Cultural relativism: a method where different societies or cultures are analysed without using the values of another to judge

non-material: refers to intangible aspects of culture that we cannot see including language norms, values symbols.

privacy

informed consent:

confidentiality:

Race: groups based on visible physical charactristics such as skin colour. is a psedouscience.

tehy are both socially constructed categories, however sociologist prefer ethnicity because it involoves a range of features, customs , faith an shared hertige race is only physical.

In the second half of the 19th-century South Sea Islanders were recruited to work on Queensland sugar plantations, Afghan cameleers played a vital role in the exploration and opening up of the Australian outback, and Japanese divers contributed to the development of the pearling industry.

By 1901 the Chinese were the third largest migrant group in Australia after the British and Germans.

77% of population born in Australia, 22.8 % born overseas in 1901. 

(AMES, 2020)

In the 1950s and 60s, Australia accepted refugees from eastern bloc countries, in the 1970s it was Vietnam, Chile and Lebanon. In the 1980s refugees from Afghanistan and Africa came; and from the Balkans, Somalia and Rwanda.

In the 1990s and 2000s, it was South Sudan, Syria and Iraq that were the source of refugees settling in Australia.

(AMES, 2020)

Coalition Policy, esp under Tony Abbott, was to “Stop The Boats” 2013 slogan.

• the perception that Australia was land that belonged to no-one prior to European arrival

• the perception that Australian Indigenous people share one culture

• the perception that Australian Indigenous people mainly live in arid areas of Australia

• Concept of terra nullius (British did not view First Nations as fully human and therefore did not see the land as occupied. The term directly refers to empty or unsettled land in Latin

• Ethnocentric thinking did not recognise First Nations land use practices . Instead prioritising capitalistic ideas of land ownership over connection to country.

• Enableds land to be deemed British without treaty

• Declared by British and formally by NSW Governor Richard Burke in 1835

• Overturned through the Mabo 1992 decision 

  
  

Reality:

• First Nations people lived throughout Australia, Tasmania, and the Torres Strait Islands with complex land and stewardship and ownership law. For example different nations would use message sticks to be passed to a visitor on their land to avoid conflict.

  
  

• Believed that the cultures have been in Australia for at least 60,000 years (AISTI)

• "they are the natural, and in a strict sense of the world the legal possesors of the several regions they inhabit." James Douglas to James cook (nla.gov.au)

• As a result of the British not engaging or learning about  First Nations culture and is a misconception that has been perpetuated by media, and some politicians in the discussion that they are a single homogenous group 

• Examples of this can be seen literally in data that identifies ‘non indigenous’ compared to ‘indigenous’ such as the Closing the Gap reports 

  
  

• This can also perpetuate the notion that First Nations peoples are simple or ‘primitive’ (ethnocentric)

Reality

• Prior to colonisation in 1788 there were over 250 languages spoken, illustrating the wide of variety of language groups and nations of First Nations Australians 

  
  

• There is a great diversity of cultures, kinship structures and ways of life and according to 2022 ABS census data there are still 167 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages that continue to be spoken at home

• This portrayal of First Nations Australians as primarily lived in arid (rural) areas is perpetuated by historical, stereotypical and ethnocentric media representations 

• Government policies have also limited the social visibility of First Nations

• As a result of colonisation and european settlement on coastal areas in Australia, means  there is a disproportionate representation of population 

• Arid areas have insufficient rains to support agriculture 

  
  

Reality 

• • The majority of Indigenous Australians live in the nation's eastern states and not in the remote desert regions of the continent

• • More than 71% of Indigenous people live in New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria (ABS, 2021)

• • 2021 ABS data reflects that the majority (82%) of Indigenous people lived in cities and non-remote areas.

• • 38% lived in major cities

• • 44% lived in inner or regional areas

• • 17% lived in remote or very remote areas

• discredit and ostracise First Nations peoples as being less 'authentic' if they dont love in the outback 'not real first nations'

• govermnet policies and frontier violence moved away contributing to urban areas.

Awareness: Awareness involves an examination of what information is known or understood about a topic.

Is the domination of another through the use of power. In this case it involves restrictive legislation and/or force to ‘put down’ identity, culture, autonomy and survival. 

In the 1840s, the British government informed Australian colonial leaders to take it upon themselves to fix the living conditions of First Nations people. Under the guise of Charles Darwin’s ideology on ‘natural selection’, colonisers implemented paternalistic policies to ‘protect’ a race ‘doomed for extinction.’ These policies aimed to separate First Nations peoples from white populations by making them ‘wards of the state’, under a ‘Chief Protector’ i.e government minister as their legal guardian, meaning the government ultimately controlled most aspects of First Nations peoples’ lives. 

