. Spindle fibres disappear. A new nucleus membrane formed. The telophase stage is followed by cytokinesis.

Yoo Hua Zheng 4S5

2020-04-17 05:16:20 UTC

Mitosis is defined as the division of the nucleus of parent cell into two nuclei. Each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes and genetic content with the nucleus of parent cell.

Prophase
·In the nucleus ,chromatin starts to shorten and thicken to form a chromosomes structure that can be seen through a light microscope .
·The chromosomes is seen to be made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids .
·Both sister chromatids are joined at the centromere.
·The nucleus membrane disintegrates,the nucleolus disappears ,the centriole moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form.

Metaphase
·Centrioles are at the opposite poles of the cell .
·The spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plane.
·The chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane .
·Metaphase ends when the centromere begins to divide .

Anaphase
·The centromere divides into two and the sister chromatids separate .
·Spindle fibres shorten ,contract and the sister chromatids are attracted to the opposite pole cells .
· Anaphase ends when the chromatid arrives at the pole of the cell .

Telophase
·When the chromatids are at the opposite poles,they are now called the daughter chromosomes .
·Each pole contains one set of complete and identical chromosomes .
·Chromosomes are shaped again as fine chromatin threads .
·Nucleoli are formed again.
·Spindle fibres disappear.
·A new nucleus membrane is formed .
·The telophase stage is followed by cytokinesis.

Goh Pei Xian 4S1

2020-04-17 05:38:43 UTC

Mitosis is te division of nucleus of its parent cell into two nuclei.The two nuclei have the same number of chromsomes and genetic content with the parent cell.There are 4 phases in mitosis.

Prophase
Chromatin in the nucleus starts shorten and thicken to form chromosomes which is made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids that joined at the centromere.The nuclues membrane disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears, the centriole moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form.

Metaphase
Centrioles are at the opposite poles and the spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plane.The chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane and metaphase ends when the centromere begins to divide.

Anaphase
The centromere divides into two and the sister chromatids separate attracted to the opposite of pole cells cause by the spindle fibres shorten and contract.Anaphase ends when the sister chromatid arrives at the pole of the cells

Telophase
Chromatids at the opposite poles are called daughter chromosomes and each pole are one complete identical chromosomes.The chromosomes are shaped again as fine chromatin threads then the nucleoli formed and the spindle fibres dissapear. A new nuclues form and continue with cytokinesis.

2020-04-17 05:43:58 UTC

Loh Bing Jian 4S5(Mitosis)
Mitosis is defined as the division of the nucleus of parent cell into two nuclei. Each nucleus have the same number of chromosomes and genetic content with the nucleus of parent cell.
-PROPHASE
•In the nucleus, chromatin start to shorten and thicken form a chromosome structure that can be seen though a light microscope. The chromosomes is made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids. Both sister chromatids are joined at the centromere.The nucleus membrane disintegrate, the nucleolus disappear, the centriole moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form.
-METAPHASE
•Centrioles are at the opposite poles of the cell. The spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plane. The chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane. Metaphase ends when the centromere begins to devide.
-ANAPHASE
•The centromere devide into two and the sister chromatids separate. Spindle fibers shorten, contract and the sister chromatids are attracted to the opposite pole cells. Anaphase ends when the chromatid arrives at the pole of the cell
-TELOPHASE
•When the chromatids are at the opposite poles, they are now called the daughter chromosomes. Each pole contains one set of complete and identical chromosomes. Chromosomes are shaped again as fine chromatin threads. Nucleoli are formed again.Spindle fibres disappear. A new nucleus membrane is formed.The telophase stage is followed by cytokinesis.

Toh Yun Ning 4S1

m2200765 — 2020-04-17 06:25:52 UTC

Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle when replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.which means a parent cell divides into two daughter cell. Mitosis consists of four basic phrase which is prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

1. Prophase
Chromatin starts to condense to form a chromosome structure. The chromosomes is made up of two chromatids (sister chromatids) and are joined at the centromere. The nucleus membrane starts to disassemble / disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears amd the centriole moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres are formed.

2. Metaphase
the spindle fibres which are at the opposite pole of the cell maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plane in a single row. The centromere begins to divide.

3. Anaphase
the centromere divided and two chromatids are formed. The spindle fibres shorten and attract chromatids into opposite pole. Chromatids then reach the pole of the cells.

4. Telophase
The chromatids are now known as daughter chromosomes . Each pole contain one set of identical chromosomes and are shaped again into a fine chromatin threads. A new nucleus membrane is formed and cytokinesis occurs.

Hee Jet How 4S5

2020-04-17 06:46:58 UTC

Mitosis is a proses where a single cell divides itself into two identical daughter cells.
There are 5 phases in mitosis
The first is interphase where microtubes extend from centrosomes
Second part is prophase which the chromosomes turn into X-shaped structures and pair up
Third part is called metaphase where there is the mitotic spindle fibres attach to each of the sister chromatids
Fourth part is anaphase which the sister chromatid are pulled apart by mitotic spindle which pulls one chromatid to one pole and the other to the opposite pole
The last part is called telophase or cytokinesis, the single cell pinches in the middle to form two separate daughter cells each containing a full set of chromosomes within a nucleus

Lim Wee Xin 4S5

2020-04-17 07:01:21 UTC

Mitosis is a type of cell division in which one cell (the mother) divides to produce two new cells (the daughter) that are genetically identical to itself. In the context of the cell cycle, mitosis is the part of the division process in which the DNA of the cell's nucleus is split into two equal sets of chromosomes.

The great majority of the cell divisions that happen in your body involve mitosis. During development and growth, mitosis populates an organism’s body with cells, and throughout an organism’s life, it replaces old, worn-out cells with new ones. For single-celled eukaryotes like yeast, mitotic divisions are actually a form of reproduction, adding new individuals to the population

Pong Kah Loong 4S4

2020-04-17 07:11:29 UTC

Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division).

Mitosis is divided into five phases:

1. Interphase:

The DNA in the cell is copied in preparation for cell division, this results in two identical full sets of chromosomes.Outside of the nucleus are two centrosomes, each containing a pair of centrioles, these structures are critical for the process of cell division. During interphase, microtubules extend from these centrosomes.
2. Prophase:

The chromosomes condense into X-shaped structures that can be easily seen under a microscope.Each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids, containing identical genetic information.The chromosomes pair up so that both copies of chromosome both copies of chromosome 2 are together, and so on. At the end of prophase the membrane dissolves away releasing the chromosomes.

3. Metaphase:

The chromosomes line up neatly end-to-end along the centre of the cell. The centrioles are now at opposite poles of the cell with the mitotic spindle fibres extending from them.

The mitotic spindle fibres attach to each of the sister chromatids.

4. Anaphase:

The sister chromatids are then pulled apart by the mitotic spindle which pulls one chromatid to one pole and the other chromatid to the opposite pole.

5. Telophase:

At each pole of the cell a full set of chromosomes gather together. A membrane forms around each chromosomes to create two new nuclei. The single cell then pinches in the middle to form two separate daughter cells each containing a full set of chromosomes.

Law Wan Ting 4S1

2020-04-17 08:03:05 UTC

Teoh Yi Rou 4S1

2020-04-17 08:21:46 UTC

Tan Xin Yi 4S5

2020-04-17 09:29:35 UTC

Mitosis
Cell division process in which a latent cell divides into two identical daughter cells. Occurs in somatic cells over the entire body of human beings and animals. Occurs in the meristems of plants such as tips of roots and shoots.
1) Prophase

Chromatin in the nucleus behind to condense and becomes visible in the light microscope as chromosome.
Nucleolus disappears.
Paired if centrioles (centrosomes) begin moving to opposite ends of the cells.
The nuclear membrane disappears.
Asters fibers extend from the customers.
Some fibers cross the cell to form the mitotic spindle.

2)Metaphase

The nuclear membrane dissolves, marking the beginning of metaphase.
Each chromosome is attached to spindle by its centromeres.
Spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the middle of the cell.
This line is referres to as the metaphase plate.
This organization helps to ensure that in the nest phase, when the chromosomes are separated, each new nucleus will receive one copy of each chromosome.

3)Anaphase

The paired comatose separate at centennial and move to opposite sides of the cell by contraction of spindle fibers.
The process is called polarization.
Each chromatidd is now called chromosome.

4)Telophase

Choromatids arrive at opposite poles of cell.
New nucleus membranes from around the daughter nucleic.
Nucleotide reappear in each nucleus.
The chromosomes disperse and are no longer visible under the light microscope.
The spindle fibers disperse.
Cytokinesis or the partitioning of cell may also begin during this stage.

Joanne Tan Gim Lean 4S5

2020-04-17 09:31:17 UTC

Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division).
Mitosis is divided into five phases:

1. Interphase:

The DNA in the cell is copied in preparation for cell division, this results in two identical full sets of chromosomes.

Outside of the nucleus are two centrosomes, each containing a pair of centrioles, these structures are critical for the process of cell division.

During interphase, microtubules extend from these centrosomes.

2. Prophase:

The chromosomes condense into X-shaped structures that can be easily seen under a microscope.

Each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids, containing identical genetic information.

The chromosomes pair up so that both copies of chromosome 1 are together, both copies of chromosome 2 are together, and so on.

At the end of prophase the membrane around the nucleus in the cell dissolves away releasing the chromosomes.

The mitotic spindle, consisting of the microtubules and other proteins, extends across the cell between the centrioles as they move to opposite poles of the cell.

3. Metaphase:

The chromosomes line up neatly end-to-end along the centre (equator) of the cell.

The centrioles are now at opposite poles of the cell with the mitotic spindle fibres extending from them.

The mitotic spindle fibres attach to each of the sister chromatids.

4. Anaphase:

The sister chromatids are then pulled apart by the mitotic spindle which pulls one chromatid to one pole and the other chromatid to the opposite pole.

5. Telophase:

At each pole of the cell a full set of chromosomes gather together.

A membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to create two new nuclei.

The single cell then pinches in the

middle to form two separate daughter cells each containing a full set of chromosomes within a nucleus. This process is known as cytokinesis

Teh Whye Yuan

2020-04-17 12:32:00 UTC

Prophase
Chromatin shorten and thicken to form a chromosome which is made of 2 identical threads which are joined at the centromere.Nucleus membrane disintegrates, nucleolus disappear ,centriole moves to opposite poles and form spindle fibre

Metaphase
Centrioles are at the opposite poles of cell while the spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes become aligned in a single row equatorial plane. Ends when centromere begins to divide.

Anaphase
Centromere divides into two and the sister chromatids separate while spindle fibres shorten and the sister chromatids are attracted to the opposite pole cells. Ends when chromatid arrives atbthe pole of the cell

Telophase
Each pole contains one set of complete and identical chrosomes which are then shaped again as fine chromatins. Nucleoli and nucleus membrane are formed and spindle fibres dissapear

Goh JinHao 4S1

2020-04-17 14:29:44 UTC

mitosis is defined as the division of the nucleus of parent cell into two nuclei.each nucleus contains the same number of chromosome and genetic content with the nucleus of parent cells.

1)prophase
chromatin start to shorten and thicken to form chromosomes structure that can be seen through a microscope.the chromosome is seen to be made up of two sister chromatids and then joined at the centromere.
2)metaphase'
the spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plane and the chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane.metaphase ends when centromere begins divide.
3)anaphase
the centromere divides into two and sister chromatids seperate.spindle fibres shorten,contract and the sister chrmatids are attracted to the opposite pole cells.
4)telophase
the chromatids are now called daughter chromosome after the chromatids at the opposite poles, and each pole contains one set chromosomes.nucleoli formed again and spindle fibres disappear then the telophase stage is followed by cytokinesis.

Wong JI HONG 4S5

2020-04-17 15:32:43 UTC

Interphase

The mitotic phase is a relatively short period of the cell cycle.

G1 First Gap

The cell individually grow and didn't replicate DNA. Once the required proteins and growth are complete. For example, check for growing well, any DNA damaged and resources its need.

S phase (Synthesis Phase)

Synthesis Phase is the phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase. Accurate duplication of the genome is critical to successful cell division, the processes that occur during S-phase are tightly regulated and widely conserved.

G2 Gap 2 phase Third phase

It follows the successful completion of S phase, during which the cell’s DNA is replicated. Also check for DNA replicated correctly in Synthesis, growing well and resources its need to complete the cycle.

2020-04-18 06:13:34 UTC

·Both sister chromatids are joined at the centromere. ·The nucleus membrane disintegrates,the

Lee Chin-Shern 4S4

2020-04-18 06:21:08 UTC

Lee Chin-Shern 4S4

2020-04-18 09:45:57 UTC

Lee Chin-Shern 4S4

2020-04-18 09:47:27 UTC

Mitosis is the division of the nucleus pf parent cell into two nuclei. Each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes and genetic content with the nucleus of parent cell. Mitosis has four phases. First phase is prophase. The chromatin starts to shorten and thicken in the nucleus to form a chromosome structure that can be seen through a light microscope. The chromosome is seen to be made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids. Both sister chromatids are joined at the centromere. The nucleus membrane disintegrates the nucleolus disappears, the centriole moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form. The second phase is metaphase. Centrioles are at the opposite poles of the cell. The spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plane. The chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane. Metaphase ends when the centromere begins to divide. The following phase is anaphase. At this phase, the centromere divides into two and the sister chromatids separate. Spindle fibres become shorten, contract and the sister chromatids are attached to the opposite pole cells. Anaphase ends when the chromatid arrives at the pole of the cell. Last phase are called telophase. When the chromatids are at the opposite poles, they are now called the daughter chromosome. Each pole contains one set of complete and identical chromosomes. Chromosomes are shaped again as fine chromatin threads. Nucleoli are formed again. Spindle fibre disappear and a new nucleus membrane is formed. The telophase stage is followed by cttokinesis.

2020-04-18 11:22:39 UTC

Yeoh Shuen Ern 4S5

2020-04-18 12:52:31 UTC

Mitosis is the division of nucleus of its parent cell into two nuclei.The two nuclei have the same number of chromosomes and genetic content with the parent cell.There are 4 phases in mitosis.
1. Prophase
Chromatin in the nucleus starts shorten and thicken to form chromosomes which is made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids that joined at the centromere.The nuclues membrane disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears, the centriole moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form.
2. Metaphase
Centrioles are at the opposite poles and the spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plane.The chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane and metaphase ends when the centromere begins to divide.
3.Anaphase
The centromere divides into two and the sister chromatids separate attracted to the opposite of pole cells cause by the spindle fibres shorten and contract.Anaphase ends when the sister chromatid arrives at the pole of the cells
4.Telophase
Chromatids at the opposite poles are called daughter chromosomes and each pole are one complete identical chromosomes.The chromosomes are shaped again as fine chromatin threads then the nucleoli formed and the spindle fibres dissapear. A new nuclues form and continue with cytokinesis.

Neoh Zhi Ni 4S4

2020-04-18 14:02:20 UTC

The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events that involves DNA multiplication and cell division to produce two daughter cells . The cell cycle consists of interphase and M phase. Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle .This phase is made up of the G1 ,S and G2 phase. G1 phase -Cell growth occurs actively and the metabolic rate of the cell is high. Proteins and enzymes needed for cell division are synthesised. Cell components like mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum are produced during this phase. The nucleus appears large. Chromosomes are not clearly visible and resemble extremely fine and long threads called the chromatin. S phase- DNA synthesis (genetic material) occurs. DNA in the nucleus undergoes replication. Each chromosome doubles into two sister chromatids. Both sister chromatids contain identical copies of the DNA molecule and are held together at the centromere. G2 phase-The cell continues to grow and remains metabolically active. The cell accumulates energy and makes its final preparations for the next cell division The cell will enter the M phase after this. M phase-The M phase consists of mitosis and cytokinesis.Mitosis comprises prophase,metaphase,anaphase and telophase .

