UDAA2214 GROUP 4 : Human intervention in farm animal reproduction (From lab to farm) by Jean K

Swine

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Sus scrofa domesticus

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References:

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Althouse, G.C., Levis, D.G. and Diehl, J., 2015. Semen collection, evaluation and processing in the boar. [e-journal] Available at: <10.13140/RG.2.1.2638.8640> [Accessed 30 August 2020].

Pig Improvement Company, 2017. Boar Stud Management Guidelines. Available at: < https://www.pic.com/resources/test/> [1 September 2020].

Caliebe, A., Nebel, A., Makarewicz, C., Krawczak, M. and Krause-Kyora, B., 2017. Insight into early pig domestication provided by ancient DNA analysis. Scientific reports, [e-journal] 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44550.

Choudhary, K K., KAvya, K.M., Jerome, A. and Sharma, R.K., 2016. Adavances in reproductive technologies. Veterinary World, [e-journal] 9(4), pp. 388.395. 10.14202/vetworld.2016.388-395.

Coy, P., Martínez, E., Ruiz, S., Vázquez, J. M., Roca, J., and Matas, C., 1993. Sperm concentration influences fertilization and male pronuclear formation in vitro in pigs. Theriogenology, [e-journal] 40(3), pp. 539–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(93)90407-v

Evin, A., Dobney,K. and Cucchu, T., 2017. A history of pig domestication: New ways of exploring a complex process. In: M. Melletti, and E. Meijaard, eds. 2017. Ecology, Conservation and Management of Wild Pigs and Peccaries: Cambridge University Press, pp. 39–48.

Flink, L.G., 2014. Pig: Domestication. In: C. Smith, ed. 2014. Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 5938–5941.

Gadea, J., Coy, P., Matas, C., Romar, R. and Canovas, S., 2020. Reproductive technologies in swine. In: G. Pressice, ed. 2020. Reproductive technologies in animals. Cambridge: Academic Press. pp. 67 - 79.

Garrigus, W.P. and Holden, P.J., 2020. Livestock farming. [online] Available at: [Accessed 18 August 2020].

Geisert, R.D. and Lucy, M.C., 2018. Pig. Encyclopedia of Reproduction, [e-journal] 2, pp. 641–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.20520-7.

Giuffra, E., Kijas, J.M.H., Amarger, V., Carlborg, O., Jeon, J.T. and Andersson, L., 2000. The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and subsequent introgression. Genetics, 154(4), pp. 1785-1791.

Irfan, T., 2013. General reproductive properties in pigs. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, [e-journal] 37, pp. 1-5. https://doi.org/10.3906/vet-1105-14.

Maes, D., Alfonso, L.R., To, R., Philip, V. and Ann, V.S., 2011. Artificial Insemination in Pigs. In: M. Manafi, ed. 2011. Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals. InTech.

Mathur, P. K. and Liu, Y., n.d. Markers Assisted Selection for the Canadian Swine Industry. [online] Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Swine Improvement. Available at:

Morozumi, K., Shikano, T., Miyazaki, S. and Yanagimachi, R., 2006. Simultaneous removal of sperm plasma membrane and acrosome before intracytoplasmic sperm injection improves oocyte activation/embryonic development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, [e-journal] 103(47), pp.17661-17666. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608183103

Mosman, C.T., 1991. Introduction to the livestock industry. [online] Available at: [Accessed 30 August 2020].

Ratchamak, R., Vongpralub, T., Boonkum, W. and Chankitisakul, V., 2019. Cryopreservation and quality of boar semen collected from bulk samples. Veterinarni Medicina, [e-journal] 64(5), pp.209-216. https://doi.org/10.17221/125/2018-VETMED.

