• Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by the ingestion of contaminated food or water with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which is present in feces, that could kill a person within hours if left untreated (WHO, 2023).

Source:

• World Health Organization. (2023, December 11). Cholera. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQiAoeGuBhCBARIsAGfKY7yMwoISTnHz2Tslwb1Fpu8rxxMbewPy2ymzrO6UMmV2JLX6QJudsm0aAqIhEALw_wcB

• Secretary Worcester mobilized both civilian and military personnel to contain the spread of the disease by razing the Farola district and moving its inhabitants to a designated detention camp.

• Quarantine procedures and prohibitions were imposed to avoid the spread of the disease to other parts of the country.

Source:

• Ileto, R. C. (2017, March 01). Cholera and the origins of the American sanitary order in the Philippines. Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies, 125-148. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526123664.00009

• Trades with India and other affected countries were temporarily halted and suspended. 

• Quarantine procedures and prohibitions were imposed to reduce the possibility of continuous spread to other unaffected countries.

Source:

• United Kingdom Parliament. (n.d.). Cholera in Sunderland. https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/towncountry/towns/tyne-and-wear-case-study/introduction/cholera-in-sunderland/#:~:text=The%20first%20cholera%20pandemic%20began,1827%20another%20pandemic%20broke%20out.

• No response yet since it was a few days later, the DOH found out the two foreigners were carriers of the SARS-CoV-2.

Source:

• Edrada, E. M., Lopez, E. B., Villarama, J. B., Salva Villarama, E. P., Dagoc, B. F., Smith, C., Sayo, A. R., Verona, J. A., Trifalgar-Arches, J., Lazaro, J., Balinas, E. G. M., Telan, E. F. O., Roy, L., Galon, M., Florida, C. H. N., Ukawa, T., Villaneuva, A. M. G., Saito, N., Nepomuceno, J. R., Ariyoshi, K., … Solante, R. M. (2020). First COVID-19 infections in the Philippines: a case report. Tropical medicine and health, 48, 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-020-00203-0

• The director of the Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG), Coronel, gathered information about the 331 passengers of three different flights that arrived with the Chinese couple (Manila Bulletin, 2020). 

Source:

• Recuenco, A., Luci-Atienza., & De Vera, A.. (2020). PNP: 48 hours to track down passengers. Manila Bulletin. https://mb.com.ph/2020/02/05/pnp-48-hours-to-track-down-passengers/

• Sanitation was still observed to prevent recurrence of the epidemic, but quarantine measures and prohibitions were eradicated.

Source:

• Ileto, R. C. (2017, March 01). Cholera and the origins of the American sanitary order in the Philippines. Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies, 125-148. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526123664.00009

• Rice was imported into the needy parts of the affected population to counter hunger and lack of food supply and source.

• Huts were burned to the ground when people died in it due to the spreading disease.

• Intense quarantine measures and house-to-house inspections were implemented.

Source:

• Ileto, R. C. (2017, March 01). Cholera and the origins of the American sanitary order in the Philippines. Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies, 125-148. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526123664.00009

• They used their scientific discoveries and knowledge on how to tame the processes of the disease, what causes it, how it can be prevented and how to treat it, to implement sanitation measures that were vital in confronting the disease outbreak.

• Food and water were monitored and controlled to avoid contamination.

• Trial “magic bullets” generally consisting of routine treatments administered to the sick involving benzoyl-acetyl-peroxide, guaiacol carbonate, calomel, potassium permanganate, two percent tannic acid, and dilute sulphuric acid, were used to shoot down the bacillus involved in the disease.

• The sick were isolated and interaction with them, even when dead, is minimized.

Source:

• Ileto, R. C. (2017, March 01). Cholera and the origins of the American sanitary order in the Philippines. Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies, 125-148. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526123664.00009

• All people were isolated in their houses and when stricken with the disease were immediately sent off to detention camps.

• To prevent the spread of the disease, houses were burned to the ground in the presence of an infected person.