Neoh Zhi Ni 4S4

2020-04-18 14:35:29 UTC

Prophase

In the nucleus, chromatin starts to shorten and thicken to form a chromosome structure that can be seen through a light microscope. The chromosome is seen to be made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids. Both sister chromatids are joined at the centromere. The nucleus membrane disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears, the centriole moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form. 2.Metaphase Centrioles are at the opposite poles of the cell. The spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plane. The chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane. Metaphase ends when the centromere begins to divide. 3.Anaphase The centromere divides into two and the sister chromatids separate. Spindle fibres shorten, contract and the sister chromatids are attracted to the opposite pole cells. Anaphase ends when the chromatid arrives at the pole of the cell. 4.Telophase When the chromatids are at the opposite poles, they are now called the daughter chromosome. Each pole contains one set of complete and identical chromosomes. Chromosomes are shaped again as fine chromatin threads. Nucleoli are formed again. Spindle fibres disappear. A new nucleus membrane is formed. The telophase stage is followed by cytokinesis.

Neoh Zhi Ni 4S4

2020-04-18 14:45:13 UTC

Most enzymes are complex proteins made up of polypeptide chains that are folded into three-dimensional structures. This three-dimensional structure has an active site with a specific configuration that complements a specific substrate molecule. The binding of a molecule substrate on an active site of enzymes is specific like a 'lock and key' combination . The enzyme is represented by a 'lock' and the substrate is represented by a key'. Most reactions inside the cell require high activation energy. Activation energy is the energy needed to break the bond in the substrate molecule before reaction can occur. Enzymes function by lowering the activation energy . By doing so, the rate of biochemical reactions in the cell is accelerated.

Moey Wei Lian 4S1

2020-04-19 11:05:11 UTC

In the nucleus, chromatin starts to shorten and thicken to form a chromosome structure that can be seen through a light microscope. The chromosome is seen to be made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids and both sister chromatids are joined at the centromere. The nucleus membrane disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears, the centriole moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form.
Metaphase
Centrioles are at the opposite poles of the cell. The spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plane. The chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane. Metaphase ends when the centromere begins to divide.
Anaphase
The centromere divides into two and the sister chromatids separate. Spindle fibres shorten, contract and the sister chromatids are attracted to the opposite pole cells. Anaphase ends when the chromatid arrives at the pole of the cell.
Telophase
When the chromatids are at the opposite poles, they are now called the daughter chromosome. Each pole contains one set of complete and identical chromosomes. Chromosomes are shaped again as fine chromatin threads. Nucleoli are formed again. Spindle fibres disappear. A new nucleus membrane is formed. The telophase stage is ended and followed by cytokinesis

Oscar Chan Feng Lin 4S4

2020-04-21 06:41:33 UTC

Mitosis is defined as division of parent cell into two nuclei. In prophase, chromarin starts to shorten and thicken to form a chromosome structure, it is made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids. When both sister chromatids are joined at the centromere, the nucleus disappears, the centriole moves to the opposite poles and start to form a spindle fibres. In metaphase, the spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plane and become aligned in a single row. In anaphase, the centromere divides into two and the sister chromatids separate. Spindle fibres shorten, contract and the sister chromatids are attracted to the opposite pole cells. In telophase, when the chromatids are at the opposite poles, each pole contains one set of complete and identical chromosomes. Chromosomes are shaped again as fine chromatin threads and a new nucleus membrane is formed.

Reference for Mitosis

g08218903 — 2020-04-21 16:03:43 UTC

Enjoy the video...

Meiosis

g08218903 — 2020-04-23 09:49:57 UTC

State the differences between mitosis and meiosis. Please type your answers into Microsoft Word and upload the file to the Padlet.

Lim Ching Lue 4S5

2020-04-23 11:54:44 UTC

2020-04-23 12:12:06 UTC

Anne Marie 4S1 (Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis)

m2200788 — 2020-04-23 13:06:15 UTC

PHOON HAO YENG 4S1

2020-04-23 13:18:58 UTC

SYLVESTER KUAN KAI XUAN 4S5

2020-04-23 13:23:52 UTC

In cell biology, mitosis (/maɪˈtoʊsɪs/) is a part of the cell cycle when replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. Cell division gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the number of chromosomes is maintained.^[1] In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is preceded by the S stage of interphase (during which the DNA is replicated) and is often accompanied or followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components.^[2] Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells genetically identical to each other.

The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to spindle fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell.^[3] The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The rest of the cell may then continue to divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells.^[4] Producing three or more daughter cells instead of the normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication).^[5] Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.^[6]

Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission. Mitosis varies between organisms.^[7] For example, animal cells undergo an "open" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, whereas fungi undergo a "closed" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus.^[8] Most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Most human cells are produced by mitotic cell division. Important exceptions include the gametes – sperm and egg cells – which are produced by meiosis.

Jocelyn Looi Wei Ni 4S1

2020-04-23 14:04:56 UTC

Lim Yong Kang 4S5

m2197773 — 2020-04-23 14:06:35 UTC

Mitosis is defined as the division of the nucleus of parent cell into two nuclei.Each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes and genetic content with the nucleus of parent cell

1.Prophase
-In the nucleus,chromatin starts to shorten and thicken to form a chromosome structure that can be seen through a light microscope
-The chromosome is seen to be made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids
-Both sister chromatids are joined at the centromere
-The nucleus membrane disintegrates,the nucleolus disappears,the centriole moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form

2.Metaphase
-Centrioles are at the opposite poles of the cell
-The spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plane
-The chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane
-Metaphase ends when the centromere begins to divide

3.Anaphase
-The centromere divides into two and the sister chromatids separate
-Spindle fibres shorten,contract and the sister chromatids are attracted to the opposite pole cells
-Anaphase ends when the chromatid arrives at the pole of cell

4.Telophase
-When the chromatids are at the opposite poles,they are now called the daughter chromosomes
-Each pole contains one set of complete and identical chromosomes
-Chromosomes are shaped again as fine chromatin threads
-Nucleoli are formed again
-Spindle fibres disappear
-A new nucleus membrane is formed
-The telophase stage is followed by cytokinesis

Meiosis is the process of cell division that occurs in reproductive organs to produce gametes that contain half the number of chromosomes(haploid)of the parent cells(diploid).Meiosis occurs in the testis(male) and ovary (female)for animals and humans.Meiosis formed gametes through the process of gametogenesis and ensures that the diploid chromosomes number of organisms that carry out 🤬 reproduction is always maintained from one generation to the next.Meiosis also produces genetic variation in the same species.Meiosis is divided into two stages of cell division,that is meiosis I and meiosis II

JUNE LOKE QIAN TING 4S1

m2191160 — 2020-04-23 15:48:23 UTC

LOH BOON PIN

2020-04-24 00:42:31 UTC

Ng Yee Wen 4S5

2020-04-24 01:35:50 UTC

differenes between mitosis and meiosis

Allysa Gan 4S5

2020-04-24 02:44:46 UTC

The Difference Between Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis is defined as the division of the nucleus of the parent cell into two nuclei. Each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes and genetic content with the nucleus of the parent cell.

Meiosis is the process of cell division that occurs in reproductive organs to produce gametes that contains half the number of chromosomes of the parent cells. Meiosis occurs in the testis and ovary for animals and humans.

The differences between Mitosis and Meiosis are Mitosis has 4 stages in total while Meiosis has 8 stages in total. Mitosis undergoes its process in somatic cells while Meiosis undergoes its process in germ cells. The purpose of Mitosis is cellular proliferation while The purpose of Meiosis is sexual reproduction. Mitosis produces 2 diploid daughter cells while Meiosis produces 4 haploid daughter cells. The chromosome number of Mitosis remains the same while the number of chromosomes in Meiosis is halved in each daughter cell. The genetic variation of Mitosis does not change while the genetic variation of Meiosis increases .

Pang Xu Ern 4S1

m2193479 — 2020-04-24 03:21:32 UTC

Lim Kai Qing 4S5

2020-04-24 04:44:36 UTC

2020-04-24 05:16:43 UTC

Lim Wee Xin 4S5

Pong Kah Loong 4S4

2020-04-24 06:26:32 UTC

Neoh Eugene 4S1

m2186474 — 2020-04-24 08:01:31 UTC

Mitosis
Mitosis is defined as the division of the nucleus of the parent cell into two nuclei.each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes and genetic content with the nucleus of parent cell.

Prophase

In the nucleus, chromatin starts to shorten and thicken to form a chromosome structure that can be seen through a light microscope. The chromosomes is seen to be made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids. Both sister chromatids are joined at the centromere. The nucleus membrane disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears, the centriole moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form.

Metaphase
centrioles are at the opposite poles of the cell.The spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plane.The chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane.Metaphase ends when the centromere begins to divide.

Anaphase
The centromere divides into two and the sister chromatids separate.Spindle fibres shorten,contract and the sister chromatids are attracted to the opposite pole cells.Anaphase ends when the chromatid arrives at the pole of the cell.

Telophase
When the chromatids are at the opposite poles, they are now called the daughter chromosome.Each pole contains one set of complete and identical chromosomes.Chromosomes are shaped again as fine threads. Nucleoli are formed again.Spindle fibres disappear. A new nucleus membrane is formed. The telophase stage is followed by cytokenesis.

Law Guo An 4S1

2020-04-24 08:22:55 UTC

Kang Ze You 4S4

2020-04-24 09:05:45 UTC

Toh Yun Ning 4S1

2020-04-24 09:16:19 UTC

Goh Pei xian 4S1

2020-04-24 09:46:10 UTC

LIM YI HANG 4S1

2020-04-24 10:29:32 UTC

Is it correct, did i miss anything?

YEAP SHU CHYI 4S1

2020-04-24 10:34:11 UTC

2020-04-24 11:04:19 UTC

Adam Khoo Jia Han
4S4

Ch'ng Pei Jun 4S1

2020-04-24 12:48:13 UTC

Neoh Eugene

m2186474 — 2020-04-24 12:58:05 UTC

Differences between mitosis and meiosis

Mitosis is defined as the division of the nucleus of parent cell into two nuclei,each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes and genetic content with the nucleus of the parent cell while meiosis is the process of cell division that occurs in reproductive organs to produce gametes that contain half the number of chromosomes(haploid) of the parent cells(diploid).

Mitosis evolved all somatic cells while meiosis involves cells in the reproductive organ.
Mitosis produces new cell for growth and repair damaged cells while meiosis produces gametes
Pairing of homologous chromosomes does not occur in mitosis while homologous chromosome pair up to form bivalents in meiosis.
Crossing over between non-sister chromatids does not occur in mitosis while crossing over between non-sister chromatids occurs in meiosis.
In mitosis,during metaphase process the chromosomes are arranged randomly at the equatorial plane while in meiosis,homologous chromosomes line up side by side at the equatorial plane during metaphase process.
In mitosis,during anaphase process,sister chromatids move to the opposite pole while in meiosis ,homologous chromosomes separate to move to the opposite poles but the sister chromatids still remain attached to each other at centromere.
Mitosis produced two daughter cells at the end of the division while meiosis produced four daughter cells.
Daughter cells produced by mitosis is genetically identical to the parent cell and to one another while daughter cells produced by meiosis has different genetic content from parent cell and from one another.
Mitosis does not cause genetic variation in any variation while meiosis causes genetic variation from one generation to the next.

Lim Xin Yi 4S1

2020-04-24 15:41:18 UTC

m2186734 — 2020-04-24 17:21:44 UTC

Tan Yong Ping 4S5
Differences between mitosis and meiosis

Ooi Lip Hong 4S4

2020-04-25 02:27:03 UTC

The Differences Between Mitosis And Meiosis
Mitosis is defined as the division of the nucleus of parent cell into two nuclei.Meiosis is the process of cell division that occurs in reproductive organs to produce gametes that contain half the number of chromosomes(haploid) of the parent cell(diploid).
The differences between mitosis and meiosis is Mitosis function is to produce new cells for growth,replacing old cells and for asexual reproduction while Meiosis function is to produce gametes for sexual reproduction. Besides that, Mitosis is a somatic cells while Meiosis is produce gametes so it is a reproductive cells.

Lee Pei-Zhe 4S1

2020-04-25 03:38:30 UTC

Differences between mitosis and meiosis

2020-04-25 04:04:54 UTC

OOI DUN TZI 4S5

2020-04-25 04:41:53 UTC

Goh JinHao 4S1

2020-04-25 05:18:18 UTC

Teh Jia Hui 4S1

2020-04-25 05:49:28 UTC

Yoo Hua Zheng 4S5

2020-04-25 06:05:03 UTC

Tan Sing Yee 4S1

2020-04-25 06:05:47 UTC

Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis

Lee Khai Yueh 4S1

2020-04-25 07:03:42 UTC

Differences between mitosis and meiosis

Melissa Ooi Sean Yin 4S1

2020-04-25 07:32:21 UTC

Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis

Sabrina 4S5

2020-04-25 08:26:15 UTC

Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis

Tang Joe Lynn 4S1

m2183011 — 2020-04-25 09:45:12 UTC

DYLAN OOI YI YANG 4S1

2020-04-25 10:43:10 UTC

Lee Chin-Shern 4S4

2020-04-25 11:19:01 UTC

Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis

Teh Whye Yuan

2020-04-25 11:33:52 UTC

Cheah Ui Zhe 4S1

2020-04-25 12:19:05 UTC

Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis

Tan Xin Yi 4S5

2020-04-25 14:16:35 UTC

Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis

Tang Wei Tao 4S1

2020-04-25 14:18:53 UTC

LIM YUK KI 4S1

2020-04-25 15:47:02 UTC

Law Wan Ting 4S1

2020-04-25 15:49:42 UTC

Wong Ji Hong 4S5

2020-04-25 15:52:52 UTC

Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis are process making identical body cell, like skin cells and stomach cells. They are important for growth and repair damage or replace born out cells.

For Meiosis, it’s contribute genetic cells variety. It’s do not make body cells. But they make sperm cell and egg cells also knowm as gamates. Both process do PMAT, Mitosis will go once, but Meiosis will go twice. It will divide twice in the reduction division process instead of once.The PMAT on Meiosis also slightly different from Mitosis. Meiosis chromosomes also comes with pairs in the middle while Metaphase Recombinant Chromosomes ongoing. Different from Mitosis which is single pile line.

Wong Ji Hong 4S5

2020-04-25 15:59:55 UTC

2020-04-25 16:01:50 UTC

Wong Ji Hong 4S

2020-04-25 16:02:18 UTC

Avatar of anonymous Anonymous 1m Wong Ji Hong 4S5

Tan Zhi Ying 4S1

2020-04-26 00:39:20 UTC

DIfferences between Mitosis and Miosis

Loh Bing Jian 4S5

2020-04-26 08:03:03 UTC

Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis

Hee jet how 4S5

2020-04-26 09:58:54 UTC

GabrielHuan

2020-04-26 12:01:44 UTC

1. Cell Division

Mitosis: A somatic cell divides once. Cytokinesis (the division of the cytoplasm) occurs at the end of telophase.
Meiosis: A reproductive cell divides twice. Cytokinesis happens at the end of telophase I and telophase II.

2. Daughter Cell Number

Mitosis: Two daughter cells are produced. Each cell is diploid containing the same number of chromosomes.
Meiosis: Four daughter cells are produced. Each cell is haploid containing one-half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

3. Genetic Composition

Mitosis: The resulting daughter cells in mitosis are genetic clones (they are genetically identical). No recombination or crossing over occur.
Meiosis: The resulting daughter cells contain different combinations of genes. Genetic recombination occurs as a result of the random segregation of homologous chromosomes into different cells and by the process of crossing over (transfer of genes between homologous chromosomes).

4. Length of Prophase

Mitosis: During the first mitotic stage, known as prophase, chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers form at opposite poles of the cell. A cell spends less time in prophase of mitosis than a cell in prophase I of meiosis.
Meiosis: Prophase I consists of five stages and lasts longer than prophase of mitosis. The five stages of meiotic prophase I are leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis. These five stages do not occur in mitosis. Genetic recombination and crossing over take place during prophase I.

5. Tetrad Formation

Mitosis: Tetrad formation does not occur.
Meiosis: In prophase I, pairs of homologous chromosomes line up closely together forming what is called a tetrad. A tetrad consists of four chromatids (two sets of sister chromatids).

6. Chromosome Alignment in Metaphase

Mitosis: Sister chromatids (duplicated chromosome comprised of two identical chromosomes connected at the centromere region) align at the metaphase plate (a plane that is equally distant from the two cell poles).
Meiosis: Tetrads (homologous chromosome pairs) align at the metaphase plate in metaphase I.