Evidence 

• 1869, the Aborigines Protection Act was introduced

• monitored lifestyle, and establish control over residence, employment, marriage and social life

• ‘To prevent for the protection and management of Aboriginal Natives of Victoria’ (Act, 1869)

• ‘care, custody and education of the children of Aborigines’ (Act, 1869)

In later amendments, the 1909 Act allowed the Board to remove children of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal parents from their homes and place them into homes where they would be raised ‘white’. This was one of the changes in policy that heralded the official start of a period of ‘enforced assimilation’ for ‘part-Aboriginals’. In 1940, the Aboriginal Welfare Board replaced the Aborigines Protection Board, and continued to work under the new policy direction of ‘assimilation’, closing reserves and encouraging people to move into the towns.  

The release of the Little Children are Sacred report (Northern Territory Government had detailed a widespread abuse of children in remote NT First Nations Communities, however the Intervention was not a recommended response from the report. 

The enactment of the Intervention included:

• Compulsory health checks on children 

• Introduction of more state funded services, such as police, health workers and teachers

• BasicsCards income management, controlled up to 50% of user income

• Acquisition of townships, previously held under the Native Title Act of 1993 (five year land leases provided to government with unconditional access)

• Blanket ban on alcohol sales and consumption in remote communities’

Practical:  An approach that focuses on providing services and/or funding to address inequalities.

Symbolic: An approach that focuses on the rights of Indigenous Australians with actions and gestures. The aim is to achieve equality and opportunity.

Change The Date: You need to know

• the nature of the issue

• the historical and political context of this issue

• the relationship between this issue and awareness and public views of Australian Indigenous cultures

• significant indigenous and non-indigenous people (individuals and/or groups) involved and their response(s) to the issue

It negotiated agreements to accept more than two million migrants and displaced people from Europe, offered assisted £10 passages to one million British migrants, nicknamed ‘Ten Pound Poms’.

Mr Fraser embraced multiculturalism and greater rights for Indigenous Australians. He established an Australian Refugee Advisory Council to advise on the settlement of refugees, many of whom had been arriving by boat from Vietnam from 1978. At the time, Australia took the highest number of Indochinese refugees of any nation, on a per capita basis.

He also established the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) for multilingual radio and television services, a much-loved service among Australia's immigrant community. Mr Fraser strongly believed immigrants did not have to cut all their ties with their birth country to be good Australian citizens. (BBC, 2016

Enablers: factors that encourage, promote or make it possible for an individual or group to feel safe and included 

In relation to: 

• responses to cultural practices

• media representations

• political factors

• Shared values and beliefs

• Shared experiences

• Social support

• Inclusion

• Communication and interaction

• Economic Factors

• Social factors

• Political factors 

• Geographical factors

Mallacoota Case Study Notes (thank you Finlay, Victoria) 

10 Mark Question: Evaluate how an economic and a social factor have influenced the experience of a community you have studied this year. Provide evidence for your response. 

See next page for structure overview.

objects. It can impact on various aspects of life, such as

transportation, accessibility and economic development.

• Accessibility is the each with which a place or location can be

reached from other places. It is influenced by factors such as

transportation infrastructures, proximity and physical barriers.

• Climate refers to the long-term patterns of temperature, precipitation,

humidity and other atmospheric conditions in a specific area.

• Scenic quality refers to the visual appeal and attractiveness of a

landscape or environment.

• Landforms are natural features on Earth’s surface, such as mountains,

valleys, plateaus and plains.

• Natural resources are materials and substances that occur naturally

in the environment and can be used for economic gain, such as

minerals, water and timber.

• Built features are human-made structures and developments, such as

buildings, roads, bridges and monuments.

• Population refers to the number of people living in a particular area or

region. It can be influenced by factors such as migration, birth rates

and death rates.

Takeaway: Women are oppressed and trapped; they want to uphold responsibility for their families, but they no longer agree with the orthodox values, but feel like they can’t leave as it will ruin their life.

• relentlessly enforced daily rituals, no TV or access to information other than that which relates to their religion, strict gender segregation, arranged marriages, limited access to ‘kosher’ technology, and a life that exists predominantly within eight blocks in East St Kilda.

• It is common for couples to move to Israel after marrying so the husband can further his religious studies. The wife finds a ‘suitable’ job to support them during that time.

• “I had internet access for the very first time. my first window to exploring a world outside of where I was. I started questioning things because I found other stuff out there,”( ICT negative effects)

• “We have got one woman who has just left in her 50s; she came to us in jeans, the first time she had ever worn jeans. Another woman, leads a double life. I don’t know if she will ever leave because she needs the support of her community”

• “A lot of my experiences were very much mirrored in that show. I’ve had friends who have called me up after watching Unorthodox and they say, ‘Dassi, you’ve told us that’s the community you grew up in but we never really understood until we saw that’,” she says.Perceives adas community as a place that restricts her and stunned her growth as a person. She also feels she was denied help or validation for her assault but when she got out she could express and find herself realising she isn't just a born to breed the next generation of jewish children.

• I suffered a second-term miscarriage and that totally wrecked me. I thought, ‘If I’ve been such a good Jewish person and this is what God does to me after waiting so long to have a baby’,” she says.