Silva, C. G., Cunha, E. R., Blume, G. R., Malaquias, J. V., Báo, S.N. and Martins, C. N., 2015. Cryopreservation of boar sperm comparing different cryoprotectants associated in media based on powdered coconut water, lactose and trehalose. Cryobiology, [e-journal] 70(2), pp. 90 - 94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.01.001

Sjunnesson, Y., 2019. In vitro fertilisation in domestic mammals - a brief overview. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, [e-journal] pp. 68-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/03009734.2019.1697911.

Soini, S., Ibarreta, D., Anastasiadou, V., Aymé, S., Braga, S., Cornel, M., Coviello, D.A., Evers-Kiebooms, G., Geraedts, J., Gianaroli, L. and Harper, J., 2006. The interface between assisted reproductive technologies and genetics: technical, social, ethical and legal issues. European Journal of Human Genetics, 14(5), pp.588-645.

Yong, H.Y., Pyo, B.S., Hong, J.Y., Kang, S.K., Lee, B.C., Lee, E.S. and Hwang, W.S., 2003. A modified method for ICSI in the pig: injection of head membrane‐damaged sperm using a 3–4 µm diameter injection pipette. Human Reproduction, [e-journal] 18(11), pp.2390-2396. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deg442

Step 1: Spermatozoa immobilization

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May damage the tail of spermatozoa.
Methods: scoring, crushing, vigorous swiping, several piezo pulsesor repeated aspiration in and out of the injection pipette.
May cause disruption of plasma membrane.

(Yong, et. al., 2003)

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To explain fundamental mechanism of fertilization in animals.
To solve infertility problem cause by male factor.

(Yong, et. al., 2003)

emiyamamoto25 — 2020-08-18 09:16:23 UTC

OOCYTE EXTRACTION AND MATURATION

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-Collection of fresh ovaries from slaughterhouse
-Selection of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC)
-maturation of COC for 40 - 44 hours in maturation medium
(Gadea, et al,2020)

Step 2: Aspiration into the injection pipette completely

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(Yong, et. al., 2003)

ICSI

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ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY

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IVF

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In vitro fertilization

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-Fertilization in artificial environment that mimic oviductal environment
-success rate not >45% due to polyspermy
(Gadea, et al,2020)

Cryopreservation

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emiyamamoto25 — 2020-08-30 06:04:48 UTC

Damage caused by cryo in swine sperm is more serious

Cryopreservation

Dilution of sem*n in Beltsville Thawing Solution
Centrifugation of semen and removal of supernatant
Addition of cooling extender and freezing solution
Place in cryoprotectant solution
Freeze them
Store in liquid nitrogen

(Silva, et al., 2015)

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

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Fertilization by injection of a single sperm into the egg

(Yong, et. al., 2003)

INTRODUCTION

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CHARACTERISTICS

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Desired External Characteristics:

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Head: small and long face. A short and wrinkled indicates possible health problems.
Legs and Hock: strong and straight without swelling or visible wounds.
Body: long and not too fat.
Hip: tight and big hips.
Stomach: no hanging stomach.
Skin and hair: smooth without cracks and coarse hair.
Eye and nose: bright eyes with no tears and gum. nose should have no mucus, wrinkles and deformity.

(Mosman, 1991)

weipingtiong22 — 2020-08-30 07:21:17 UTC

Polyestrous (>1 estrus in a year)
Polytocous (multiple offspring)

(Geisert and Lucy, 2018)

2.3 farrowing per year
Producing 9.5 to 12.5 piglets per litter
average 3 litter -> productivity wanes -> sent to slaughter -> age 24-30 months (Irfan, 2013)

DIVIDER

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DIVIDER

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Step 3: Injection and mixing injected spermatozoa with ooplasm

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Oocyte immobilized with holding pipette, polar body position at 6 or 12 o'clock.
Aspiration of cytoplasmic materials with the sperm inside the injection pipette repeatedly.