7. Chromosome Separation

Mitosis: During anaphase, sister chromatids separate and begin migrating centromere first toward opposite poles of the cell. A separated sister chromatid becomes known as daughter chromosome and is considered a full chromosome.
Meiosis: Homologous chromosomes migrate toward opposite poles of the cell during anaphase I. Sister chromatids do not separate in anaphase I.

Brian Huan

2020-04-26 12:02:13 UTC

Moey Wei Lian 4S1

2020-04-26 16:04:07 UTC

Difference between mitosis and meiosis

Joanne Tan 4S5

2020-04-27 11:06:51 UTC

Elvis tan zhing wei 4S5

2020-04-27 14:15:02 UTC

Yeng Song Lin 4S1

2020-04-27 17:10:52 UTC

Neoh Zhi Ni 4S4

2020-04-28 06:26:42 UTC

Loh Wei Li 4S1

m2187748 — 2020-04-28 06:48:18 UTC

Application of Mitosis

g08218903 — 2020-04-30 13:29:33 UTC

1. Please explain the necessity of mitosis. Then, discuss the application of mitosis in tissue culture by giving one example of organism. Please answer this question in Microsoft Word and upload on Padlet.

Phoon Hao Yeng 4S1

2020-04-30 14:19:59 UTC

Jocelyn Looi Wei Ni 4S1

2020-04-30 14:50:04 UTC

m2192915 — 2020-04-30 15:58:39 UTC

Adam Khoo Jia Han
4S4

Allysa Gan 4S5

2020-05-01 02:29:43 UTC

2020-05-01 04:06:49 UTC

Lim Kai Qing 4S5

m2191564 — 2020-05-01 04:51:55 UTC

m2197773 — 2020-05-01 05:35:46 UTC

Ooi Lip Hong 4S4

2020-05-01 06:39:13 UTC

The Necessity of Mitosis and Application of Mitosis
The Necessity of Mitosis
Mitosis in the following life processes is very important in our daily life. For embryo development and organism growth, mitosis ensures that rapid cell growth occurs. Then, when the body is injured, mitosis will produce new cells to replace cells that are dead or damaged. Through the mitosis process,the lizard is able to grow a new tail(regeneration) if the tail breaks. Mitosis aids organism such as hydra to produce new individuals through the formation of new buds.
Application of Mitosis
Application of Mitosis in the fields of medicine and agriculture is very important. The culturing technique uses stem cells from animals which are then cultured in laboratories to produce meat. Stem cell therapy uses stem cells from bone marrows to treat damaged cartilage. Last but not least, In agriculture, the technique of culturing plant tissues is used to produce young plants through the culturing of parent cells without going through the fertilisation process.

Lim Yong Kang 4S5

m2197773 — 2020-05-01 09:50:17 UTC

Goh JinHao 4S1

2020-05-01 10:07:21 UTC

The necessity of Mitosis Mitosis is important for the following life processes. For embryo development and organism growth, mitosis ensures that rapid cell growth occurs. When our body injures, mitosis will produce new cell to replace cells that are dead or damaged. Mitosis aids organisms such as hydra to produce new individuals through the information of new buds. Application of mitosisIn agriculture, technique of culturing plant tissues is used to produce young plants through the culturing of parent cells without going through the fertilisation process. Stem cell therapy uses stem cells from bone marrows to treat damaged cartilage. The culturing technique uses stem cells from animals which are then cultured in laboratories to produce. Example: through the mitosis process, the lizard is able to grow a new tail (regeneration) if the tail breaks.

2020-05-01 10:27:42 UTC

2020-05-01 10:33:59 UTC

2020-05-01 10:35:40 UTC

Lim Ching Lue
4S5

Sabrina 🤬 4S5

2020-05-01 10:45:11 UTC

Lee Khai Yueh 4S1

2020-05-01 10:59:57 UTC

Lim Xin Yi 4S1

2020-05-01 15:00:27 UTC

TAN XIN YI 4S5

2020-05-01 16:23:44 UTC

June Loke Qian Ting 4S1

m2191160 — 2020-05-02 02:47:34 UTC

2020-05-02 03:17:27 UTC

Lim Wee Xin 4S5

Lee Pei-Zhe 4S1

2020-05-02 04:10:46 UTC

Tang Joe Lynn 4S1

m2183011 — 2020-05-02 05:11:19 UTC

Thomas Cheam Choon Wai

2020-05-02 06:08:11 UTC

Mitosis is important for the life processes.
•For the embryo development and organism growth, mitosis ensures that rapid cell growth occurs.
•Through the mitosis process the lizard is able to grow a new tail if it tail breaks.
•When the body is injured, mitosis will produce new cells to replace cells that are dead or damaged.
•Mitosis aids organisms such as hydra to produce new individuals through the formation of new buds.

TEH JIA HUI 4S1

2020-05-02 06:28:53 UTC

Ch'ng Pei Jun 4S1

2020-05-02 06:49:16 UTC

Tan Sing Yee 4S1

2020-05-02 07:40:56 UTC

Pong Kah Loong 4S4

2020-05-02 08:16:45 UTC

LIM YI HANG 4S1

2020-05-02 08:52:57 UTC

Pang Xu Ern 4S1

m2193479 — 2020-05-02 09:18:17 UTC

Goh Pei Xian 4S1

2020-05-02 10:37:09 UTC

LOH BOON PIN

2020-05-02 16:25:52 UTC

Anne Marie Tan Yun Xin 4S1 (The necessity and application of mitosis)

m2200788 — 2020-05-03 05:25:09 UTC

DYLAN OOI YI YANG 4S1

2020-05-03 07:23:34 UTC

Yoo Hua Zheng 4s5

2020-05-03 07:41:41 UTC

Kang Ze You 4S4

2020-05-03 07:48:27 UTC

Tang Wei Tao 4S1

2020-05-03 08:13:33 UTC

Melissa Ooi Sean Yin 4S1

2020-05-03 08:23:25 UTC

Law Guo An 4S1

m2184560 — 2020-05-03 08:34:26 UTC

Cheah Ui Zhe 4S1

2020-05-03 08:43:49 UTC

Tan Zhi Ying 4S1

2020-05-03 09:11:59 UTC

Jasline Tan 4S1

2020-05-03 09:27:49 UTC

m2187748 — 2020-05-03 09:57:48 UTC

Joey Lee 4S1

2020-05-03 11:04:21 UTC

Toh Yun Ning 4S1

2020-05-03 11:27:21 UTC

Application and necessity of mitosis

YEAP SHU CHYI 4S1

2020-05-03 11:57:21 UTC

Teh Whye Yuan

2020-05-03 12:10:41 UTC

Moey Wei Lian 4S1

2020-05-03 13:29:47 UTC

The necessity and application of Mitosis

Chin Poh Yee 4S1

2020-05-03 13:41:22 UTC

m2186734 — 2020-05-03 14:05:15 UTC

Application of mitosis

LIM YUK KI 4S1

2020-05-03 15:53:44 UTC

Wong Ji Hong 4S5

2020-05-03 15:58:19 UTC

Jocelyn Chow Ke Whey 4S1

2020-05-03 16:28:40 UTC

The necessity and application of mitosis

Jocelyn Chow Ke Whey 4S1

2020-05-03 16:33:27 UTC

Difference between mitosis and meiosis

Law Wan Ting 4S1

2020-05-04 01:43:35 UTC

The necessity and application of mitosis

Neoh Zhi Ni 4S4

2020-05-04 02:41:16 UTC

The Necessity Of Mitosis Mitosis is important for the following life processes. 1.For embryo development and organism growth, mitosis ensures that rapid call growth occurs. 2.Through the mitosis process, the lizard is able to grow a new tail if the tail breaks. 3.When the body is injured, mitosis will produce new cells to replace cells that are dead or damaged.
4. Mitosis aids organisms such as hydra to produce new individuals through the formation of new buds. 5.In agriculture, the technique of culturing plant tissues is used to produce young plants through the culturing of parent cells without going through the fertilisation process. 6. The culturing technique uses stem cells from animals which are then cultured in laboratories to produce meat.

The Application Of Mitosis 1. Stem cells are cells that have not differentiated and can differentiate into new cells . 2.Stem cells are extracted from tissues such as bone marrows and injected into damaged tissues. 3.Stem cells undergo mitosis by producing new cells to replace damaged cells. 4.Stem cell therapy is used to treat torn ligaments and tendons,and damaged knee joints and heart muscles.

Ng Yee Wen 4S5

2020-05-04 03:40:25 UTC

The Necessity and appliation of mitosis
Mitosis is important because it is essential for growth and repair in the body. Mitosis happens when a parent cell divides, creating two identical copies, referred to as daughter cells. During this process, it is essential that the daughter cells are exactly the same with the same copies of DNA.

Loh Bing Jian 4S5

2020-05-04 07:23:32 UTC

Yeng Song Lin 4S1

2020-05-04 10:07:30 UTC

Joanne Tan 4S5

2020-05-04 13:24:50 UTC

Hee Jet How 4S5

2020-05-05 11:37:54 UTC

Application of meiosis

g08218903 — 2020-05-06 10:03:08 UTC

Please explain the importance of meiosis. Then name the phenomena of the abnormal meiosis and explain what happens if it takes place in humans.

Lim Kai Qing 4S5

2020-05-06 12:29:21 UTC

Phoon Hao Yeng 4S1

2020-05-06 12:29:54 UTC

Application of Meiosis

Jocelyn Looi Wei Ni 4S1

2020-05-06 12:54:08 UTC

m2192915 — 2020-05-06 13:12:32 UTC

Adam Khoo Jia Han
4S4

Lim Ching Lue 4S5

2020-05-06 13:13:28 UTC

Pong Kah Loong 4S4

2020-05-06 13:14:45 UTC

Lim Yong Kang 4S5

m2197773 — 2020-05-06 14:11:42 UTC

Lim Wee Xin 4S5

2020-05-06 14:38:00 UTC

Goh Jinhao 4s1

2020-05-06 14:56:11 UTC

LIM YI HANG 4S1

2020-05-06 14:58:10 UTC

Anne Marie Tan Yun Xin 4S1 (The Importance of Meiosis)

m2200788 — 2020-05-06 15:14:56 UTC

Kang Ze You 4S4

2020-05-07 01:30:30 UTC

Teoh Yi Rou 4S1

2020-05-07 06:07:41 UTC

Importance of Meiosis

Meiosis forms gametes through the process of gametogenesis and ensures that the diploid chromosome number of organisms that carry out 🤬 reproduction is always maintained from one generation to the next. Meiosis also produces genetic variation in the same species.

Phenomena of abnormal meiosis

The phenomena of abnormal meiosis is called as Down syndrome. If it takes place in humans, it will cause mental retardation, slanted eyes and a slightly protruding tongue.

Chin Poh Yee 4S1

2020-05-07 07:10:02 UTC

Importance of meiosis

Tan Sing Yee 4S1

2020-05-07 07:55:04 UTC

Importance of Meiosis

Loh Wei Li 4S1

m2187748 — 2020-05-07 08:05:07 UTC

Importance of Meiosis

Law Guo An 4S1

m2184560 — 2020-05-07 08:17:40 UTC

Importance of meiosis

Lim Xin Yi 4S1

2020-05-07 13:56:10 UTC

Importance of meiosis

Pang Xu Ern 4S1

m2193479 — 2020-05-07 14:20:43 UTC

Importance of meiosis and phenomenon of abnormal meiosis

m2191564 — 2020-05-07 15:00:49 UTC

2020-05-07 15:33:25 UTC

Sabrina 4S5

m2187474 — 2020-05-07 15:37:26 UTC

JUNE LOKE QIAN TING 4S1

m2191160 — 2020-05-07 16:21:15 UTC

Cheah Ui Zhe 4S1

2020-05-07 17:49:36 UTC

Teh Jia Hui 4S1

2020-05-08 01:06:40 UTC

Ooi Lip Hong 4S4

2020-05-08 03:19:25 UTC

The Importance Of Meiosis
Meiosis is the process of cell division that occurs in reproductive organs to produce gametes that contain half the number of chromosomes(haploid) of the parent cells(diploid). Meiosis is very important because its form gametes through the process of gametogenesis and ensures that the diploid chromosome number of organism that carry out 🤬 reproduction is always maintained from one generation to the next. Besides that, Meiosis also produces genetic variation in the same species.
Abnormal Condition Of Meiosis
Any abnormality during the division of Meiosis can also cause genetic diseases such as Down syndrome.This will happens cause the spindle fibres fail to function during anaphase I or anaphase II . Gametes will also have an abnormal number of chromosomes(22 or 24 chromosomes) . If the fertilisation between a normal gamete(23 chromosome ) and an abnormal chromosome(24 chromosome ) occurs, the zygote will carry 47 chromosomes which is an abnormal condition.Lastly, an individual with Down Syndrome has 47 chromosomes, which is an extra chromosomes at the 21St Set. This condition is known as trisomy 21. This syndrome can cause mental retardation, slanted eyes and a slightly protruding tongue.

Tan Zhi Ying 4S1

2020-05-08 05:01:58 UTC

Hee Jet How 4S5

2020-05-08 05:26:57 UTC

Samuel Soon Zi Hang 4S1 Please explain the importance of meiosis. Then name the phenomena of the abnormal meiosis and explain what happens if it takes place in humansMeiosis is the cell division that occurs in reproductive organ and important to produce gametes that contain half the number of chromosomes (haploid) of the parent cell (diploid). Meiosis ensure that the diploid chromosome number of organisms that carry out 🤬 reproduction is always maintained from one generation to the next. Meiosis also produces genetic variation in the same species.The phenomena of the abnormal meiosis is called Down syndrome. This happen because the spindle fibres fail to function during anaphase I or anaphase II. The chromosome fails to separate (nondisjunction). Gametes will give an abnormal number of chromosomes (22 or 24 chromosomes). If fertilisation between a normal gamete (23 chromosomes) and an abnormal chromosome (24 chrmosomes) occurs, the zygote will carry 47 chromosome which is an abnormal condition.

2020-05-08 05:51:36 UTC

Lee Pei-Zhe 4S1

2020-05-08 06:03:19 UTC

Application of meiosis

Please explain the importance of meiosis. Then name the phenomena of the abnormal meiosis and explain what happens if it takes place in humans.

Ng Yee Wen 4S5

2020-05-08 06:12:49 UTC

Importane of meiosis
Meiosis form gametes through the process of gametogenesis and ensures that the diploid chromosome number of organisms that carry out reproduction is always maintained from one generation to the next.
The phenomena of abnormal meiosis
The chromosome fails to separate called nondisjunction. Gamates will have an abnormal number of chromosomes (22 or 24 chromosomes ). If fertilisation between a normal gamete (23 chromosomes) and an abnormal chromosome (24 chromosomes) occurs, the zygote will carry 47 chromosomes which is an abnormal condition.

DYLAN OOI YI YANG 4S1

2020-05-08 06:39:44 UTC

TOH YUN NING 4S1

2020-05-08 06:49:32 UTC

Yoo Hua Zheng 4S5

2020-05-08 07:33:49 UTC

LOH BOON PIN 4S5

2020-05-08 07:57:35 UTC

Neoh Eugene 4 S1

m2186474 — 2020-05-08 08:09:48 UTC

2020-05-08 08:27:15 UTC

Neoh Eugene 4S1

m2186474 — 2020-05-08 08:28:53 UTC

YEAP SHU CHYI 4S1

2020-05-08 08:48:44 UTC

Melissa Ooi Sean Yin 4S1

2020-05-08 09:41:06 UTC

2020-05-08 10:02:03 UTC

Ch'ng Pei Jun 4S1

2020-05-08 10:06:06 UTC

"Application of meiosis

Please explain the importance of meiosis. Then name the phenomena of the abnormal meiosis and explain what happens if it takes place in humans."

Importance of meiosis:
Meiosis is important because it ensures that all organisms produced via sexual reproduction contain the correct number of chromosomes. Meiosis also produces genetic variation. This constant mixing of parental DNA during meiosis in sexual reproduction helps fuel the incredible diversity of life on Earth.

Abnormal meiosis:
If meiosis doesn’t happen normally, a baby may have an extra chromosome (trisomy), or have a missing chromosome (monosomy). These problems can cause pregnancy loss. Or they can cause health problems in a child. For example, trisomy causes Down syndrome while monosamy causes Turner syndrome.
Down syndrome causes stunted body growth, mental retardation, slanted eyes and a slightly protruding tongue.
Turner syndrome only occur in females and causes wide or weblike neck, failure of the ovaries to develop, slowed growth and cardiac defects.