Source:

• Ileto, R. C. (2017, March 01). Cholera and the origins of the American sanitary order in the Philippines. Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies, 125-148. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526123664.00009

• Cremation was highly recommended to the family of the sick, however, if they did not prefer to burn their dead, they were mandated to bury the bodies in sealed metallic coffins seven-foot deep into the ground to avoid possible threats of contamination.

Source:

• Ileto, R. C. (2017, March 01). Cholera and the origins of the American sanitary order in the Philippines. Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies, 125-148. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526123664.00009

• Sanitation methods were still imposed and applied.

Source:

• Ileto, R. C. (2017, March 01). Cholera and the origins of the American sanitary order in the Philippines. Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies, 125-148. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526123664.00009

Source:

• De Vera, A, (2021). PH’s COVID-19 cases continue to dip, logs lowest number of new cases in nearly 8 months. Manila Bulletin. https://mb.com.ph/2021/11/02/phs-covid-19-cases-continue-to-dip-logs-lowest-number-of-new-cases-in-nearly-8-months/

• President Duterte temporarily banned all nationalities traveling from China except Filipinos to prevent the further spread of the virus.

Sources:

• Paris, J. (2020). Philippines confirms 3rd case of novel coronavirus. Rappler. https://www.rappler.com/nation/251003-philippines-confirms-3rd-case-novel-coronavirus/

• Senate of the Philippines. (2020). PRRD imposes temporary travel ban to cover all travelers coming from any part of China, says Bong Go. https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2020/0202_go2.asp 

• The patient was admitted to a hospital in Metro Manila.

• The DOH and San Juan City's local government started the contract-tracing process to identify people possibly infected with COVID-19. 

• Mayor Francis Zamora instructed the City Health Office to temporarily close the public player room (where the patient regularly visits).

Sources:

• WHO. (2020). Situation report 1 Philippines 2020. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/wpro---documents/countries/philippines/emergencies/covid-19/who-phl-sitrep-1-covid-19-9mar2020.pdf?sfvrsn=2553985a_2

• De Vera, A., & Kabiling, G.. (2020). PH reports 1st local COVID-19 case. Manila Bulletin. https://mb.com.ph/2020/03/06/ph-reports-1st-local-covid-19-case/

• President Duterte ordered a 30-day community quarantine in the entire Metro Manila from March 15 to April 14, 2020.

• Strict rules against mass gathering, cancellation of classes in all levels, work arrangements, and localized community quarantine were strictly implemented. 

• On March 16, 20202, President Duterte announced that the lockdown would now cover the entirety of Luzon.

Source:

• Amit, A. M. L., Pepito, V. C. F., & Dayrit, M. M. (2021). Early response to COVID-19 in the 
Philippines. Western Pacific surveillance and response journal : WPSAR, 12(1), 56–60. https://doi.org/10.5365/wpsar.2020.11.1.014

• Presidential Spokesman Harry Roque announced that the Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Infectious Diseases (IATF) placed low-risk places in a relaxed GCQ while those high-risk areas were under a fortified ECQ.

Sources:

• The Medical City. (2020). COVID-19 update as of May 14, 2020. https://www.themedicalcity.com/news/covid-19-update-as-of-may-14-2020

• Kabiling, G. (2020). Entire PH under GCW effective May 16, except for NCR, Laguna, Cebu city. https://mb.com.ph/2020/05/14/entire-ph-under-gcq-effective-may-16-except-for-ncr-laguna-cebu-city/

• Malacañang maintained Metro Manila under GCQ status after the government after the deceleration of the doubling rate of COVID-19 cases. 

• A total of 2, 123 people died due to the complications brought by COVID-19. 

• Malacañang placed almost all areas in the Philippines under MECQ from August 16 to 31 except for 15 provinces/cities in strict lockdowns.