  “I started questioning then and I started rebelling a little bit. My wig and my skirts were a little bit longer or shorter.”

  Serious post-natal depression set in after she successfully conceived and gave birth and it was when Erlich was hospitalised for it that her eyes opened to the outside world.

  “It just blew my mind — that is where I took my first few steps out of the community. That really opened my eyes up and made me realise there is a world outside my community and it’s not such a dangerous horrible world that I had been taught to believe that it was,” she say

  
  

Takeaway: Some members of the community are more “staunch” in their beliefs; generally these are the younger members of the community, not the older ones. This could be an example of social change, as original members were immigrants, where younger members of the community have always been insulated. So the community is becoming more closed and orthodox. 

The Jewish Independent (2022) notes that orthodox Judaism is growing fastest. 

Tonnies theory presents the ideal types of Gemeinschaft (pre-industrialisation) and Gesselschaft (industrialisation)- a dichotomy between pre-industrial and industrial societies, or rural and urban life. 

• German for ‘community’

• Relates to early forms of community, prior to urbanisation and industrialisation

• Consists of close-knit, intimate bonds between people who are motivated by their loyalty to the collective

• People are united by common, homogenous values and lifestyles

• Close geographic proximity, constrained by geographic restrictions

• Strong social cohesion and sense of belonging Gesselschaft: refers to individualistic and impersonal relationships on a societal level, used to describe post-industrial and urban communities where people are more anonymous private and busy.

  • German for ‘society’

  • Born out of population expansion, urbanisation and industrialisation

  • Refers to impersonal, flexible relations between people based on personal interest and gain rather than group loyalty

  • Communities are not constrained by family and geographical ties

  • Individuals have freedom to choose where they belong

  • More inclusion and participation of women as a result of feminism

  • Disunity as a result of intolerance of diversity of culture and experience

"she has always been K'gari to the Butchulla people" Scott Stewart QLD resources minister "Now this beautiful area will carry its true name in all aspects, the national park, world heritage area an the offical place name"

eg. Mental Health Crisis in South Sudanese community, reported by ABC News, providing insight into the rising youth suicide rate.

Gesselshcaft: towns status as a tourist destination with a population increase of 8000 during summer months (Boey 2020) holiday homes in the town creating a population where people dont have close relationships and dont engage in many social activities. creating indivudulistic and impersonal.

-highlight the common pattern of humans forming social connections via communities.

-the importance of community in fostering a sense of belonging.

-explore the impact of change on the concept of community: tonnies with industrialism through shifting to modern societies led to changes in type and structure of community. maffesolis with how the evolution of information and communication tech, along with changing social values that led to new formation of types of communities.

Differences:

-Tonnies based on shared history, kinship, culture and geography. However Maffesolis reflects post modern, globalised world of the 21st century where people join based on own intrests and identity rather than familial obligation.

-Tonnie dichotomy Maffesoli fluidity and felxibility

-Tonnies focuses the negative effects of Modernisation on community connections whereas Maffesoli sees the potential benfets of neotribes.

A group of enviromeltal activites share the belief of in the importance of proteting the enviroment and taking action to lessen climate change impacts.

-Shared experinces: create a sense of identity and purpose.

members of local soccer team who have been playing together since primary school years would have shared experinces. winning matches.

-social support: provide emotional and practical support.

A student who is new to a school might recive social support from a perr mentor or house buddy program.

-Inclusion: when people feel exepted and valued more likely to feel belonging.

A student who is interested in music might find inclusion in a school based music club that provides opportunites to connect with other students who share a passion for music regardless of skill level.

-Communication and interaction: strengthen emotional connection

A student who is interested in social justice issues might find opportunites for interaction in a schoolbased activism club that orginises events and campagins around social justice causes.

•  Schlomo Abeles sends out email newsletters keep the community safely informed with "kosher" news. (shared experince and communication and interction)

"Melbourne Eruv" app is used to provide status updates on the Eruv boundaries, tips, and news. Google Maps technology is used to map the eruv. This helps them navigate their geographical area while maintaining cultural expectations. ( Inclusion, social support)

• Some use "Matchmaker" websites to locate potential partners overseas in other orthodox populations. (communication and interaction)

  analyses:

• "no device in this house, apart from my telephone-nothing" Raizel Fogel (sbs 2016)

• ICT can positively impact on the experience of community because it allows for more freedom for members as well as expanding an individual's opportunities for employment, social relationships and connections.

• They can give freedom to members who may have lacked it in the past, such as women and children, through the use of websites and phones.