Joanne Tan Gim Lean 4S5

2020-05-08 12:23:14 UTC

Teh Whye Yuan 4S1

2020-05-08 12:35:42 UTC

Application of meiosis. Please explain the importance of meiosis. Then name the phenomena of the abnormal meiosis and explainwhat happens if it takes place in humans.

Tang Joe Lynn 4S1

m2183011 — 2020-05-08 12:51:43 UTC

Sylvester Kuan Kai Xuan 4S5

2020-05-08 12:56:52 UTC

Meiosis is a special type of cell division in sexually-reproducing organisms used to produce the gametes, such as sperm or egg cells. It involves two rounds of division that ultimately result in four cells with only one copy of each chromosome (haploid). Additionally, prior to the division, genetic material from the paternal and maternal copies of each chromosome is crossed over, creating new combinations of code on each chromosome.^[1] Later on, during fertilisation, the haploid cells produced by meiosis from a male and female will fuse to create a cell with two copies of each chromosome again, the zygote.

Errors in meiosis resulting in aneuploidy (an abnormal number of chromosomes) are the leading known cause of miscarriage and the most frequent genetic cause of developmental disabilities.^[2]

Yeoh Hong Xun 4S5

2020-05-08 12:58:51 UTC

Meiosis is a special type of cell division in sexually-reproducing organisms used to produce the gametes, such as sperm or egg cells. It involves two rounds of division that ultimately result in four cells with only one copy of each chromosome (haploid). Additionally, prior to the division, genetic material from the paternal and maternal copies of each chromosome is crossed over, creating new combinations of code on each chromosome.^[1] Later on, during fertilisation, the haploid cells produced by meiosis from a male and female will fuse to create a cell with two copies of each chromosome again, the zygote.

Errors in meiosis resulting in aneuploidy (an abnormal number of chromosomes) are the leading known cause of miscarriage and the most frequent genetic cause of developmental disabilities.^[2]

In meiosis, DNA replication is followed by two rounds of cell division to produce four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell.^[1] The two meiotic divisions are known as meiosis I and meiosis II. Before meiosis begins, during S phase of the cell cycle, the DNA of each chromosome is replicated so that it consists of two identical sister chromatids, which remain held together through sister chromatid cohesion. This S-phase can be referred to as "premeiotic S-phase" or "meiotic S-phase". Immediately following DNA replication, meiotic cells enter a prolonged G₂-like stage known as meiotic prophase. During this time, homologous chromosomes pair with each other and undergo genetic recombination, a programmed process in which DNA may be cut and then repaired, which allows them to exchange some of their genetic information. A subset of recombination events results in crossovers, which create physical links known as chiasmata (singular: chiasma, for the Greek letter Chi (X)) between the homologous chromosomes. In most organisms, these links can help direct each pair of homologous chromosomes to segregate away from each other during Meiosis I, resulting in two haploid cells that have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

During meiosis II, the cohesion between sister chromatids is released and they segregate from one another, as during mitosis. In some cases, all four of the meiotic products form gametes such as sperm, spores or pollen. In female animals, three of the four meiotic products are typically eliminated by extrusion into polar bodies, and only one cell develops to produce an ovum. Because the number of chromosomes is halved during meiosis, gametes can fuse (i.e. fertilization) to form a diploid zygote that contains two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. Thus, alternating cycles of meiosis and fertilization enable sexual reproduction, with successive generations maintaining the same number of chromosomes. For example, diploid human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes including 1 pair of 🤬 chromosomes (46 total), half of maternal origin and half of paternal origin. Meiosis produces haploid gametes (ova or sperm) that contain one set of 23 chromosomes. When two gametes (an egg and a sperm) fuse, the resulting zygote is once again diploid, with the mother and father each contributing 23 chromosomes. This same pattern, but not the same number of chromosomes, occurs in all organisms that utilize meiosis.

Meiosis occurs in all sexually-reproducing single-celled and multicellular organisms (which are all eukaryotes), including animals, plants and fungi.^[3]^[4]^[5] It is an essential process for oogenesis and spermatogenesis.

LIM YUK KI 4S1

2020-05-08 13:25:23 UTC

m2186734 — 2020-05-08 14:49:44 UTC

Tan Yong Ping 4S5

Meiosis is a special type of cell division in sexually-reproducing organisms used to produce the gametes, such as sperm or egg cells. It involves two rounds of division that ultimately result in four cells with only one copy of each chromosome (haploid). Additionally, prior to the division, genetic material from the paternal and maternal copies of each chromosome is crossed over, creating new combinations of code on each chromosome. Later on, during fertilisation, the haploid cells produced by meiosis from a male and female will fuse to create a cell with two copies of each chromosome again, the zygote.

Errors in meiosis resulting in aneuploidy (an abnormal number of chromosomes) are the leading known cause of miscarriage and the most frequent genetic cause of developmental disabilities.

In meiosis, DNA replication is followed by two rounds of cell division to produce four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell.The two meiotic divisions are known as meiosis I and meiosis II. Before meiosis begins, during S phase of the cell cycle, the DNA of each chromosome is replicated so that it consists of two identical sister chromatids, which remain held together through sister chromatid cohesion. This S-phase can be referred to as "premeiotic S-phase" or "meiotic S-phase". Immediately following DNA replication, meiotic cells enter a prolonged G₂-like stage known as meiotic prophase. During this time, homologous chromosomes pair with each other and undergo genetic recombination, a programmed process in which DNA may be cut and then repaired, which allows them to exchange some of their genetic information. A subset of recombination events results in crossovers, which create physical links known between the homologous chromosomes. In most organisms, these links can help direct each pair of homologous chromosomes to segregate away from each other during Meiosis I, resulting in two haploidcells that have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

During meiosis II, the cohesion between sister chromatids is released and they segregate from one another, as during mitosis. In some cases, all four of the meiotic products form gametes such as sperm, spores or pollen. In female animals, three of the four meiotic products are typically eliminated by extrusioninto polar bodies, and only one cell develops to produce an ovum. Because the number of chromosomes is halved during meiosis, gametes can fuse (i.e. fertilization) to form a diploid zygote that contains two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. Thus, alternating cycles of meiosis and fertilization enable sexual reproduction, with successive generations maintaining the same number of chromosomes. For example, diploid human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes including 1 pair of 🤬 chromosomes (46 total), half of maternal origin and half of paternal origin. Meiosis produces haploid gametes (ova or sperm) that contain one set of 23 chromosomes. When two gametes (an egg and a sperm) fuse, the resulting zygote is once again diploid, with the mother and father each contributing 23 chromosomes. This same pattern, but not the same number of chromosomes, occurs in all organisms that utilize meiosis.

Meiosis occurs in all sexually-reproducing single-celled and multicellular organisms (which are all eukaryotes), including animals, plants and fungi.It is an essential process for oogenesis and spermatogenesis.

Wong Ji Hong 4S5

2020-05-08 15:08:57 UTC

Jocelyn Chow Ke Whey 4S1

2020-05-08 15:47:52 UTC

Yeng Song Lin 4S1

2020-05-08 16:57:56 UTC

Application of meiosis

Law Wan Ting 4S1

2020-05-08 17:39:56 UTC

Mei Yu Qian 4S1

2020-05-08 23:22:52 UTC

Importance of meiosis

Meiosis form gametes through the process of gametogenesis and Ensure that the diploid chromosome number of organism that carry out sec reproduction is always maintained from one generation to the next.
Abnormal meiosis
Any abnormality during the division of meiosis can cause genetic diseases such as Down syndrome. This happens because the spindle fibres Gail to function during anaphase 1 or anaphase 2. As a result, the chromosome fails to separate (nondisjunction). Gametes will have an abnormal number of chromosome (22 or 24 chromosomes). If fertilisation between a normal gamete(23 chromosomes) and an abnormal chromosomes (24 chromosomes) occur, the zygote will carry 47 chromosomes which is an abnormal condition.

Lee Khai Yueh 4S1

2020-05-10 01:58:02 UTC

OoiDunTzi4S5

2020-05-10 02:35:10 UTC

Application of mitosis
Mitosis is a process of cell reproduction in which two new cellsMitosis is a process of cell reproduction in which two new cells are made from the original cell. These cells will be of whateverare made from the original cell. These cells will be of whatever type of cell the original was ( I think, not completely sure abouttype of cell the original was ( I think, not completely sure about the last part.) Not sure if that is what you were asking.the last part.) Not sure if that is what you were asking.

OoiDunTzi4S5

2020-05-10 02:40:48 UTC

Application of meiosis
Meiosis II is identical to Mitosis. Meiosis is split into twoMeiosis II is identical to Mitosis. Meiosis is split into two stages, Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Meiosis I is similar to mitosisstages, Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Meiosis I is similar to mitosis however the cells resulting from it have half as many chromosomeshowever the cells resulting from it have half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.as the parent cell.

Moey Wei Lian 4S1

2020-05-13 02:04:05 UTC

Application of Meiosis

Aerobic Respiration

g08218903 — 2020-05-15 04:08:22 UTC

Cellular respiration is the oxidation of organic compounds that occurs in the cells to produce energy for cellular processes. There are 3 types of cellular respiration : i) aerobic respiration ii) anaerobic respiration iii) fermentation. Explain how energy is produced from glucose during AEROBIC RESPIRATION in cells and write a WORD EQUATION for the reaction.

PHOON HAO YENG 4S1

2020-05-15 06:52:35 UTC

| Aerobic Respiration
The aerobic respiration process begins with the glycolysis process. Glycolysis means the breakdown of glucose by enzymes. This process occurs in cytoplasm. One glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules. The following process occurs in the mitochondrion. Pyruvate produced from glycolysis is then oxidised through a series of reactions to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy. A large amount of this energy is used to produce ATP molecules. ATP molecules are produced when a group of non-organic phosphate is added to ADP. ATP molecules have weak phosphate kinks. When the phosphate links on ATP molecules are broken, the energy released is supplied to cells to help us carry out our daily activities.
Word Equation:
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

Lim Ching Lue 4s5

2020-05-15 07:22:33 UTC

Tang Wei Tao 4S1

2020-05-15 08:43:59 UTC

Importance of meiosis

Meiosis is important because it ensures that all organisms produced in sexual reproduction contain the correct number of chromosomes (the diploid chromosome number). Meiosis also produces genetic variation in the same species. Later, this variation is increased even further when two gametes unite during fertilization, thereby creating offspring with unique combinations of DNA(haploid). This constant mixing of parental DNA (diploid)in sexual reproduction helps fuel the incredible diversity of life on Earth.

Phenomena of the abnormal meiosis Non disjunction is the failure of sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division. (meiosis ⅰ / ⅱ ) which results in daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.

Tang Wei Tao 4S1

2020-05-15 08:47:02 UTC

Aerobic respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into chemical energy. In contrast, anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen. Respiration is used by all cells to turn fuel into energy that can be used to power cellular processes.Aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria and requires oxygen and glucose, and produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy. The chemical equation is C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water).

Process of aerobic respiration

m2191564 — 2020-05-15 09:03:38 UTC

The aerobic respiration process begin with the glycolysis process. This process done with hexokinase and occur in cytoplasm. Glucose is broken down into pyruvate.
The following process occur in the mitochondrion.Pyruvate oxidized with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy
Glucose→Pyruvate→Carbon dioxide+water+energy

Thomas Cheam Choon Wai 4S4

2020-05-15 10:03:15 UTC

Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose involving oxygen to produce chemical energy. Oxygen is use to oxidise glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy. The aerobic respiration process begins with the glycolysis process. Glycolysis means the breakdown of glucose by enzymes. This process occurs in the cytoplasm. One glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules. Pyruvate produced from glycolysis is then oxidised through a series of reactions to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy. A large amount of this energy is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules.

Jocelyn Looi Wei Ni 4S1

m2195467 — 2020-05-15 10:47:40 UTC

The aerobic respiration process begins with the glycolysis process which means the breakdown of glucose by enzymes. This process occurs in cytoplasm. One glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules. Pyruvate produced from glycolysis is then oxidised through a series of reactions to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy. A large amount of this energy is used to produce ATP molecules.
Glycolysis:
Glucose → Pyruvate(occurs in the cytoplasm)→
Carbo dioxide + water + energy (occurs in the mitochondrion)
ATP molecules are produced when a group of non-organic phosphate is added to ADP.
energy
ADP+ phosphate → ATP
ATP molecules have weak phosphate kinks. When the phosphate links on ATP molecules are broken, the energy released is supplied to cells to help us carry out our daily activities.
energy
ATP → ADP+phosphate

The complete process of glucose oxidation
Word Equation:

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

JUNE LOKE QIAN TING 4S1

m2191160 — 2020-05-15 11:21:03 UTC

Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose involving oxygen to produce chemical energy. Oxygen is used to oxidise glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy. Aerobic respiration process icontains of 3 stages which are glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and the electron transfer chain. First, in glycolysis, gluocse is broken down by enzymes and this occurs in the cytoplasm. One glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules , however this process does not need oxygen to be carried out. Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of NADH, 2 ATP molecules and 2 molecules of pyruvate. ADP and NAD+ molecules are said to be reduced and has gained electrons. Next in the Krebs cycle, pyruvate molecules are oxidised to form Acetyle coA enzyme. 2 ATP molecules, 6 NADH molecules and 2 FADH2 molecules along with carbon dioxide is produced. This process occurs in the mitochondria and thus requires oxygen. Lastly, in the electron transport chain, electrons are transferred from FADH and NADH2 molecules to several electron carriers. This phenomenon creates a proton gradient. Protons are used to power enzyme called ATP Synthase which adds one phosphate molecule to ADP molecule to form ATP molecule. In total 38 ATP molecules are formed per glucose molecule through aerobic respiration. The word equation for reaction of glucose oxidation is Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)

Goh Pei Xian 4S1

2020-05-15 11:33:08 UTC

The aerobic respiration process begins with the glycolysis process. Glycolysis means the breakdown of glucose by enzymes. This process occurs in cytoplasm. One glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules. The following process occurs in the mitochondrion. Pyruvate produced from glycolysis is then oxidised through a series of reactions to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy. A large amount of this energy is used to produce ATP molecules. ATP molecules are produced when a group of non-organic phosphate is added to ADP. ATP molecules have weak phosphate kinks. When the phosphate links on ATP molecules are broken, the energy released is supplied to cells to help us carry out our daily activities.
Word Equation:
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

Lim Kai Qing 4S5

2020-05-15 12:11:32 UTC

2020-05-15 13:06:38 UTC

Adam Khoo Jia Han 4S4

Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into chemical energy.

Respiration is used by all cells to turn fuel into energy that can be used to power cellular processes. The product of respiration is a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which uses the energy stored in its phosphate bonds to power chemical reactions. It is often referred to as the “currency” of the cell.

The word equation for Aerobic respiration is glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water +(energy released)

Lim Yong Kang 4S5

m2197773 — 2020-05-15 13:41:28 UTC

Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose involving oxygen to produce chemical energy.Oxygen is used to oxidise glucose to produce carbon dioxie,water and energy.The aerobic respiration process begins with the glycolysis process.Glycolysis means the breakdown of glucose by enzymes.This process occurs in the cytoplasm.One glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules

Anne Marie Tan Yun Xin 4S1 (Aerobic Respiration)

m2200788 — 2020-05-16 03:02:24 UTC

Pang Xu Ern 4S1

m2193479 — 2020-05-16 03:26:33 UTC

Aerobic Respiration

LOH BOON PIN 4S5

2020-05-16 03:55:12 UTC

Allysa Gan 4S5

2020-05-16 05:11:27 UTC

Aerobic Respiration

Law Guo An 4S1

2020-05-16 05:25:13 UTC

Aerobic Respiration is the breakdown of glucose involving oxygen to produce chemical energy. The aerobic respiration process begins with the glycolysis process which means the breakdown of glucose by enzymes. This process occurs in the cytoplasm. One glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules. The following process occurs in the mitochondrion. Pyruvate produced from glycolysis is then oxidised through a series of reactions to produce carbon dioxide water and energy. A large amount of this energy is used to produce adenosine triphosphate(ATP) molecules. ATP molecules are produce when a group of non-organic phosphate is added to adenosine diphosphate(ADP). ATP molecules have weak phosphate links. When the phosphate links on ATP molecules are broken, the energy released is supplied to cells to help us carry out our daily activities.