Source:

• Reyes, C. (2022). The Philippines’ response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Philippine Institute for Development Studies. https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/document/pidsbk2022-covid19.pdf

Sources:

• Vallejo, B.M., Ong, R.A.C. OCTA as an independent science advice provider for COVID-19 in the Philippines. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 9, 104 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01112-9

• MMDA. (2020). Minors still not allowed outdoors except for essentials, exercise. https://mmda.gov.ph/home/72-news/news-2020/4416-december-3-2020-mmda-minors-still-not-allowed-outdoors-except-for-essentials-exercise.html

Sources:

• Geducos, A. (2021). A year of lockdown: NCR, 9 others to remain under GCQ in March. Manila Bulletin. https://mb.com.ph/2021/02/27/a-year-of-lockdown-ncr-9-others-to-remain-under-gcq-in-march/

• WHO. (2021). Philippines welcome the arrival of COVI-19 vaccines via COVAX facility. https://www.who.int/philippines/news/detail/04-03-2021-philippines-welcomes-the-arrival-of-covid-19-vaccines-via-covax-facility

Sources:

• Inter-Agency Task Force. (2021). Resolution no. 142. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2021/10oct/20211007-IATF-RESOLUTION-142-RRD.pdf

• Hapal, K. (2021). The Philippines’ COVID-10 response: Securitising the pandemic and disciplining the pasaway. SAGE Journal. 40(2). 224-244. DOI: 10.1177/1868103421994261

Sources:

• Prevent Epidemics. (2020). Alert--level systems for COVID-19. https://preventepidemics.org/covid19/resources/levels/

• Nepomuceno, P. (2021). NCR under ‘alert level 4’ as granular lockdowns start Sept. 16. Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1153451#:~:text=16,-By%20Priam%20Nepomuceno&text=MANILA%20%E2%80%93%20The%20National%20Capital%20Region,Eduardo%20A%C3%B1o%20said%20on%20Tuesday.

• COVID-19 is a contagious disease caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2. It is a pneumonia-like illness presenting symptoms such as cough, fever, difficulty breathing, and other associated manifestations (Agarwal et al., 2020).

Source:

• Agarwak, K., Mohapatra, S., Sharma, P., Sharma, S., Bhatia, D., & Mishra, A. (2020). Study and overview of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Sensors International. 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100037.
  

Sources:

• Abad, P. J., Tan, M. L., Baluyot, M. M., Villa, A. Q., Talapian, G. L., Reyes, M. E., Suarez, R. C., Sur, A. L., Aldemita, V. D., Padilla, C. D., & Laurino, M. Y. (2014). Cultural beliefs on disease causation in the Philippines: Challenge and implications in genetic counseling. Journal of Community Genetics, 5(4), 399–407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12687-014-0193-1

• Downey, A., Brown, L., & Calonge, N. (2020, July 14). Evidence-based practice for public health emergency preparedness and response. Implementing Quarantine to Reduce or Stop the Spread of a Contagious Disease. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563999/

• Gilligan, P. (2023, March 14). Cholera in times of chaos. American Society for Microbiology. https://asm.org/articles/2023/march/cholera-in-times-of-chaos

Sources:

• Biswas, R. (2021). Philippines economy hit by rising COVID-19 wave. S&P Global Market Intelligence. https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/mi/research-analysis/philippines-economy-hit-by-rising-covid19-wave-apr21.html

• Filip, R., Gheorghita Puscaselu, R., Anchidin-Norocel, L., Dimian, M., & Savage, W. K. (2022). Global challenges to public health care systems during the covid-19 pandemic: A review of pandemic measures and problems. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(8), 1295. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12081295

• Sabonsolin, J. (2022). Infodemic amidst the COVID-19 in the Philippines. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research. 10.11594/ijmaber.03.02.05

• Statista. (2023). Total number of criminal incidents recorded in the Philippines from 2020 to 2022. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1270736/philippines-number-of-crime-incidents/

• URC. (2021). Mental health on the move in the Philippines. https://www.urc-chs.com/news/mental-health-on-the-move-in-the-philippines-meet-the-lusog-isip-app/#:~:text=The%20DOH%20estimates%20that%20at,impact%20a%20person's%20mental%20health.

• Ing-Tsyr A. Chen - 2022017301

• Kim Xeng D. Dy - 2022020311

Section 21

Submitted to

• Mx. Leo G. Cabanza II

Readings in Philippine History Professor