Cultural hybridity in "The Family Law" exemplifies Homi Bhabha’s concept of hybridity where identity is not fixed but constantly negotiated and transformed. Hybrid identities produce a "third space" allowing individuals to blend cultures and challenge dominant cultural norms without fully assimilating. This is evidenced by the characters’ experiences of being seen as perpetual foreigners despite growing up in Australia, and their blending of traditional Chinese values with Australian social realities. Bhabha notes this hybridity as a source of strength and creativity, not weakness.scribd​

The films "Looking For Alibrandi" and "Bend It Like Beckham" also explore cultural hybridity, centering on young protagonists balancing multiple cultural identities, confronting family expectations, and asserting their individuality in a multicultural context. These narratives complement "The Family Law" by showing varied immigrant experiences in Australia and beyond, underscoring the complexity of cultural belonging for second-generation immigrants.archive.junkee​

Quotes around cultural hybridity encapsulate themes of belonging and identity negotiation:

• "Being Asian in Australia means dealing with family dysfunction, cultural clashes, and racism while grappling with a sense of perpetual foreignness."archive.junkee​

• “Hybridity is the name of this displacement of value from symbol to sign... It alters how meaning is made, not just mixing cultures but creating new identities.”scribd​

• “Conversations around sexual orientation and gender identity are often taboo in the Chinese community, but queer characters in The Family Law open new dialogues.”archive.junkee​

• World War II had raised concerns about Australia's lack of population in relation to invasion and shortage of labour worker to rebuild the economy

• Arthur Calwell the Minister for immigration at the time declared the "populate or perish' act to increase the population by 2% per year

• Beautiful Balts: In 1947 Calwell visited Europe to create shipping for migrants from Britain. While he was there he met with the International Refugee Organisation discuss migrants from displaced persons camp in Europe.

• "The men were handsome and the women beautiful. It was not hard to sell immigration to the Australian people once the press published photographs of that group."- Arthur Calwell (Homeaffiars,

• Dismantling the White Australia Policy:

  • The White Australia policy was dismantled in 1966

  • Immigration policies began to focus on potential immigrants skills and qualifications rather that their ethnicity (National Museum of Australia)

  Changes to the Australian Citizen Act

  • passed in 1973

  • removed the racial components from the immigration process

  • with the aim of "uniting all Australians, while respecting their diversity" (Australian Citizen Act 2007)

and traditions of the dominant culture

Many remained outside of the reserves and missions,

choosing instead to work in the pastoral industry

Others lived on the edges of townships and tried to

maintain their ancestral ways

The overall impact on many Australian Indigenous people

during the era of the protection and segregation policies

could be described as one of either ‘despair’ or ‘defiance’

An example includes the Cummeragunja Walk off

(VIC/NSW)

Indigenous Australians but with a desire for them to

become ‘Australian’. It recognised that the Assimilation

policy was not working.

1965:First introduced at the 1965 Aboriginal Welfare

Conference (as described in the Bringing Them Home

Report 1997)

• It is best described as a political statement/

perspective rather than a specific policy

In the same way that the

Assimilation policy impacted

on First Nations peoples.

It contributed to the loss of

languages, connection to

homelands, family and

cultural practices.

• On 23 August 1966, 200 Gurindji stockmen, domestic workers and their families walked off

Wave Hill station in the Northern Territory and refused to keep working for the station owners. The disagreement over wages and land ownership lasted for seven years.

• In 1974 some of the Gurindji people’s homelands were returned to them. This

influenced the first legislation, passed

Australian Born Chinese, but growing up

all I wanted to be was white. The people

at school were predominantly white, just

like everything I watched and read”

(ScreenHub, 2020)

Enabler: “Although 53% of the

Australian population have Anglo-Celtic

ancestry, they represented 71% of main

characters in this study. This is down

from 82% in 2016, suggesting the industry

has made efforts to increase the cultural

diversity in the main characters on our

screens.” (Screen Australia, 2023)

1975 creation of Special Broadcasting Services (SBS) significantly affected ethnic groups experinces. SBS aims to provide high quality media to all Australians regardless of geography, age, cultural background or langauge. proflies in 68 langauges. . (SBS)

Enabler:“I want Australia to continue to be a

country that no matter where you live, who

you worship, who you love or what your last

name is, that places no restrictions on your

journey in life....Because I want every

parent to be able to tell their child no matter

where you live or where you come from, in

Australia the doors of opportunity are open

to us all.” (Anthony Albanese, 2025)

people from their families and

changed labour as they moved

to the cities for work, away

from family.

Urbanisation: (by product of industrialisation) The rapid rise of industrialised

cities, which were needed for

factories to house machinery,

led to an exodus of people

moving from the rural centres

to the cities.

likely to achieve aim

of society

achieved success at twice the rate of violent

resistance movements – 53%, compared to 26%.

• Violence is considered the use or involvement of

physical force intended to hurt, damage or kill

someone.

• Nonviolent campaigns were six times more likely to

achieve ‘full’ success (achieving the goals of the

movement within 2 years) despite a full crackdown

by an opposing regime.

Social movements that are at the individual level and advocate for minor changes to peoples attitudes lives.

LIMITED CHANGES WITHIN THE INDIVIDUAL

Social movements that are at the individual level and advocate for major radical changes.