Word equation : Glucose + oxygen ---> Carbon dioxide + water +energy

LIM YI HANG 4S1

2020-05-16 06:25:46 UTC

Goh JInhao 4s1

2020-05-16 07:01:03 UTC

In aerobic conditions, the process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid), generating energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP. Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced, however, two are consumed as part of the preparatory phase.

word equation:
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

Neoh Eugene 4S1

2020-05-16 07:49:35 UTC

Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose involving oxygen to produce chemical energy.Oxygen is used to oxidise glucose to produce carbon dioxide ,water and energy.
The aerobic process begins with the glycolysis process.
Glycolysis means the breakdown of glucose by enzymes.This process occurs in the cytoplasm.One glucose is broken down into two pyruvate.Glucose-Pyruvate(occurs in the cytoplasm)
Pyruvate produced from glycolysis is then oxidised through a series of reaction to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy.Carbon dioxide+water+energy(occurs in mitochondrion)
A large amount of energy is used to produce adenosine triphosphate(ATP)molecules.
ATP molecules are produced when a group of non-organic phosphate is added to adenosine diphosphate(ADP)
ADP+phosphate -ATP
ATP mnolecules has weak phiosphate links.When the phosphate links on ATP molecules are broken , the energy released is supplied to cells to help us carry out our daily activities.
ATP-ADP + phosphate
Word equation:Glucose+oxygen-Carbon dioxide+water+energy (2898kJ)

Pong Kah Loong 4S4

2020-05-16 08:14:51 UTC

Respiration using oxygen to break down food molecules is called aerobic respiration. 'Aero' means air, which contains oxygen, leading to the name aerobic respiration. Glucose is the molecule normally used for respiration, the main respiratory substrate. Glucose is oxidised to release its energy, which is then stored in ATP molecules.

The word equation

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

Tan Sing Yee 4S1

2020-05-16 08:18:21 UTC

Aerobic Respiration

Kang Ze You 4S4

2020-05-16 08:46:44 UTC

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

Tang Joe Lynn

m2183011 — 2020-05-16 09:03:22 UTC

m2187474 — 2020-05-16 13:20:51 UTC

TEH JIA HUI 4S1

2020-05-16 17:06:26 UTC

Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose involving oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy.
The aerobic respiration process begins with the glycolysis process in cytoplasm. Glycolysis means the breakdown of glucose by enzymes. One glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules.

In mitochondrion,
Pyruvate produced from glycolysis is then oxidised through a series of reactions to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy. A large amount of energy is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule.

The aerobic respiration is simplify as follows:

ATP molecules are produced when a group.of non-organic phosphate is added to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
ATP molecules have weak phosphate links.
When the phosphates links on ATP molecules are broken, the energy released is supplied to cells to help us carry out our daily activities.

The complete process of glucose oxidation is simplified as follows:

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

m2186734 — 2020-05-16 18:54:22 UTC

Tan Yong Ping 4S5
Aerobic respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into chemical energy. In contrast, anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen.
Respiration is used by all cells to turn fuel into energy that can be used to power cellular processes. The product of respiration is a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which uses the energy stored in its phosphate bonds to power chemical reactions. It is often referred to as the “currency” of the cell.

Aerobic respiration is much more efficient, and produces ATP much more quickly, than anaerobic respiration. This is because oxygen is an excellent electron acceptor for the chemical reactions involved in generating ATP.

Law Wan Ting 4S1

2020-05-16 19:26:58 UTC

OoiDunTzi4S5

m2374373 — 2020-05-17 04:10:18 UTC

Aerobic aspirations
Aerobic respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into chemical energy. In contrast, anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen.Respiration is used by all cells to turn fuel into energy that can be used to power cellular processes. The product of respiration is a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which uses the energy stored in its phosphate bonds to power chemical reactions. It is often referred to as the “currency” of the cell.

Lee Pei-Zhe 4S1

2020-05-17 04:16:19 UTC

Aerobic respiration

Yoo Hua Zheng 4S5

2020-05-17 04:36:18 UTC

Lim Xin Yi 4S1

2020-05-17 04:46:30 UTC

Aerobic Respiration

Lim Wee Xin 4S5

2020-05-17 06:36:19 UTC

2020-05-17 07:50:33 UTC

Samuel Soon Zi Hang(27) 4S1
Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose involving oxygen to produce chemical energy. Oxygen is use to oxidise to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy.It begins with the glycolysis process. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose by enzymes. This process occurs in the cytoplasm. One glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules. Pyruvate produced form glycolysis is then oxidised through a series of reactions to produce carbon oxide, water and energy. A large amount of this energy is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules.

Glycolysis >pyruvate >carbon dioxide +water +energy

Cheah Ui Zhe 4S1

2020-05-17 07:53:58 UTC

Lee Khai Yueh 4S1

2020-05-17 08:41:45 UTC

Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucosevolving oxygen to produce chemical energy.
It begins with the glycolysis process( the breakdown of glucose by enzymes ) which means one glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules that occurs in the cytoplasm .Then, the pyruvate produced goes throught oxidation and produces carbon dioxide ,water and energy . (large amount of energy is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules)

Word Equation:
Glucose + oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + water +energy (2898kJ)

Melissa Ooi Sean Yin 4S1

2020-05-17 09:04:22 UTC

Mandy Tan Pey Enn 4S5

2020-05-17 09:37:18 UTC

Aerobic respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into chemical energy. In contrast, anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen.
Respiration is used by all cells to turn fuel into energy that can be used to power cellular processes. The product of respiration is a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which uses the energy stored in its phosphate bonds to power chemical reactions. It is often referred to as the “currency” of the cell.
Aerobic respiration is much more efficient, and produces ATP much more quickly, than anaerobic respiration. This is because oxygen is an excellent electron acceptor for the chemical reactions involved in generating ATP.

Loh Wei Li 4S1

m2187748 — 2020-05-17 09:46:30 UTC

Aerobic Respiration

Toh Yun Ning 4S1

2020-05-17 10:20:01 UTC

Joey Lee Rou Yi 4S1

2020-05-17 10:40:42 UTC

Ch'ng Pei Jun 4S1

2020-05-17 11:05:39 UTC

Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration begins with glycolysis. Glycolysis means the breakdown of glucose by enzymes.
1 glucose molecule is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
Pyruvate is then oxidised to produce CO2, H2O and energy. A large amount of this energy is used to produce energy in the form of ATP molecules.

Word equation:
Glucose + O2---> CO2 + H2O + energy

Chan Rou Mei 4S5

2020-05-17 11:10:05 UTC

Aerobic Respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into chemical energy. In contrast, anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen. Respiration is used by all cells to turn fuel into energy that can be used to power cellular processes. The product of respiration is a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which uses the energy stored in its phosphate bonds to power chemical reactions. It is often referred to as the “currency” of the cell.

Aerobic respiration is much more efficient, and produces ATP much more quickly, than anaerobic respiration. This is because oxygen is an excellent electron acceptor for the chemical reactions involved in generating ATP.

Jasline Tan 4S1

2020-05-17 11:19:33 UTC

Teh Whye Yuan 4S1

2020-05-17 14:27:04 UTC

Yeap Shu Chyi 4S1

2020-05-17 14:31:02 UTC

Teoh Yi Rou 4S1

2020-05-17 15:19:56 UTC

Aerobic respiration

· The process by which organisms use oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into chemical energy.

· Respiration is used by all cells to turn fuel into energy that can be used to power cellular process.

· The product of respiration is a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which uses the energy stored in phosphate bonds to power chemical reactions.

· Aerobic respiration is more efficient and produces ATP more quickly because oxygen is an excellent electron acceptor for the chemical reactions involved in generating ATP.

· Equation for the reaction:

Glucose + Oxygen > Carbon dioxide + water + energy

LIM YUK KI 4S1

2020-05-17 16:31:10 UTC

Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose involving oxygen to produce chemical energy. Oxygen is used to oxidise glucose to produce carbon dioxide，water and energy. The aerobic respiration process begins with the glycolysis process. Glycolysis means breakdown of glucose by enzymes. This process occur in the cytoplasm. One glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules. The following process occurs in the mitochondrion. Pyruvate produced form glycolysis is then oxidised through a series of reactions to produce carbon dioxide，water and energy. A large amount of this energy is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules. ATP molecules are produced when a group of non-organic phosphate is added to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). ATP molecules have weak phosphate links. When the phosphate links on ATP molecules are broken，the energy released is supplied to cells to help us carry out our daily activities.

Word equation for the process of glucosed oxidation ：
Glucose + oxygen → Carbon dioxide + water + energy (2898 kJ)

Mei Yu Qian 4S1

2020-05-18 00:53:17 UTC

Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose involving oxygen to produce chemical energy. Oxygen is used to oxidise glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy.

The aerobic respiration process begins with the glycolysis process. Glycolysis means the break down of glucose by enzymes. This process occurs in the cytoplasm. One glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules.

The following process occurs in mitochondrion. Pyruvate produced from glycolysis is then oxidised through a series of reaction to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy. A large amounts of this energy is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules.
Word equation:
Glucose +oxygen —> carbon dioxide +water + energy

Tan Zhi Ying 4S1

2020-05-18 01:35:29 UTC

Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucosevolving oxygen to produce chemical energy.
It begins with the glycolysis process( the breakdown of glucose by enzymes ) which means one glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules that occurs in the cytoplasm .Then, the pyruvate produced goes throught oxidation and produces carbon dioxide ,water and energy . (large amount of energy is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules)
Word Equation:
Glucose + oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + water +energy (2898kJ)

Jocelyn Chow 4S1

2020-05-18 02:06:16 UTC

Word Equation:

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

Ng Yee Wen 4S5

2020-05-18 03:03:40 UTC

Aerobic respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into chemical energy. In contrast, anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen.

Mei Yu Qian 4S1

2020-05-18 03:09:49 UTC

Differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Ooi Lip Hong 4S4

2020-05-18 03:48:06 UTC

Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose involving oxygen to produce chemical energy. Oxygen is used to oxidise glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy. The Aerobic respiration process begins with the glycolysis process. Glycolysis means the breakdown of glucose by enzymes. This process occurs in cytoplasm. One glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules. Then, the following process occurs in the mitochondrion. Pyruvate produced from glycolysis is then oxidised through a series of reactions to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy. A large amount of this energy is used to produce adenosine triphosphate(ATP) molecules. Besides that, ATP molecules are produced when a group of non-organic phosphate is added to adenosine diphosphate(ADP). ADP + phosphate ->ATP . ATP molecules have weak phosphate links. When the phosphate links on ATP molecules are broken, the energy released is supplied to cells to help us carry out our daily activities. ATP -> ADP + phosphate . The complete process of glucose oxidation is simplified as follows: Word equation: Glucose + oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + water + energy (2898 kJ)

Hee Jet How 4S5

2020-05-18 07:03:29 UTC

2020-05-18 07:26:18 UTC

Loh Bing Jian 4S5
Aerobic Respiration is the breakdown of glucose involving oxygen to produce chemical energy. Oxygen used to oxidise glucose to produce carbon dioxide,water and energy. The aerobic respiration process begin with the glycolysis process. Glycolysis mean the breakdown of glucose by enzymes.This process occur in the cytoplasm. One molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules.The following process occurs in the mitochondrion.Pyruvate produced from glycolysis is then oxidised thought a series of reaction to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. A large amount of this energy is used to produce adenosine triphosphate(APT)molecules.
Glucose->pyruvate---->carbon dioxide+water+energy
(Glycolysis-occur cytoplasm) (oxidation of pyruvate-
Occur in mitochondrion)

DYLAN OOI YI YANG 4S1

2020-05-18 08:42:14 UTC

Aerobic repiration is the breakdown of glucose involving oxygen to produce chemical energy.Oxygen is used to oxidise glucose to produce carbon dioxide(CO2),water(H2O)and energy.The aerobic respiration begins with the glycolsis process which is the breakdown of glicose by enzymes that occur in cytoplasm. One glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate moleucles.Pyruvate is then oxdiesed throught a series of reactions to produce CO2,H20 and energy in mitochondrion.Large amount of energy that produces is used to produce adenosine triphosphate(ATP) molecules.ATP molecules are produced when a group of non-organic phospahte is added to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).ATP molecules have weak phosphate link.When phosphate link on ATP molecules are broken , energy released is supplied to cels to help us carry out daily activities.
Word Equation:
Glucose + oxygen → Carbon dioxide +water + energy

Lam Yi han

2020-05-18 15:29:55 UTC

4s5
Aerobic respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into chemical energy. In contrast, anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen.

Yeng Song Lin 4S1 Aerobic Respiration

2020-05-20 03:35:59 UTC

Aerobic Respiration produce chemical energy through the breakdown of glucose involving oxygen. Oxygen is used to oxidise glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy.
Glycolysis
The aerobic respiration process begins with the glycolysis process which means the breakdown of glucose by enzymes. It occurs in the cytoplasm and one glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules.

Oxidation of Pyruvate
The following process occurs in the mitochondrion. Pyruvate produced from glycolysis is then oxidised through a series of reactions to produce carbon dioxide water and energy. A large amount of this energy is used to produce adenosine triphosphate(ATP) molecules.

Production of ATP

ATP molecules are produce when a group of non-organic phosphate is added to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

ATP release energy

Since ATP molecules have weak phosphate links, the energy released is supplied to cells to help us carry out our daily activities when the phosphate links on ATP molecules are broken.

Word equation

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (2898 kJ)

Fermentation

g08218903 — 2020-05-20 07:07:27 UTC

STATE the FACTORS that cause fermentation to occur in cells. Then, EXPLAIN how energy is produced from glucose during FERMENTATION IN HUMAN CELLS. Please type your answer in MICROSOFT WORD and upload it on Padlet.

PHOON HAO YENG 4S1

2020-05-20 08:28:12 UTC

Sabrina Ho 4S5

m2187474 — 2020-05-20 09:22:30 UTC

m2192915 — 2020-05-20 09:52:48 UTC

Adam Khoo Jia Han
4S4

Jocelyn Looi Wei Ni 4S1

2020-05-20 09:55:42 UTC

Lim Kai Qing 4S5

2020-05-20 10:10:42 UTC

Pong Kah Loong 4S4

2020-05-20 12:12:05 UTC

TEH JIA HUI 4S1

2020-05-20 12:21:54 UTC

LIM YI HANG 4S1

2020-05-20 12:55:16 UTC

Neoh Zhi Ni 4S4

2020-05-20 13:21:46 UTC

Goh Jinhao 4s1

2020-05-20 15:39:04 UTC

Pang Xu Ern 4S1

m2193479 — 2020-05-21 02:47:06 UTC

Fermentation

Ooi Lip Hong 4S4

2020-05-21 03:33:56 UTC

Factors that cause Fermentation to occus in cells
Fermentation is the incomplete breakdown of glucose in conditions of limited oxygen or without oxygen.
Fermentation In Human Cells
This process is carried out by the muscle cells during vigorous training. During the vigorous training, the rate of oxygen used exceeds the oxygen supplied by the blood circulatory system. The muscle is in an oxygen-deficiency state and is said to undergo oxygen debt. During this process, glucose cannot break down completely. For each glucose molecule that is broken down, only two ATP molecules or 150 kJ energy will be produced. The produced lactic acid accumulates until it reaches a level of concentration that can cause fatigue and muscle cramps. Once the vigorous activity stops, the intake of excess oxygen will oxidise the lactic acid into carbon dioxide, water and energy. When all the lactic acid has been expelled, the oxygen debt is repaid.

Lim Yong Kang 4S5

m2197773 — 2020-05-21 06:09:19 UTC

Law Guo An 4S1

m2184560 — 2020-05-21 06:58:44 UTC

Loh Wei Li 4S1

m2187748 — 2020-05-21 08:10:16 UTC

Fermentation

Teoh Yi Rou 4S1

2020-05-21 09:56:45 UTC

Factors that cause fermentation to occur in cells are presence of glucose and oxygen. During the lactic acid fermentation process, glucose cannot break down completely. For each glucose molecule that is broken down, only two ATP molecules or 150 kJ will be produced. Once the vigorous activity stops, the intake of excess oxygen will oxidise the lactic acid into carbon dioxide, water and energy.