(Yong, et. al., 2003)

Important factors for the success of fertilization

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sperm immobilization
plasma membrane disruption (removal of plasma membrane and acrosome)

(Morozumi, et. al., 2006)

Our opinions on the effects of this approach

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ANIMALS

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ENVIRONMENT

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC

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REPRODUCTION🐖

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DIVIDER

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DIVIDER

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COLLECTION OF GAMETE

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SPERM

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OOCYTE

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Automated Semen Collection

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Gloved Hand Technique

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Methods of Sperm Preparation

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Washing and dilution of semen.
Sperm migration
Selective washing

(Gadea, 2020)

weipingtiong22 — 2020-08-30 13:46:54 UTC

Semen collection room -> quiet & non-slippery
Pre-warmed collection container (insulated thermos/ styrofoam cup) to 38°C.
Cover container with gauze/mesh filter.
Allow boar to mount on dummy
Massage penis through prepuce
Penis extended out of sheath.
Sperm collection initiated with uniform pressure to spiral end of penis with gloved hand so penis cannot rotate.
Boar cease trusting and start ejaculation.
Pre-sperm and post sperm -> clear watery fluid-> discard -> discard -> no sperm and high bacterial count.
Sperm rich fraction->chalky appearance-> collect.
Collection container should be placed in warm water
Semen should be extended in 15 minutes (Maes, et al., 2011; Althouse, Levis and Diehl, 2015).

emiyamamoto25 — 2020-08-30 13:49:24 UTC

Remove:

Diluent,
Cryoprotectant,
ecapitating factors.

To:

Select motile sperm cells,
Select mature sperm cells.

(Gadea, 2020)

Matured oocyte can also be obtained by

kevinbeh7134 — 2020-08-30 13:49:52 UTC

-injecting pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to induce ovulation
-CUT OPEN
-flush oviduct with phosphate buffered saline to extract oocyte
(Coy,et al., 1993)

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Gloves

preferably polyvinyl
latex -> toxic to semen

Mesh filter

Filter out gel portion of semen gel -> coagulate into semi solid mass
Interferes with harvesting of spermatozoa, semen evaluation and processing

Massage

Evacuate preputial fluid and aids in stimulating pelvic trusting.

Apply pressure

Imitate pressure applied by corkscrew shape of sow vagina.

(Maes, et al., 2011; Althouse, Levis and Diehl, 2015).

DIVIDER

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jiahaotan2000 — 2020-08-30 15:29:36 UTC

kevinbeh7134 — 2020-08-30 15:52:02 UTC

Oocyte and embryo are very sensitive to cold shock

GROUP MEMBERS:

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🐷Tan Jia Hao
🐷Emi Yamamoto
🐷Tiong Wei Ping
🐷Kevin Beh Kai Yee
🐷Shum Sheng Jie

ETHICAL ISSUES

emiyamamoto25 — 2020-08-30 16:49:08 UTC

Moral issues on cyropreservation of oocyte and sperm cells.

ADVANTAGES

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Achieve the favorable characteristics and healthy litters.
Overcome infertility in females and males.

INCOME

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Genetic improvement increases the efficiency of the reproductive performance of the sow, which determines the profits and income of the farmers.

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Improve:

Labour condition
Productivity and quality of sperm

Disadvantage:

Does not separate ejaculate fraction
Some boar may not accept the automatic collection

(Ratchamak, et al., 2019)

FARM INPUT

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High operation cost for the technique (equipment, laboratory and expert).
Increased frequency of management.

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Include artificial cervix (AC), slide arm, AC holder and dummy.
Slide arm wallow free back and forth movement during collection.
AC mimic sow's cervix and provide pressure to stimulate boar.

(Pig Improvement Company, 2017)

PRODUCTION

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The application of this technique may increase the quality of farm animal and their products

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Increase genetic progress.
Preservation of genetic diversity.