BROAD SCOPE CHANGES WITHIN INDIVIDUAL

Social movements that seek to change a group or society in a limited way, focusing on a particular facet of the social structure ti reform society as a whole.

LIMITED CHANGE WITHIN GROUPS AND SOCIETY

Social movements that advocate for a reorganisation of society as a whole (emerge from a deep dissatisfaction within society), through seeking radical change to society.

BROAD SCOPE CHANGES WITHIN LARGE GROUPS AND SOCIETY

The first stage of a social movement. In which there is widespread discontent but little to no organisation.

The second stage of a social movement in which membership grows and strategies are formulated.

The third stage of a social movement, characterised by high levels of organisation with strategies carried out within formal structures.

The final stage of a social movement, where the movement ends, either having achieved or failed to achieve its goals

Power based on the ability to provide a consequence for non compliance.

Based on the belief that a person has the formal right to make demands

Power based on the identification with attraction to, or respect for the leader.

eg. celebrities

Getting the lines on to the supermarket shelves beyond Ripponlea also took many failed attempts. "It wasn't an easy process taking it to the general market," says Moshe Friedman.

The first chink into the bigger commercial realm came when Coles started stocking Yumi products in kosher sections in 12 supermarkets. "After that," says Yumi, "it sold to non-Jewish clients because of its quality. People started talking about it in non-Jewish areas."

“Too many Australians deliberately wield Australia Day against Aboriginal people in a kind of racial supremacist way.” Snow, The Age, 2023

In Dinka, 'Wek aca muoth' means 'I greet you all'. In Nuer, "maali'' means "Is there peace?", and is used as a greeting. But "hello" also works fine, since English is an official language thanks to colonisation efforts. (2019)

Material: (Gibson, 2021, ABC).

Abuk Chol Malual, in Bendigo creates woven disks from grass straw and yarn, “practising these cultural skills keeps her connected to her African roots.” Ms Chol Malual said. 

(SBS Food, 2022) 

lentil soup called Addass 

(SOURCE:Community Support Groups - Centre For Multicultural Youth )

New support groups to assist migrating South Sudanese families and there are Community Support Groups (CSG), located in Melbourne, that “aims to strengthen youth engagement in South Sudanese communities and to ensure that young people and their families are linked into activities and services in their areas”.  

(Gibson, 2021, ABC). ALSO

Abuk Chol Malual, in Bendigo creates woven disks from grass straw and yarn, “practising these cultural skills keeps her connected to her African roots.” Ms Chol Malual said. 

221 people killed

20 shootings fit the definition of a ‘mass killing’ (Active Shooter INcidents US)Prior to 2018, there had been earlier social movements aimed at gun control in the US, such as the 2012 Sandy Hook movement “Moms Demand Action”

Emma Gonzelas "if all politicians can do is send thoughts and prayers..its time for victims to be that change" a day after shooting

Coalescence:

Organisers planned the “march” to go ahead on March 24 Washington DC, to show support for the social change and apply political pressure to the state capital. 

Students created the #neveragain and #marchforourlives #MFOL to trend on Twitter and Instagram, spreading awareness -- social media spreading awareness“It’s time for victims to be the change that we need to see.”

“The people in government are lying to us, and us kids call BS.”

“We are going to be the kids you read about in textbooks.” X (Emma) Gonzalez’s “We Call BS” speech

“800 so called sibling marches planned worldwide” (Winsor & Eccleston, 2018)

It estimated that 800,000 people took part in this protest, making it one of the biggest protests ever in the United States, (Lopez, 2018).

Bureaucratisation:

By 2019, there were over 20 formal local “chapters” of the organisation around the US (Smithsonian, 2019)

They created a nonprofit March For Our Lives Action Fund to manage donations, lobbying, and long-term campaigns.

This fund has legal staff, media representatives, fundraisers, and official website (March For Our Lives.org) 

In 2024, the MFOL organisation officially ‘endorsed’ Kamala Harris as president during the election during their voter registration drives. 

'everyday of inaction cost lives' 'gun violence spares no one' 'the crisis doesnt care about politics or ideology' (mfol instagram 2025) informational power

Decline: Failure: The defeat of their endorsed candidate Kamala Harris for President led to a loss of momentum and ability to achieve further federal reform. 

In 2025, the organisation fired 13 of its 16 full-time employees.

A new executive director, Jaclyn Corin, who’d sat on the group’s board, blamed the terminations on a grim fundraising climate and the group’s thinly spread focus. (Clark, 2025)

Others blame infighting and accusations of racism for the organisational failure. (Clark 2025)

Succsess: The initial rally was “one of the biggest protests ever in the United States” (Lopez, 2018). 

The Road to Change tour sought to increase youth voter registration in the mid-term elections, in order to vote for politicians who endorsed better gun control.

Highest youth voter turn out in history, up by 32% - mobilising 2 million youth voters

Overall, the movement claims to have helped pass 300+ state gun safety laws, defeat 40 pro-gun NRA-backed candidates (MFOL.org)

After sustained activism, the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act was passed in 2022—the first major federal gun safety law in decades

Referent Power:

• Young activists, especially survivors Emma González and David Hogg, inspired identification and emotional connection to gain referent power. Emma at 1.5 million Twitter followers by 2019. 