Anne Marie Tan Yun Xin 4S1 (Fermentation)

m2200788 — 2020-05-21 10:09:17 UTC

Chin Poh Yee 4S1 (Aerobic respiration)

2020-05-21 11:44:05 UTC

Chin Poh Yee 4S1 (Frementation)

2020-05-21 12:25:15 UTC

Goh Pei Xian 4S1

2020-05-21 14:11:52 UTC

Allysa Gan 4S5

2020-05-22 05:46:38 UTC

Cheah Ui Zhe 4S1

2020-05-23 01:43:18 UTC

Samuel Soon Zi Hang (27) 4S1

2020-05-23 11:20:49 UTC

Toh Yun Ning 4S1

m2200765 — 2020-05-23 11:38:22 UTC

fermentation

Lim Wee Xin 4S5

2020-05-23 12:55:25 UTC

Ng Yee Wen 4S5

2020-05-25 07:40:01 UTC

Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes. In biochemistry, it is narrowly defined as the extraction of energy from carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen. In the context of food production , it may more broadly refer to any process in which the activity of microorganism brings about a desirable change to a foodstuff or beverage. The science of fermentation is known as zymology.

In microorganisms, fermentation is the primary means of producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the degradation of organic nutrients anaerobically Humans have used fermentation to produce foodstuffs and beverages since the Neolithic age. For example, fermentation is used for preservation in a process that produces lactic acid found in such sour foods as pickled cucumbers, kombucha,kimchi and yogurt, as well as for producing alcoholic beverages such as wine and beer. Fermentation also occurs within the gastrointestinal tracts of all animals, including humans.

2020-05-25 21:58:01 UTC

Lam Yi Han 4s6

Tan Xin Yi 4S5

2020-05-26 13:15:48 UTC

Mitosis is a basic form of cell division in which genetic material is copied. Every cell comes from a pre-existing cell and Mitosis is the process that creates these new cells. Meiosis is a process required for sexual reproduction in which a diploid parent cell divides to form four halpoid gamete cells. Both Mitosis and Meiosis have similar processes, with some minor differences. In preparation for Meiosis there is a system of interphase which is devoted to metabolism and growth and DNA replication. Anaphase is another stage that shows differences between the two, in Meiosis the centromeres don’t split and sister chromatids will not be pulled apart, while in Mitosis, the duplicated chromosomes are pulled apart and moved toward opposite poles.

Mitosis is important and necassary because wIthout Mitosis, cell division would not be possible. The world would only be filled with one-celled organisms. Meiosis is necessary to everyday life because without the process of meiosis, sexual reproduction would not be possible. Meiosis is a key process in the rate of evolution via natural selection. Both of these cyles are important and necessary to everyday life and human survival.

We see genetic variation every day just by interacting with others. The phenotypical model talked about in lecture uses the example of brown and blue eyes. Every single trait you see in others is a form of genetic variation, from hair color to eye color, some other more specific examples would be dimples and freckles, among others.

Tan Xin Yi 4S5

2020-05-26 13:20:19 UTC

Aerobic respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into chemical energy. In contrast, detestation does not use oxygen.

Respiration is used by all cells to turn fuel into energy that can be used to power cellular processes. The product of respiration is a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which uses the energy stored in its phosphate bonds to power chemical reactions. It is often referred to as the “currency” of the cell.

Aerobic respiration is much more efficient, and produces ATP much more quickly, than fermatation . This is because oxygen is an excellent electron acceptor for the chemical reactions involved in generating ATP.

Tan Xin Yi 4S5

2020-05-26 13:23:14 UTC

2020-05-26 13:23:20 UTC

Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes. In biochemistry, it is narrowly defined as the extraction of energy from carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen. In the context of food production, it may more broadly refer to any process in which the activity of microorganisms brings about a desirable change to a foodstuff or beverage.[1] The science of fermentation is known as zymology. In microorganisms, fermentation is the primary means of producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the degradation of organic nutrients anaerobically.[2] Humans have used fermentation to produce foodstuffs and beverages since the Neolithic age. For example, fermentation is used for preservation in a process that produces lactic acid found in such sour foods as pickled cucumbers, kombucha, kimchi, and yogurt, as well as for producing alcoholic beverages such as wine and beer. Fermentation also occurs within the gastrointestinal tracts of all animals, including humans.[3]

Mei Yu Qian 4S1

2020-05-27 23:53:38 UTC

Fermentation

Kang Ze You 4S4

2020-05-28 01:26:13 UTC

Tan Sing Yee 4S1

2020-05-28 03:28:32 UTC

Fermentation

Ch'ng Pei Jun 4S1

2020-05-31 05:14:30 UTC

Yoo Hua Zheng 4s5

2020-05-31 06:59:33 UTC

m2191564 — 2020-06-01 05:55:45 UTC

Aerobic Respiration VS Fermentation

g08218903 — 2020-06-01 15:46:55 UTC

COMPARE and CONTRAST AEROBIC RESPIRATION and FERMENTATION. Please type your answers in the MICROSOFT WORD by using SPM format (Table) and upload on Padlet.

Allysa Gan 4S5

2020-06-02 03:07:19 UTC

2020-06-02 04:38:02 UTC

Law Wan Ting 4S1

Law Guo An 4S1

m2184560 — 2020-06-02 06:11:04 UTC

DYLAN OOI YI YANG 4S1

2020-06-02 06:45:51 UTC

m2192915 — 2020-06-02 07:06:17 UTC

Adam Khoo Jia Han
4S4

Lim Kai Qing 4S5

2020-06-02 07:17:22 UTC

DYLAN OOI YI YANG 4S1

2020-06-02 07:26:35 UTC

Lim Ching Lue 4s5

2020-06-02 07:36:58 UTC

Loh Wei Li 4S1

m2187748 — 2020-06-02 07:41:32 UTC

Comparison between Aerobic Respiration and Fermentation

Lim Ching Lue 4S5

2020-06-02 08:24:43 UTC

Yoo Hua Zheng 4S5

2020-06-02 08:44:18 UTC

Ch'ng Pei Jun 4S1

2020-06-02 09:50:37 UTC

Compare and contrast aerobic respiration and fermentation

Goh JinHao 4S1

2020-06-02 10:16:37 UTC

compare and contrast aerobic respiration and fermentation

Lim Yong Kang 4S5

m2197773 — 2020-06-02 12:56:02 UTC

Teoh Yi Rou 4S1

2020-06-02 13:20:06 UTC

PHOON HAO YENG 4S1

2020-06-02 15:06:29 UTC

Compare and contrast aerobic respiration and fermentation

Neoh Eugene 4S1

m2186474 — 2020-06-03 07:43:16 UTC

Neoh Eugene 4S1

m2186474 — 2020-06-03 08:00:43 UTC

Toh Yun Ning 4S1

m2200765 — 2020-06-03 11:08:33 UTC

m2186734 — 2020-06-03 11:35:58 UTC

2020-06-03 11:54:13 UTC

Tan Yong Ping 4S5
Fermentation

OoiDunTzi4S5

2020-06-03 12:41:22 UTC

Fermentation

OoiDunTzi4S5

2020-06-03 12:48:03 UTC

Aerobic respiration VS fermentation

Pong Kah Loong 4S4

2020-06-04 02:46:35 UTC

Mei Yu Qian 4S1

2020-06-04 08:04:11 UTC

Sabrina Ho U-Xuan 4S5

m2187474 — 2020-06-04 08:41:07 UTC

Chan Rou Mei 4S5

2020-06-04 12:36:12 UTC

2020-06-04 12:51:07 UTC

Lam yi han 4s5

Chan Rou Mei 4S5

2020-06-04 13:05:51 UTC

Pang Xu Ern 4S1

m2193479 — 2020-06-05 02:52:35 UTC

Aerobic respiration VS Fermentation

2020-06-05 06:22:23 UTC

Thomas Cheam Choon Wai 4S4

2020-06-05 07:25:42 UTC

Cheah Ui Zhe 4S1

2020-06-05 11:10:39 UTC

Aerobic Respiration Vs Fermentation

Anne Marie Tan Yun Xin 4S1 (Aerobic Respiration vs Fermentation)

m2200788 — 2020-06-06 03:45:12 UTC

Lee Pei-Zhe 4S1

2020-06-06 05:20:37 UTC

Fermentation

Lee Pei-Zhe 4S1

2020-06-06 06:26:57 UTC

Aerobic Respiration VS Fermentation

Samuel Soon Zi Hang 4S1

2020-06-06 07:26:54 UTC

Tan Sing Yee 4S1

2020-06-06 08:22:46 UTC

Comparison and contrastation between aerobic respiration and fermentation

Joanne Tan 4S5

2020-06-06 09:04:39 UTC

Joanne Tan 4S5

2020-06-06 09:05:29 UTC

Joanne Tan 4S5

2020-06-06 09:06:17 UTC

Aerobic Respiration VS Fermentation

m2191564 — 2020-06-06 12:33:11 UTC

Kang Ze You 4S4

m5239152 — 2020-06-06 13:37:19 UTC

m2191160 — 2020-06-06 16:03:08 UTC

JUNE LOKE QIAN TING 4S1: FERMENTATION

TEH JIA HUI 4S1

2020-06-07 02:08:54 UTC

Teh Whye Yuan 4S1

2020-06-07 04:01:23 UTC

Teh Whye Yuan 4S1

2020-06-07 04:32:59 UTC

Joey Lee Rou Yi 4S1

2020-06-07 05:34:07 UTC

Jasline Tan Shi Wen 4S1

2020-06-07 05:41:21 UTC

Jasline Tan Shi Wen 4S1

2020-06-07 05:54:08 UTC

Melissa Ooi Sean Yin 4S1

2020-06-07 05:58:40 UTC

Joey Lee Rou Yi 4S1

2020-06-07 06:01:30 UTC

Melissa Ooi Sean Yin 4S1

2020-06-07 06:12:50 UTC

Loh Bing Jian 4S5

2020-06-07 06:47:19 UTC

Loh Bing Jian 4S5

2020-06-07 07:24:08 UTC

Jocelyn Looi Wei Ni 4S1

2020-06-07 08:48:16 UTC

2020-06-07 09:42:01 UTC

Lim Wee Xin 4S5

2020-06-07 09:57:32 UTC

Yong Keh Lim , Anderson 4S4

2020-06-07 10:01:58 UTC

Lock and Key hypothesis
The binding of a molecule substrate on an active site of enzyme is specific like a lock and key combination .The enzyme is represented by a lock and the substrate is represented by a key .
1.The specific substrate approaches the enzyme .
2.Substrate combines with the active site to form enzyme-substrate complete.
3. A reaction takes place and a product is created.The product then leaves the active site after the reaction is complete
Most reaction inside the cell require high activation energy.Activation energy is the energy needed to break the bond in the substrate molecule before reaction can occur .

2020-06-07 10:07:16 UTC

Similarities • The breakdown process of glucose and its conversion to chemical energy. • The process beings in the cytoplasm • Occurs in yeast, bacteria, animals and plants • Produces chemical energy in the form of ATP • The process begins with glycolysis when glucose is converted to pyruvate

Yong Keh Lim , Anderson 4S4

2020-06-07 10:20:40 UTC

The cell cycle consists of interphase and M phase.Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle .this phase is made up of the G1,S and G2 phase
G1 phase
1.Cells grow. Cell components such as mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum are produced at this stage.Proteins used in the cell cycle are also synthesised during this time.At this stage, the nucleus looks big and the chromosome is in the form of chromatin.
S phase
2.DNA synthesis occurs in tne S phase .The DNA in the nucleus is replicated.Each chromosome multiplies into two identical chromosome known as sister chromatids. Both chromatids contain the same copy of the DNA molecule.Both chromatids are joined at the centromeres.
G2 phase
3.The cells will continue to grow and make final arrangements to enter the next stage of cell division . After the interphase stage , the cell will enter the M phase .
M phase
4.M phase is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis .Mitosis involves prophase , metaphase,anaphase and telophase.

Khng Zheng Yang 4S4

2020-06-07 10:23:29 UTC

Errors in meiosis resulting in aneuploidy (an abnormal number of chromosomes) are the leading known cause of miscarriage and the most frequent genetic cause of developmental disabilities.^[2]

Khng Zheng Yang 4S4

2020-06-07 10:25:09 UTC

Khng Zheng Yang 4S4

2020-06-07 10:27:17 UTC

Madeline 4S4

2020-06-07 10:27:39 UTC

Khng Zheng Yang 4S4

2020-06-07 10:28:43 UTC

Madeline 4S4

2020-06-07 10:31:08 UTC

Madeline 4S4

2020-06-07 10:36:45 UTC

2020-06-07 10:48:42 UTC

Jorson Beh 4s4

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

2020-06-07 10:49:24 UTC

Jorson Beh 4s4

FERMENTATION

Fermentation is a metabolic process in which an organism converts a carbohydrate, such as starch or a sugar, into an alcohol or an acid. For example, yeast performs fermentation to obtain energy by converting sugar into alcohol. Bacteria perform fermentation, converting carbohydrates into lactic acid.the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.

2020-06-07 11:00:57 UTC

Jorson Beh 4s4
MEOSIS
Meosis is refered tobad reduction divison. This is because in meiosis the number of chromosomes
Is reduced by half through the separationvof homologous chromosomes. The cell goes from one
Diploid(2N) cell to four haploid(N) cells. This only accurs only in the cells that produce gamates.

Goh Pei Xian 4S1

2020-06-07 11:08:21 UTC

Aerobic Respiration Vs Fermentation

2020-06-07 11:09:40 UTC

Jorson Beh 4s4
MITOSIS
Mitosis is important fir sexual reproduction indirectly. It allows the sexually reproducing organism to grow and develop from a single cell inti a sexually mature individual. This allows organisms to continue to reproduce through the generations. Mitosis produces two daughter cells because DNA makes exact copies by semiconservations replication during interphase. Mitosis produces new cells for growth, for replacing cells and repairing tissue.

Chin Poh Yee 4S1

2020-06-07 11:15:53 UTC

Chin Poh Yee 4S1

2020-06-07 11:23:05 UTC

Jocelyn Chow Ke Whey 4S1

2020-06-07 11:29:55 UTC

Jocelyn Chow Ke Whey 4S1

2020-06-07 11:33:43 UTC

JUNE LOKE QIAN TING 4S1

m2191160 — 2020-06-07 11:52:46 UTC

Aerobic Respiration vs Fermentation

TANG JOE LYNN 4S1

m2183011 — 2020-06-07 12:02:40 UTC

Aerobic Respiration VS Fermentation

TANG JOE LYNN 4S1

m2183011 — 2020-06-07 12:18:59 UTC

FERMENTATION

Tan Zhi Ying 4S1

2020-06-07 12:26:38 UTC

Tan Zhi Ying 4S1

2020-06-07 12:27:57 UTC

LIM YUK KI 4S1

2020-06-07 12:29:12 UTC

Law Wan Ting 4S1

2020-06-07 12:46:03 UTC

Javier Ng 4S4

2020-06-07 12:51:40 UTC

FERMENTATION

Javier Ng 4S4

2020-06-07 13:15:07 UTC

Tang Wei Tao 4S1

2020-06-07 13:21:32 UTC

Tang Wei Tao 4S1

2020-06-07 13:27:05 UTC

LIM YUK KI 4S1

2020-06-07 13:30:36 UTC

Jorson Beh 4s4

2020-06-07 13:32:36 UTC

Diffrence between cell respiration and fermentation

YEAP SHU CHYI 4S1

2020-06-07 13:50:13 UTC

YEAP SHU CHYI 4S1

2020-06-07 14:09:25 UTC

Yong Keh Lim , Andreson 4S4

m2199028 — 2020-06-07 15:41:24 UTC

Mitosis is defined as the division of the nucleus of parents cell into two nuclei.Each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes and genetic content with the nucleus of parent cell .
1. Prophase
In the nucleus,chromatin starts to shorten and thicken to form a chromosome structure that can be seen through a light microscope .The chromosome is seen to be made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids .Both sister chromatids are joined at the centromere.The nucleus membrane disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears, the centriole moves to opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form.
2.Metaphase
Centrioles are at the opposite poles of the cell. The spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plane.The chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the equatorial plane. Metaphase ends when the centromere begins to divide.
3. Anaphase
The centromere divides into two and the sister chromatids separate.Spindle fibres shorten,contract and the sister chormatids are attracted to the opposite pole cells .Anaphase ends when the chromatids arrives at the pole of the cell.
4 .Telophase
When the chromatides are at the opposite poles,they are now called the daughter chromosome. Each pole contai

Yong Keh Lim , Anderson 4S4

m2199028 — 2020-06-08 05:08:56 UTC

Yong Keh Lim ,Anderson 4S4

m2199028 — 2020-06-08 05:34:47 UTC

Yong Keh Lim ,Anderson 4S4

m2199028 — 2020-06-08 06:59:52 UTC

Yong Keh Lim, Anderson 4S4

m2199028 — 2020-06-08 07:21:59 UTC

Yong Keh Lim, Anderson 4S4 Fermentation

m2199028 — 2020-06-08 08:00:26 UTC

Yong Keh Lim ,Anderson 4S4 Aerobic Respiration VS Fermentation

m2199028 — 2020-06-08 08:23:09 UTC

Lim Xin Yi 4S1

2020-06-08 09:38:07 UTC

Fermentation

Lim Xin Yi 4S1

2020-06-08 10:18:58 UTC

Aerobic Respiration VS Fermentation

Teh Yong Ying 4S5 Fermentation

2020-06-08 13:11:03 UTC

Fermentation is the incomplete breakdown of glucose in conditions of limited oxygen or without oxygen. Fermentation is different from aerobic respiration in its metabolic pathway after the glycolysis stage. After glycolysis, the pyruvate produced will undergo either alcohol fermentation or lactic acid fermentation .

