Thinking: Memory, Cognition, Language by Anis Zaydi https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9 en-us 2023-05-30 15:08:01 UTC 2025-11-21 04:22:05 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f9e0.png 1. Basic Process aniszaydi12 https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609286848 2023-05-30 15:25:17 UTC https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609286848 2. Three-stages Memory Theory aniszaydi12 https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609294019 Rate of retention:
- sensory memory: ~1 second
- STM: 15-25 seconds
- LTM: relatively permanent]]> 2023-05-30 15:32:08 UTC https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609294019 3. LTM Modules aniszaydi12 https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609366656 Implicit memory: not consciously aware but still influence bhv/performance

Explicit memory: intentional/conscious recollection]]> 2023-05-30 16:40:36 UTC https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609366656 4. Recall aniszaydi12 https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609374711 Recall: retrieve info
  • retrieval cue - stimulus to recall easily
  • recognition - identify presented stimuli

Levels of Processing Theory
- greater intensity during initial processing, more likely to remember

Flashbulb Memory
- snapshot of very vivid specific/important events
- can be shared events/personal trauma (eg. 9/11)

Autobiographical Memory
- recollections of circumstances/episodes from own life
]]> 2023-05-30 16:48:40 UTC https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609374711 5. Memory - A Constructive Process aniszaydi12 https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609379821 - influenced by the meaning given to what is being recalled
- not as is, involves guesses and inferences

- remember by schemas: information stored in memory that bias the way it is interpreted/stored and recalled]]> 2023-05-30 16:53:31 UTC https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609379821 6. Forgetting aniszaydi12 https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609385364 - rapid declines in the first 9 hours, then slows down and decline very little even after days

- Why we forget?
  • failure of encoding
  • decay - loss due to non-use
  • cue-dependent forgetting - insufficient retrieval cue
  • interference - other info disrupts recall 
- proactive interference: past info interrupts present
- retroactive interference: present info interrupts past


]]> 2023-05-30 16:59:18 UTC https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609385364 1. Thinking aniszaydi12 https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609456083 - manipulation of mental representation of info

Fundamental elements
  1. Mental image - representations in the mind of an object/event
  2. Concept - categorizations (shares common properties)
  • helps classify newly encountered objects from past experiences
  • influences bhv
  • Prototypes: typical, highly representative example of a concept
]]> 2023-05-30 18:09:24 UTC https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609456083 2. Reasoning - Making Decision aniszaydi12 https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609459959 - involves cognitive shortcuts:
  • Algorithm - rules that always provide a solution
  • Heuristic - shortcuts that may (not guaranteed) lead to a solution
]]> 2023-05-30 18:12:18 UTC https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609459959 3. Problem Solving (3 steps) aniszaydi12 https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609471333 Obstacles in problem solving:
- mental set: tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist
  • cth: functional fixedness: tendency to think of an object only in terms of its typical use
- inappropriate use of algorithm/heuristic
]]> 2023-05-30 18:24:51 UTC https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609471333 1. Language Definition aniszaydi12 https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609677909 - the communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules]]> 2023-05-30 23:44:40 UTC https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609677909 2. Language Development aniszaydi12 https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609681337
  • Babble - meaningless speechlike sounds
  • Telegraphic speech - sentences sounding like a part of telegram - words not critical to the message are left out. (eg. I show book)
  • Overgeneralization - apply language rules generally resulting in error (eg. I ran -> I runned)
    • ]]>     2023-05-30 23:49:27 UTC https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609681337     3. Approaches in Language Development aniszaydi12 https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609693620 Learning-Theory Approach 
    • suggests language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning
    • cth: child say "Mama" -> gets praise (reinforcement)

    Nativist-Theory Approach
    • humans are born with an innate linguistic capability - genetically determined
    • Noam Chomsky's theories: 
      • all languages share a common underlying structure (universal grammar)
      • human brain has the language-acquisition device to understand language

     Interactionist Approach
    • suggests language develops through a combination of genetics determined predispositions and environmental circumstances
    ]]>     2023-05-31 00:05:16 UTC https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609693620     4. Language and Thinking aniszaydi12 https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609701653 Linguistic-relativity hypothesis suggests that language produces thought
    • refuted by recent research -> thinking produces language
    • language influences thinking process - the way ppl store info and how well they can retrieve it
    ]]>     2023-05-31 00:13:28 UTC https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609701653     5. Being Bilingual aniszaydi12 https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609705252 Cognitive benefits:
    • more cognitive flexibility/creative in problem solving
    • more linguistic tools for thinking
    • brain organized differently
    ]]>     2023-05-31 00:17:18 UTC https://padlet.com/aniszaydi12/aedy90foftnr0rd9/wish/2609705252