• Celebrity endorsement, particularly that the March 14 Rally, spread awareness

• E.g. George Clooney, Cher, Ariane Grande, Miley Cyrus, Obama, Taylor Swift, Oprah (Ryan, 2018). Many attended, performed or donated to the movement. 

Expert Power:

• In away, the fact that the movement was survivor-led suggested they were experts in the effects of gun violence 

• Endorsement from ex-President Obama

• Allied with Everytown Research (existing group with data and statistic on gun violence) to provide evidence for their speeches (https://everytownresearch.org/) 

Legitimate Power: 

• In the long run, the movement tried to use legitimate democratic power to shift federal policy, which would then enforce legitimate power through new laws and regulations. To do this, they had to use the legitimate power of VOTING, in particular, getting youth to register to vote and then vote for candidates who support gun control. 

• They spoke to politicians who had legitimate power, such as Florida lawmakers in Tallahassee, pressing for gun safety measures .

Coercive & Reward:

• Though they did not use clear strategies along these lines, you could make the following claims. 

• By wielding influence over youth votes in elections, the movement could threaten (coerce) or reward politicians to change their views and policies by taking votes away (such as Scott Walker in Wisconsin) or endorsing them as candidates, such as Kamala Harris in 2024. 

• Their use of statistics and experience could attempt to ‘coerce’ / ‘reward’ people given the consequences of gun violence (do you want your sons / daughter to die? Do you want them to thrive and survive?).

Informational Power: 

• Effective use of mainstream media outlets like CNN, Fox, Time Magazine, NPR, etc. 

• Effective use of social media especially Twitter to spread awareness. 

• Educating youth voters through the Road To Change bus tours

In 2021, it spent $4.2m on lobbying, external, according to non-partisan US research firm OpenSecrets. OpenSecrets' figures suggest that since 2010, the NRA has directed more than $140m to pro-gun election candidates. (BBC 2023)

Legitimate Power

NRA and aligned politicians claimed authority through legal/political roles and constitutional rights.

Using the Second Amendment as justification for opposing gun control; lobbying Congress to block legislation (NRA.org, Brookings.edu).

Reward Power

Offering campaign donations, endorsements, and political support to pro-gun candidates.

NRA Political Victory Fund financially supported lawmakers opposing gun reform (opensecrets.org, nytimes.com).

During the 2024 election the NRA spent a grand total of $10 million during the 2024 federal election (OpenSecrets 2024)

Coercive Power

Threatening political consequences, such as withholding support or mobilizing constituents to vote against candidates.

Death threats to David Hogg (US KIDS, 2018)

• "John will show you what a real assault r*fle looks like"

• A target with david Hogg's face taped on it is **** repeatedly by an NRA supporter

• Counter-protest with guns designed to intimidate the Road To Change Tour (Us Kids, 2018)

Pressure campaigns against politicians supporting gun reform (NRA.org, washingtonpost.com).

Expert Power

Framing themselves as authoritative on gun safety, arguing that more guns make society safer.

Publishing studies or statements promoting armed self-defense and opposing gun restrictions (heritage.org, nraila.org).

Referent Power

Appealing to gun culture and identity, particularly in rural communities, creating loyalty and shared values.

Emphasizing “tradition, personal freedom, and responsibility” in speeches and campaigns (foxnews.com, nra.org).

• Miller (1999) found that movements with more targeted or specific goals may be more likely to achieve success 

5 types of decline of social movement. 

(Robson, 2019)

Violent social movements “lean on the support of physically fit young men” 

Why violence is not effective

(Ranalli, 2019)

“creative and imaginative variation in methods of resistance beyond mass protest” 

Effective tactics are creative and varied. 

Chomsky (1992) 

Manufacturing Consent (1992)

Social happens by people working in their community, with small actions by many individuals, not just charismatic leaders. 

(Taylor, 2023)

CREATIVE METHODS: 

• PRICE TAG stickers / bracelets (MFOL.org) representing NRA donations to the politicians in Wisconsin divided by total number of students. 

• BODY BAG instillation outside capital building (MFOL.org) 

  • “Five years ago, we organized the largest youth-led march since the Vietnam war. And what have we gotten? 170,000+ gun-related deaths, a lot of talk, and not nearly enough action to address this crisis. We wanted to force our leaders to confront the toll of their inaction, so we brought over a thousand child-sized body bags to the National Mall to spell out “Thoughts and Prayers” within eyesight of the US Capitol”

loss of the towns ability to fund their football team as a key factor effecting community life (nature)

The presence of a thriving local club was intimatcly tied to broader measures of communal strength and resilience. Other institutions like churches and wealfair orginisations- saw their capacity to connect and uplift erode football club role as social glue became more significant. Mostly negative. weaking community binds social isolation.