Teh Yong Ying 4S5 Aerobic Respiration VS Fermentation

2020-06-08 13:41:08 UTC

📍Similarities between aerobic respiration and fermentation
✔️The breakdown process of glucose and it’s canversion to chemical energy
✔️The process begins in the cytoplasm
✔️Occurs in yeast , bacteria , animals and plants
✔️Produces chemical energy in the form of ATP
✔️The process begins with glycolysis when glucose is converted to pyruvate

📍Differences between Aerobic Respiration and Fermentation

📌Aerobic Respiration
✔️The breakdown process of glucose is completed in the presence of oxygen
✔️Occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondrion
✔️Produces water
✔️Glucose is oxidized completely into carbon dioxide and water
✔️One molecule of glucose generates 2898kJ of energy

📌Fermentation
✔️The breakdown process of glucose is incomplete without oxygen or in limited oxygen or in limited oxygen conditions
✔️Occurs in cytoplasm
✔️Does not produce water
✔️Glucose is not oxidized completely into ethanol and carbon dioxide or lactic acid
✔️One molecule of glucose generates 210kJ (aerobic respiration) or 150kJ (lactic acid fermentation) of energy

Brian Huan

2020-06-08 15:25:36 UTC

aerobic respiration and fermentation
all

Featured snippet from the web

Aerobic respiration and fermentation are two processes which are used to provide energy to cells. In aerobic respiration, carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is produced in the presence of oxygen. Fermentation is the process of energy production in the absence of oxygen.

Brian Huan 4s5

2020-06-08 15:29:24 UTC

fernmentation
Article Contents. Fermentation, chemical process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down anaerobically. More broadly, fermentation is the foaming that occurs during the manufacture of wine and beer, a process at least 10,000 years old.

Yeoh chee Siang 4s4

2020-06-08 16:34:38 UTC

Fermentation Fermentation is the incomplete breakdown of glucose in conditions of limited oxygen or without oxygen. Fermentation is different from aerobic respiration in its metabolic pathway after the glycolysis stage. After glycolysis, the pyruvate produced will undergo either alcohol fermentation or lactic acid fermentation. 1.Fermentation The incomplete breakdown of glucose in limited or no oxygen conditions. 2.Alcohol fermentation The incomplete breakdown of glucose to ethanol, carbon dioxide and energy. Glucose➡️Ethanol+carbon dioxide+energy(210kj) 3.Yeast -Ethanol is used in the making of beer and wine
-The released carbon dioxide makes bread dough rise.
4.Plants
-Paddy plants that grow in waterlogged areas with less oxygen are able to carry out alcohol fermentation.
-Ethanol produced in the tissues during the fermentation process is toxic to most plants but the cells of paddy plants have a higher tolerance for ethanol compared to other species.
-Paddy plants produce plenty of alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes that can break down ethanol molecules into non-toxic carbon dioxide.
5.Lastic acid fermentation
The breakdown of glucose into lastic acid and energy.
Glucose➡️lastic acid+energy
6.Lactobacillus
-The bacteria Lactobacillus carries out milk fermentation to produce yogurt.
-Lactobacillus acts on the lactose(milk sugar) and turns it into lactic acid.
7.Human muscle cells
-The muscle is in an oxygen-deficiency state and is said to undergo oxygen debt.
-Once the vigorous activity stops,the intake of excess oxygen will oxidise the lactic acid into carbon dioxide, water and energy. When all the lactic acid has been expelled, the oxygen debt is repaid.

Ooi Lip Hong 4S4

2020-06-09 02:25:28 UTC

Aerobic Respiration Vs Fermentation
The Similarities Between Aerobic Respiration And Fermentation
• The breakdown process of glucose and its conversion to chemical energy.
• The process begins in the cytoplasm.
• Occurs in yeast,bacteria,animals and plants.
• Produces chemical energy in the form of ATP.
• The process begins with glycolysis when glucose is converted to pyruvate.
The Differences Between Aerobic Respiration And Fermentation
The differences between aerobic respiration and fermentation is Aerobic Respiration have the breakdown process of glucose is completed in the presence of oxygen while Fermentation have the breakdown process of glucose is incomplete without oxygen or in limited oxygen conditions. Then, Aerobic Respiration also occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondrion while Fermentation occurs only in cytoplasm. Aerobic Respiration also produces water while Fermentation does not produce water. After that, Aerobic Respiration have glucose is oxidised completely into carbon dioxide and water while Fermentation have glucose is not oxidised completely into ethanol and carbon dioxide or lactic acid. Lastly, Aerobic Respiration got one molecule of glucose generates 2898 kJ of energy while Fermentation got one molecule of glucose generates 210 kJ(alcohol fermentation) or 150 kJ( lactic acid fermentation) of energy.

Ng Yee Wen

2020-06-09 02:49:30 UTC

aerobic respiration vs fermentation

2020-06-09 08:16:45 UTC

Lee Yu Lin 4S4

2020-06-09 08:18:08 UTC

Aerobic Respiration VS Fermentation

Lee Yu Lin 4S4

2020-06-09 08:33:49 UTC

Fermentation

Yeng Song Lin 4S1 Aerobic Respiration VS Fermentation

2020-06-09 14:58:16 UTC

Yeng Song Lin 4S1 Fermentation

2020-06-09 15:36:02 UTC

Lee Yu Lin 4S4

2020-06-10 11:42:23 UTC

Aerobic Respiration

Respiratory System (Insects)

g08218903 — 2020-06-11 04:16:18 UTC

You have learned about breathing (gaseous exchange) and the respiratory organs in humans. Now, you are going to learn them in animals. Please IDENTIFY the RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES in INSECTS, DESCRIBE their ADAPTATIONS and FUNCTIONS for GASEOUS EXCHANGE.

Jorson Beh 4s4

2020-06-11 04:58:43 UTC

Ch'ng Pei Jun 4S1

2020-06-11 05:15:47 UTC

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (INSECTS)

Lim Yi Hang 4S1 (Sorry I passed up this late)

2020-06-11 05:37:14 UTC

Aerobic respiration vs. Fermentation

TEH JIA HUI 4S1

2020-06-11 06:42:29 UTC

Respiratory System (insects)

DYLAN OOI YI YANG 4S1

2020-06-11 06:49:22 UTC

Law Guo An 4S1

m2184560 — 2020-06-11 07:24:51 UTC

Respiratory system (insects)

Sabrina Ho 4S5

m2187474 — 2020-06-11 09:14:47 UTC

m2192915 — 2020-06-11 11:19:19 UTC

Adam Khoo Jia Han
4S4

PHOON HAO YENG 4S1

2020-06-11 12:23:18 UTC

Respiratory System (Insects)

Khng Zheng Yang 4S4

2020-06-11 13:14:23 UTC

Respiratory structure in insects

● Air enters the respiratory systems of insects through a series of external openings called spiracles. These external openings, which act as muscular valves in some insects, lead to the internal respiratory system, a densely networked array of tubes called tracheae.

Adaption of respiratory structure of insects

● In insects, the tracheal tubes primarily deliver oxygen directly into the insects' tissues.Spiracles may also be surrounded by hairs to minimize bulk air movement around the opening, and thus minimize water loss.

Yoo Hua Zheng 4S5

2020-06-11 14:42:56 UTC

2020-06-11 17:16:45 UTC

Tan Yong Ping 4S5
Respiratory System(Insect)
An insect's respiratory system is the biological system with which it introduces respiratory gases to its interior and performs gas exchange.

Air enters the respiratory systems of insects through a series of external openings called spiracles. These external openings, which act as muscular valves in some insects, lead to the internal respiratory system, a densely networked array of tubes called tracheae. This network of transverse and longitudinal tracheae equalizes pressure throughout the system.

It is responsible for delivering sufficient oxygen (O2) to all cells of the body and for removing carbon dioxide (CO2) that is produced as a waste product of cellular respiration. The respiratory system of insects (and many other arthropods) is separate from the circulatory system.

LIM YUK KI 4S1

2020-06-11 17:46:57 UTC

Anne Marie Tan Yun Xin 4S1 (Respiratory System of Insects)

m2200788 — 2020-06-12 01:44:07 UTC

Pang Xu Ern 4S1

m2193479 — 2020-06-12 01:50:50 UTC

Respiratory system of insects

m2191564 — 2020-06-12 03:02:49 UTC

Chan Rou Mei 4S5

2020-06-12 03:42:34 UTC

Chan Rou Mei 4S5

2020-06-12 04:04:50 UTC

Mitosis is defined as the division of the nucleus of parent cell into two nuclei.Each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes and genetic content with the nucleus of parent cell.
1.Prophase
In the nucleus,chromotin starts to shorten and thicken to for a chromosome structure that can be seen through a light microscope.The chromosome is seen to be made up of two identical threads called sister chromatids.Botn sisiter chromatids are joined at the centremere.The nucleus membrane disintegrates,the nucleolus disappears,the centriole moves to the opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form.
2.Metaphase
Centriole are at the opposite poles of the cell.The spindle fibres maintain the chromosomes at the equatorial plane. The chromosomes become aligned in a single row on the aquatorial plane.Metaphase ends when the centromere begins to divide.
3.Anaphase
The centromere divides into two and the sister chromotids separate.Spindle fibres shorten,contacts and sister chromatids are attracted to the opposite poles cells.Anaphase ends when the chromatid arrives at the poles of the cell.
4.Telephase
When the chromatids are at the opposite poles,they are now called the daughter chromosomes.Each poles contain one set of complete and identical chromosomes.Chromosomes are shaped again as fine chromatin threads.Nucleoli are formed again.Spindle fibres disappear.A new nucleus membrane is formed.The telephase stage is followed by cytokinesis.

Chan Rou Mei 4S5

2020-06-12 04:42:00 UTC

2020-06-12 04:42:09 UTC

Lam Yi han 4s5
The respiratory system consists of air-filled tubes or tracheae, which open at the surface of the thorax and abdomen through paired spiracles. The muscular valves of the spiracles, closed most of the time, open only to allow the uptake of oxygen and the escape of carbon dioxide. The tracheal tubes are continuous with the cuticle of the body surface. The tracheae are stiffened by spiral thickenings or threadlike ridges called taenidia, which branch repeatedly, becoming reduced in cross section and ending in fine thin-walled tracheoles less than one micron in diameter. The tracheoles insinuate themselves between cells, sometimes appearing to penetrate into them, and push deeply into the plasma membrane.Although movements of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur solely by gaseous diffusion in sedentary insects, the system is ventilated mechanically in active species. Pumping movements of the abdomen provide the force necessary to drive out streams of air at some spiracles and suck them in at others. The taenidia keep the tracheae distended, thus allowing free passage of air. In addition, the most active insects have large thin-walled dilatations of the tracheae called air sacs, which serve to increase the volume of air displaced during respiratory movements. Both lack of oxygen and accumulation of carbon dioxide provide stimuli to nerve centres that induce increased respiration during muscular activity.

Toh Yun Ning 4S1

m2200765 — 2020-06-12 04:51:26 UTC

Tan Sing Yee 4S1

2020-06-12 04:55:48 UTC

Respiratory system of insects

Loh Wei Li 4S1

m2187748 — 2020-06-12 07:30:18 UTC

Respiratory System of Insects

Jocelyn Looi Wei Ni 4S1

2020-06-12 08:07:28 UTC

Teoh Yi Rou 4S1

2020-06-12 08:10:12 UTC

Lee Pei-Zhe 4S1

2020-06-12 08:16:42 UTC

Respiratory System of Insects

Chan Rou Mei 4S5

2020-06-12 08:36:14 UTC

Chan Rou Mei 4S5

2020-06-12 08:52:07 UTC

Lee Yu Lin 4S4

2020-06-12 09:21:24 UTC

Respiratory system of insects

Chin Poh Yee 4S1

2020-06-12 09:38:09 UTC

Respiratory system of insects

JUNE LOKE QIAN TING 4S1

m2191160 — 2020-06-12 10:31:25 UTC

Goh JinHao 4s1

2020-06-12 10:34:16 UTC

respiratory system of insects

Tan Xin Yi 4S5

2020-06-12 11:45:45 UTC

Aerobic Respiration VS fermentation

Tang Wei Tao 4S1

2020-06-12 11:59:00 UTC

Neoh Zhi Ni 4S4

2020-06-12 12:02:44 UTC

Tan Xin Yi 4S5

2020-06-12 12:17:59 UTC

Respiratory system (insects)

Lim Kai Qing 4S5

2020-06-12 12:33:33 UTC

Mei Yu Qian 4S1

2020-06-12 13:15:49 UTC

The breathing system of insects is the tracheal system. There are small pores in the thorax and abdomen of insects called spiracles. The spiracles allows the intake of air into the air tube system, which is the tracheal system. The surface of trachea branches out to form finer tubes called the tracheole. The tracheole is the respiratory surface. The large amount of tracheoles provide a large total surface area for exchange of gases. The tracheole wall is thin and moist which allow oxygen gas to diffuse into the cells while carbon dioxide quickly diffuse out of the cell into the tracheole. Some insects have air sacs in their trachea system which filled with air to speed up the delivery of respiratory gas during active body movements.

Melissa Ooi Sean Yin 4S1

2020-06-12 13:19:18 UTC

Mandy Tan Pey Enn 4S5

2020-06-12 13:30:11 UTC

An insect's respiratory system is the biological system with which it introduces respiratory gases to its interior and performs gas exchange.

Air enters the respiratory systems of insects through a series of external openings called spiracles. These external openings, which act as muscular valves in some insects, lead to the internal respiratory system, a densely networked array of tubes called tracheae. This network of transverse and longitudinal tracheae equalizes pressure throughout the system.

It is responsible for delivering sufficient oxygen (O₂) to all cells of the body and for removing carbon dioxide (CO₂) that is produced as a waste product of cellular respiration. The respiratory system of insects (and many other arthropods) is separate from the circulatory system.

Neoh Zhi Ni 4S4

2020-06-12 13:49:46 UTC

Tan Zhi Ying 4S1

2020-06-12 13:58:26 UTC

Lim Yong Kang 4S5

m2197773 — 2020-06-12 14:09:08 UTC

An insect's respiratory system is the biological system with which it introduces respiratory gases to its interior and performs gas exchange.

Ng Yee Wen 4S5

2020-06-12 14:31:55 UTC

Lim Wee Xin 4S5

2020-06-12 14:44:38 UTC

Neoh Eugene 4S1

2020-06-13 03:29:38 UTC

Yeoh Hong Xun 4S5

2020-06-13 03:49:39 UTC

An insect's respiratory system is the biological system with which it introduces respiratory gases to its interior and performs gas exchange.