(Sjunnesson, 2019)

Environmentally friendly

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TRANSGENERATIONAL INFERTILITY

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Infertility might transmitted to the offspring or create other health problem

(Soini et. al., 2006)

GENETIC DIVERSITY

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Might not be sustained due to inbreeding

Thank you !! ·3· Please leave a good rating if you think I'm cute <3

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emiyamamoto25 — 2020-09-01 05:47:00 UTC

FUN FACT:

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They are the smartest among all the domesticated animals.
Whether wild or domesticated, they run super fast (17 km/h).
Do not have sweat gland, white pig burn easily in sun -> roll in mud to keep cool
Most consumed meat
They are omnivores

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I eat 5 pound of feed each day on average.

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emiyamamoto25 — 2020-09-01 05:55:27 UTC

jiahaotan2000 — 2020-09-01 07:48:51 UTC

Pig, swine, hog - general terms without gender, age and size
Boar - male pig
Gilt - female pig has not given birth yet
Sow - female pig have farrowed
Piglet - baby pig

INSTRUCTION

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Read from left to right . Click on this audio before you journey through our blog!😁

PIGGY SONG

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They are not just an animal to be served as food !!

ARTs

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Everyone needs love, but a little pig now and then won't hurt.

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When I have a camera in my hand, I know no fear.

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The best things happen unexpectedly.

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I always talk better laying down.

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A yawn is a silent shout.

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Forget all your troubles and dance with me.

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Jump for joy for all the achievements we've made.

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I can make friends in a day but none of them compare to the smile you can give in a minute.

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To some, I am porklicious.

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Ganbatte! Good luck

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Never wrestle with pigs. You both get dirty and the pig likes it.

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They stripped my skin off.

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Zoom in for a closer view of my guns.

When I'm too hot for you.

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Mini maialino - smallest breed

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I am smarter than a 3 year old 🧠

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Marker-Asisted Selection

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Involves the use of genes and genetic markers to generate selection of best breeding model.
Genetics markers are associated with target traits to present efficient selection of swine.
Conduct genetic evaluation based on various characteristics, such as market weight, meat thickness, etc.
Effective and efficient in genetic improvement of swine.

(Mathur and Liu, n.d.)

weipingtiong22 — 2020-09-01 17:33:44 UTC

Among first animal to be domesticated (Evin, Dobney and Cucchi, 2017). First domesticated in the Near East around 8500 and 8000 cal BC (Caliebe, et al., 2017). Originates from Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) (Giuffra, et al., 2000).

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Genus:Sus
Family:Suidae
Order:Artiodactyla
(Flink,2014)

Among first animal to be domesticated (Evin, Dobney and Cucchi, 2017).
First domesticated in the Near East around 8500 and 8000 cal BC (Caliebe, et al., 2017).
Originated from Eurasia wild boar (Sus scrofa)(Giuffra, et al., 2000).

DOMESTICATION

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Gloved Hand Technique

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weipingtiong22 — 2020-09-01 18:14:23 UTC

Automated collection

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weipingtiong22 — 2020-09-01 18:16:18 UTC

weipingtiong22 — 2020-09-01 18:30:59 UTC

GENERAL TERMS

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Pork cuts

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jiahaotan2000 — 2020-09-02 05:09:13 UTC

LACK OF KNOWLEDGE

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Database of livestock and its biodiversity within species and breeds
-> required for implementation of ARTs technique

eg.

disease resistant traits
reproduction traits

(Choudhary, et al., 2016)

weipingtiong22 — 2020-09-02 05:28:10 UTC

Productivity + Quality increase📈-> farmers income increase 🤑💰💲

emiyamamoto25 — 2020-09-07 01:35:46 UTC

Before you proceed!

emiyamamoto25 — 2020-09-07 01:36:44 UTC

Welcome to the Pinky Pig group blog! Our journey today is to experience the domesticated reproductive life of the pigs.

We start off with introduction to the history and the characteristics of the domesticated pigs. Followed by interesting facts on the gamete collection and how human intervene in swine (pig) reproduction.

Do not leave before you read the fun facts!
Have fun!🐷🐷🐷

FUNFACT ZONE

weipingtiong22 — 2020-09-07 12:20:07 UTC