"forced in either an oversight role or a merly palliative one"

"decline of other institutions.. churches do their best but nowadays can only sporadically reach most at risk young people."

"The best predictors of measures of community vigour."

Planned purpose built urban community in Abu Dhabi, designed to be global model of innatovation and sustanibility in the dessert.

"powered by 100% renweable energy sources it designed a net zero city incorpoating cutting edge energy and water conservation tech"

The city covers 6km2 and aims 5000 people to attract innovative compare and organisations in renewable and sustanibility sectors. Residents benefit from high quality environmentally responsible buildings and green species able to opprorate in a world leading sustanibility hub. with goning expansion projects. "madagascar city square" and link.

Positive engoning access to " one of the largest clusters of LEED platinum building in the world"

"99% occupying rule reflecting growing demand for sustainable spaces"

( shared experinces and social support)

scared synegoge . excatly as it was in europe

50s and 60s there wearing a hat we havent changed" - shlomo

613 laws. special laws for men and women.

we dont have Tv in our home- razil

"everybody looks after everyone else." "everybody is virual relaited" - Shlomo

"multinational" hummous

You shall dwell in a booth for the seven days of sukkot. leviticus 23:42. September firts festivail. wondered throughsyanid dessert. Sukkah how they lived.

you shall not worship idols. some do not use the internet at all.

"one or twice a week" unoffival multimedia guru. "1,000 people or so" fililters news from the outside world making sure nothing taboo can reach this community. "without having a computer, without having email or internet I couldnt do it" Shlomo

"Technology posses a big challenge to our community" -

risk of spiritual contamination is even greater with moblie phones. police content. "I need my phone for internt to run my Buisness." Raziel. Check ups by the community technial wizard ensure her filters keep non-Kosher content at bay.

Yuni the fish onger.

"across Australia"

shoking longer skirts never jeans. covered hair. modest.

two or 3 is small. fruitful and multiple.

“They are remarkably stringent about separating the sexes.”

Wilson (Herald Sun, 2020)

“We have got one woman who has just left in her 50s; she came to us in jeans, the first time she had ever worn jeans. Another woman, leads a double life. I don’t know if she will ever leave because she needs the support of her community”

(Bizacca, 2016) About the filming of “strictly jewish”

“not everyone in the 2,000-strong community approved”,

“I think the older generation had more exposure to the outside because they arrived here as young children and were still establishing the community,”

“move forward together” 

Mallacoota geographical factors

- John Pilger, WOW (News.com, 2020)

“The experience of grief, shock, and stress, take an incredibly high emotional toll on families in such times of crisis.”

Mallacoota social factor

(News.com, 2020)

“has become reconnected with our tight-knit surf community and has been out surfing every time there’s waves” over the past few weeks,” she said. 

Mallacoota social factor

(ABC 2021)

A social factor was the establishment of the Waves of Wellness (WOW) healing Group, which organised surfing lessons and mental health conversations

Effect: teenagers able to re-connect and feel safe in the town once again.

Social factor mallacoota

(ABC, 2021)

However locals worked together to rebuild the community and re-open businesses, demonstrating social support.

Economic factor

(The Age 2020)

“Mallacoota Abalone employed eight permanent staff and 40 casuals, and another 40 divers and deckhands”

Economic factor

MADRA (Mallacoota and District Recovery Association) 

Fire meant lack of housing and damaged town assets

Political factor

(taylor 2020)

“the Mallacoota and District community have now experienced an event that will define us and our sense of place together, forever. The lived experiences we shared… have become part of our narrative.”

Political factor

Triple J changed the date. 

'It should be an event that everyone can enjoy together'.

"We want the Hottest 100 to be an inclusive and respectful event for all Australians, including all the incredible Indigenous artists making great Australian music, and the listeners from all cultural backgrounds who love it," the station said last yea

"keep people in the sport and let them keep playing while preventing ingeries."

"inclusive of all ages, skill levels and fitness." positive enabled people who stopped playing to return and enjoy.

"given them a reason to move"

"regular commitment and reason to get up and out to return and enjoy

"given them a reason to get up and out of the house."

after a game its common for everyone to stick around for a cuppa and a chat. creates opportunites for connection and friendship

"it's just as much about the social side as the physical"

"it's about people coming together."

The creation and implementation of the federal Jobkeeper wage subsidy during covid 19 pandamic. the giverment paid $1500 per fortnight to employers to help retain staff who might otherwise lose work. design to :keep people in their jobs connected to their employers even if therr was little or no work to be done."

"under the scheme some workers have been asked to increase their hours. Others say they were worried their employer would cut their hours making them inalogble. additional pressure and uncertanty for casual workers. many were unsure of their rights

" For many workers , jobkeeper has been a lifline."

800 Indeginous Australians who walked off the pastoral stations in Pibara on May 1st 1949 and port hedland and marble bar. It ended August 1949 but after any refused to return to work

Ishita Mathuro is Indian, United Arab Emirates, Australia, lead to tenstion by being veiwed as differen in Australia and India.