Sylvester Kuan Kai Xuan 4S5

2020-06-13 03:53:11 UTC

An insect's respiratory system is the biological system with which it introduces respiratory gases to its interior and performs gas exchange.

Kang Ze You 4S4

2020-06-13 05:11:29 UTC

OoiDunTzi4S5

2020-06-13 05:23:21 UTC

Respiratory system (insects)

An insect's respiratory system is the biological system with which it introduces respiratory gases to its interior and performs gas exchange.

Jasline Tan 4S1

2020-06-13 05:59:04 UTC

Loh Bing Jian 4S5

2020-06-13 06:02:22 UTC

respiration sturcture in insect

Biology System with which it introduces respiratory gases to its interior and performs gas exchange.
Air enters the respiratory systems of insects through a series of external openings called spiracles. These external openings, which act as muscular valves in some insects, lead to the internal respiratory system, a densely networked array of tubes called tracheae. This network of transverse and longitudinal tracheae equalizes pressure throughout the system.Gaseous exchange in insects occurs through a system of air-filled internal tubes, the tracheal system, the finer branches of which extend to all parts of the body and may become functionally intracellular in muscle fibers.

Jocelyn Chow Ke Whey 4S1

2020-06-13 06:05:52 UTC

Cheah Ui Zhe 4S1 (Insects Respiratory System)

2020-06-13 06:09:51 UTC

Pong Kah Loong 4S4

2020-06-13 06:35:56 UTC

Ooi Lip Hong 4S4

2020-06-13 08:41:32 UTC

The Insects Respiratory Structure And Its Adaptations
The breathing system of insects is the tracheal system. There are small pores in the thorax and abdomen of insects called spiracles. The spiracle allows the intake of air into the air tube system, which is the tracheal system. The trachea branches out to form finer tubes called the tracheole. Tracheole is the respiratory surface.
Functions For Gaseous Exchange
A large number of tracheoles provides a large total surface area for the exchange of gases. The tracheole wall is thin and moist. This allows oxygen gas to diffuse into the cells while carbon dioxide quickly diffuses out of the cells into the tracheole. Some insects have air sacs in their trachea system. This sac is filled with air to speed up the delivery of respiratory gas during active body movements.

Tang Joe Lynn 4S1

m2183011 — 2020-06-13 09:41:47 UTC

Wong Ji Hong 4S5

2020-06-13 10:46:59 UTC

Goh Pei Xian 4S1

2020-06-13 14:39:02 UTC

Law Wan Ting 4S1

2020-06-14 06:29:51 UTC

Samuel Soon Zi Hang 4S1

2020-06-14 08:10:14 UTC

Yeoh Shuen Ern 4S5

2020-06-14 10:54:21 UTC

An insect's respiratory system is the biological system with which it introduces respiratory gases to its interior and performs gas exchange.

Joey Lee Rou Yi 4S1

2020-06-14 11:16:16 UTC

Tan Yong Sheng 4S5

2020-06-14 14:12:27 UTC

Tan Yong Sheng 4S5

2020-06-14 14:23:21 UTC

Tan Yong Sheng 4S5

2020-06-14 14:27:47 UTC

Tan Yong Sheng 4S5

2020-06-14 14:33:45 UTC

Tan Yong Sheng 4S5

2020-06-14 14:54:04 UTC

Yeng Song Lin 4S1 Respiratory System (Insects)

2020-06-14 15:27:33 UTC

The respiratory system of insects is the tracheal system.
Spiracles which are the small pores in the thorax and abdomen of insects allows the intake of air into the air tube system, which is the tracheal system.
The trachea then branches out to form finer tubes called the tracheole which is the respiratory structure (respiratory surface that enables gaseous exchange to occur between respiring organism cells and their outer environment)
Tracheole has the following adaptions for efficient respiratory gaseous exchange.
A large number of tracheoles provides a large total surface area for the exchange of gases.
The tracheole wall is thin and moist. This allows oxygen gas to diffuse into the cells while carbon dioxide quickly diffuse out of the cells into the tracheole.
Some insects have air sacs in their trachea system. This sac is filled with air to speed up the delivery of respiratory gas during active body movements.

Neoh Zhi Ni 4S4

2020-06-14 15:46:10 UTC

Neoh Zhi Ni 4S4

2020-06-14 16:29:10 UTC

Lim Xin Yi 4S1

2020-06-15 06:23:16 UTC

Respiratory System (Insects)

Teh Whye Yuan 4S1

2020-06-15 07:01:04 UTC

Respiratory System(Insects)

YEAP SHU CHYI 4S1

2020-06-16 04:19:34 UTC

Respiratory System (Fish)

g08218903 — 2020-06-17 08:37:01 UTC

Please IDENTIFY the RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES in FISH. Then, DESCRIBE the ADAPTATIONS of the respiratory structures and their FUNCTIONS for gaseous exchange in fish.

m2192915 — 2020-06-17 09:16:55 UTC

Law Guo An 4S1

m2184560 — 2020-06-17 10:03:18 UTC

Respiratory System (Fish)

Yoo Hua Zheng 4S5

2020-06-17 10:13:00 UTC

Toh Yun Ning 4S1

m2200765 — 2020-06-17 11:06:05 UTC

PHOON HAO YENG 4S1

2020-06-17 12:44:47 UTC

Respiratory System (Fish)

Teoh Yi Rou 4S1

2020-06-17 13:04:52 UTC

Melissa Ooi Sean Yin 4S1

2020-06-17 14:04:32 UTC

2020-06-17 14:18:51 UTC

Tan Yong Ping 4S5
Respiratory system(fish)

Goh JinHao 4S1

2020-06-17 15:55:14 UTC

respiratory system (fish)

Lim Kai Qing 4S5

2020-06-18 02:19:02 UTC

TEH JIA HUI 4S1

2020-06-18 03:21:00 UTC

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (FISH)

Sabrina Ho U-Xuan 4S5

m2187474 — 2020-06-18 04:57:57 UTC

Ooi Lip Hong 4S4

2020-06-18 06:10:26 UTC

The Fish Respiratory Structure And Its Adaptations
The respiratory structure of fish is the gills. The gills are made up of a line of filament that is supported by the gill arch. The following characteristics of filament enable the rapid exchange of respiratory gases. The filament has many thin and flat projections called lamella(plural:lamellae). A large number of filaments and lamellae gives a large total surface area for an efficient gaseous exchange process. Besides that, The lamella membrane is thin and supplied with many blood capillaries for easy absorption and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Khng Zheng Yang 4S4

2020-06-18 07:04:05 UTC

Respiratory structure of fish

● Respiration in fish is done with the help of gills. Most fish possess gills on either side of their head. Gills are tissues made up of feathery structures called gill filaments that provide a large surface area for gas exchange.Blood enters and leaves the gills through these small blood vessels.

Adaption of respiratory structure in fish and functions for gaseous exchange

● Exchange of gases in fish is very efficient because of: the large surface area of the gills. the large surface area of the blood capillaries in each gill filament. the short distance required for diffusion. the outer layer of the gill filaments and the capillary walls are just one cell thick.

Yong Keh Lim , Anderson 4S4 Respiratory system (Insects)

m2199028 — 2020-06-18 07:34:11 UTC

--There are small pores in the thorax and abdomen of insects called spiracles. The spiracle allows the intake of air into the air tube system , which is the tracheal system.
-The trachea branches out to form finer tubes called the tracheole. Tracheole is the respiratory surface. The tracheole has the following characteristics that allow for efficient respiratory gaseous exchange.
.A large number of tracheoles provides a large total surface area for the exchange of gases.
.The tracheole wall is thin and moist. This allows oxygen gas to diffuse into the cells while carbon dioxide quickly diffuse out of the cells into the tracheole.
-Some insects have air sacs in their trachea system. This sac is filled with air to speed up the delivery of respiratory gas during active body movements.

Yong Keh Lim , Anderson 4S4 Respiratory system (fish)

m2199028 — 2020-06-18 07:50:10 UTC

The respiratory structure of fish is gills. The gills are made up of a line filament that is supported by the gill arch. The following characteristics of filament enable the rapid exchange of respiratory gases.
.The filament has many thin and flat projections called lamella. A large number of filaments and lamellae gives a large total surface area for an efficient gaseous exchange process.
.The lamella membrane is thin and supplied with many blood capillaries for easy absorption and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Lim Wee Xin 4S5

2020-06-18 08:32:23 UTC

Lee Yu Lin 4S4

2020-06-18 11:47:45 UTC

Loh Wei Li 4S1

m2187748 — 2020-06-18 12:20:14 UTC

Respiratory System of Fish

Chan Rou Mei 4S5

2020-06-18 13:23:08 UTC

Tan Sing Yee 4S1

2020-06-18 13:33:39 UTC

Respiratory structure of fish and its adaptations and functions

Lim Yong Kang 4S5

m2197773 — 2020-06-18 13:45:46 UTC

Mandy Tan Pey Enn 4S5

2020-06-18 16:06:07 UTC

The respiratory system

Oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolve in water, and most fishes exchange dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in water by means of the gills. The gills lie behind and to the side of the mouth cavity and consist of fleshy filaments supported by the gill arches and filled with blood vessels, which give gills a bright red colour. Water taken in continuously through the mouth passes backward between the gill bars and over the gill filaments, where the exchange of gases takes place. The gills are protected by a gill cover in teleosts and many other fishes but by flaps of skin in sharks, rays, and some of the older fossil fish groups. The blood capillaries in the gill filaments are close to the gill surface to take up oxygen from the water and to give up excess carbon dioxide to the water.

Chin Poh Yee 4S1

2020-06-18 16:19:46 UTC

respiratory structure of fish and its adaptations

Jorson Beh 4s4

2020-06-18 17:02:11 UTC

Law Wan Ting 4S1

2020-06-18 19:13:13 UTC

Sylvester Kuan Kai Xuan 4S5

2020-06-19 00:42:34 UTC

Many aquatic animals have developed gills for respiration which are specifically adapted to their function. In fish, for example, they have: A large surface area to allow as much oxygen to enter the gills as possible because more of the gas comes into contact with the membrane. ... each gill filament has many lamellae.

Pang Xu Ern 4S1

m2193479 — 2020-06-19 01:09:07 UTC

Respiratory system (fish)

Ong Pei Chun 4S5

2020-06-19 01:52:11 UTC

Pong Kah Loong 4S4

2020-06-19 02:32:34 UTC

Ch'ng Pei Jun 4S1

2020-06-19 02:42:48 UTC

Neoh Eugene 4S1

m2186474 — 2020-06-19 05:19:37 UTC

Respiratory system(fish)

Anne Marie Tan Yun Xin 4S1

m2200788 — 2020-06-19 05:59:38 UTC

DYLAN OOI YI YANG 4S1

2020-06-19 06:14:16 UTC

Mei Yu Qian 4S1

2020-06-19 06:27:42 UTC

The respiratory structure of fish is gills. The gills are made up of a ;ine of filament that is supportted by the gill arch.
The filament has many thin and flat projections called lamella. A large amount of filaments and lamellae gives a large total area for an efficient gaseous exchange process.
The lamella membrane is thin and supplied with many blood capillaries for easy absorption and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Jocelyn Looi Wei Ni 4S1

2020-06-19 07:49:42 UTC

Lee Pei-Zhe 4S1

2020-06-19 08:35:34 UTC

Respiratory structure in fish

Jasline Tan 4S1

2020-06-19 08:51:20 UTC

Jocelyn Chow Ke Whey 4S1

2020-06-19 08:52:44 UTC

Tang Wei Tao 4S1

2020-06-19 08:58:47 UTC

Joey Lee Rou Yi 4S1

2020-06-19 09:01:43 UTC

LIM YI HANG 4S1

2020-06-19 09:28:16 UTC

Fish Respiratory Structure

The respiratory structure of fish

m2183011 — 2020-06-19 13:21:40 UTC

LIM YUK KI 4S1

2020-06-19 14:41:49 UTC

Tan Zhi Ying 4S1

2020-06-20 00:39:07 UTC

Cheah Ui Zhe 4S1

2020-06-20 05:35:49 UTC

Fish Respiratory System

YEAP SHU CHYI 4S1

2020-06-20 05:47:23 UTC

Loh Bing Jian 4S5

2020-06-20 06:02:36 UTC

The respiratory structure of fish
The respiratory structure of fish is gills.The gills are made up of a line of filament that is supported by the gill arch.Filaments have many functions including the transfer of ions and water, as well as the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, acids and ammonia.The filament has many thin and flat projections called lamella.A large number of filament and lamellae gives a large total surface area for an efficient gaseous exchange proces.The lamella membrane is thin and supplied with many blood capillaries for easy absorption and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (FISH)

m2191564 — 2020-06-20 08:41:27 UTC

the respiratory structure of fish is the gills.the are made up of a line of filament .

OoiDunTzi4S5

2020-06-21 09:19:22 UTC

Respiratory SYSTEM FISH

Ng Yee Wen 4S5

2020-06-22 00:57:09 UTC

Respiratory System ( Fish )
An amphibians spends its life partly in water and party on land.
Therefore, its respiratory structure is adapted for both water and land respiration.
An amphibian exchanges gases between air and bloodstream in 3 different ways:
Cutaneous respiration- through moist skin
Buccal respiration- through lining of mouth
Pulmonary respiration- through lungs
In an inactive state, gases exchange occurs through the amphibian’s skin.

Efficiency for Gases Exchange:
Moist respiratory surface to dissolve respiratory gases.
Thin respiratory surface to increase the efficiency of gas absorption.
Respiratory surface covered with network of blood capillaries.
Folds respiratory surface inside the lungs to increases the surface of exchange gases.

June Loke Qian Ting 4S1 - Respiratory Structure of Fish

m2191160 — 2020-06-22 02:38:11 UTC

Respiratory structure for fish

The respiratory structure of fish is the gills. The gills are made up of a line of filament that is supported by the gill arch.

The following characteristics of filament enable the rapid exchange of respiratory gases.

· The filament has many thin and flat projections called lamella. A large number of filaments and lamellae gives a large total surface area for an efficient gaseous exchange process.

· The lamella membrane is thin and supplied with many blood capillaries for easy absorption and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Function:

Gills are tissues that are like short threads, protein structures called filaments. These filaments have many functions including the transfer of ions and water, as well as the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, acids and ammonia.

Branchial arches, or gill arches, are a series of bony "loops" present in fish, which support the gills.

Joanne Tan Gim Lean 4S5

2020-06-22 06:10:33 UTC

Respiratory Structure of Fish

Joanne Tan Gim Lean

2020-06-22 06:12:24 UTC

Respiratory Structure of Insect

Lim Xin Yi 4S1

2020-06-22 06:32:24 UTC

Respiratory Structure of fish and its adaptations

Samuel Soon Zi Hang 4S1

2020-06-22 08:06:11 UTC

2020-06-22 10:04:31 UTC

Lam yi han 4s5

Yeng Song Lin 4S1 Respiratory System (Fish)

2020-06-22 17:07:10 UTC

RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES:
The respiratory structure of fish is the gills that are made up of a line of filament supported by the gill arch.

ADAPTATIONS of respiratory structures and FUNCTIONS for gaseous exchange:

~The filament of the gills has many thin and flat projections called lamella. A large number of filaments and lamellae gives a large total surface area for an efficient gaseous exchange process.

~The lamella membrane is thin and supplied with many blood capillaries for easy absorption and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Kang Ze You 4S4

2020-06-23 01:55:10 UTC

Moey Wei Lian 4S1

2020-06-23 07:50:25 UTC

Aerobic Respiration

Moey Wei Lian 4S1

2020-06-23 07:52:42 UTC

Aerobic Respiration Vs Fermentation

Moey Wei Lian 4S1

2020-06-23 07:54:25 UTC

Fermentation

Moey Wei Lian 4S1

2020-06-23 07:56:23 UTC

Respiratory System (insects)

Moey Wei Lian 4S1

2020-06-23 07:57:27 UTC

Respiratory System (Fish)

Neoh Zhi Ni 4S4

2020-06-25 13:32:19 UTC

Respiratory System (fish)

Teh Whye Yuan

2020-07-10 09:36:41 UTC

Respiratory System(fish)