"if you dont fit mold your inauthentic." "two different cultures or being caught between the 3rd."

"Impossible for children of imigrantes."

discrimination based on someones name. According to Race Discrimination Commissioner Chin Tan, this is still prevalent in Australia today. The australain rights commision has recived numorus reports of people being dennied job interveiws or rental proporties due to judgments about their name. 'it has a lasting impact on the sense of belonging of young people, who at very sensitive age are trying to build a sense of identity and network.' (Dayman 2023)

enablers:

48 langauges avalbile in VCE-surface level- cultural iceberg (ABC News)

• Current Leader of the opposition Peter Dutton's negative, harmful comments about African communities in victoria.

--> said in an interview that Victorians are “scared to go out to restaurants” because of “African gang violence”, (the gaurdian 2018)

--> example of political influence perpetuating the cycle of Othering through fear mongering, therefore increasing racism and discrimination and decreasing opportunity to gain inclusion and belonging.

Charles Perkins one of the only two Aboriginal Students at the uni at the time was elected presidents of the group.

Mission was too shine on the marginilized community.

Started saturday feb 12th. Wellignton home of the Wiradjuri people "only prevented aboriginies from coming "if they were disordely" Ann Cearthoys

"the problem was out in the open now" Charles Perkins

overseas New york times illuminated racial discrimination. Brang greater equality and recognition. Strength future campaigns.

○ The senator calling January 26th “invasion day” educates the public that the date represents an invasion of lands rather than a “settlement” as is often thought by many people 

● Public views: opinions, biases and stereotypes that may be held of that are being challenged about Australian Indigenous cultures

 ○ Woolworths taking ‘Australia Day’ merchandise of the shelves can shape the view that Australia Day is not an inclusive day and should not be celebrated

Why is Australia day the 26th January? 

● Jan 26, 1788 was the date on which Captain Arthur Phillip took ‘formal possession’ of the colony of New South Wales and raised the British flag for the first time in Sydney Cove. 

● In the early 1880s the day was known as ‘First Landing’, ‘Anniversary Day’ or ‘Foundation Day’.

 ● In 1946 the Commonwealth and state governments agreed to unify the celebrations on January 26 and call it ‘Australia Day’.

● To many First Nations people there is little to celebrate and it is a commemoration of a deep loss. Loss of their sovereign rights to their land, loss of family, loss of the right to practice their culture 

● Many call it ‘Invasion Day’, ‘Day of Mourning’, ‘Survival Day’ or ‘Aboriginal Sovereignty Day’.

In 1992 the first Survival Day concert was held in Sydney. Survival Day has become one of the biggest Aboriginal cultural events that is staged throughout Australia.

● The name Survival Day expresses the fact that Indigenous culture is still strong and many Aboriginal people’s identities are positive and alive despite colonisation 

● To many First Nations people there is little to celebrate and it is a commemoration of a deep loss. Loss of sovereign rights to land and the right to practice culture.

Over the past 10 years many local councils have and State governments have chosen not to hold ‘Australia Day’ celebrations on January 26 

● November 2013 Flinders Island council (Tasmania) ended its Jan 26 celebrations, instead supporting the Furneaux Islands Festival, held over 3 days in January and organised by the Flinders Island Aboriginal Association Incorporated (FIAAI). 

● August 2016 Fremantle council voted in favour of not hosting the city’s usual fireworks event the next year “as a sign of respect to the local Noongar peoples and in recognition of changing attitudes towards January 26 as the national day of celebration.” 

○ The council had to submit to pressure from the federal government to reinstate its citizenship ceremony on Australia Day.

● 2017 Melbourne councils (City of Yarra, Darebin, Merri-Bek) vote unanimously to:

○ no longer refer to 26 January as Australia Day in all official documents, but “January 26” 

○ Stop citizenship ceremonies on that date 

○ support the campaign to change Australia Day in cognition of it being a day of distress for many First Nations people 

● In response, the Federal government stripped councils of the power to hold citizenship ceremonies. PM Malcolm Turnbull declared the vote to be “utterly out of step with Australian values” and accused the council of seeking to divide Australia. “To change the date of Australia Day would be to turn our back on Australian values,” he said.

•  2018 Triple-J, which used to count down the "Hottest 100" songs on Australia Day, moved this program to the fourth weekend of January, because of the "increasing debate around 26 January".

•  2018, the Byron Shire Council announced it would hold its next Australia Day ceremony on 25 January. 

○ Moving the ceremony was "to acknowledge the concerns of our Aboriginal community with respect to the date of 26 January whilst still honouring the needs and values of those who wish to celebrate our successes as a nation.” 

     ● 2021 Cricket Australia announced that it would drop the term 'Australia Day' from its             promotions for the Big Bash League competition scheduled for the weekend before the day in an attempt to "normalise conversations". Instead, referring to it as 26 January.

• 2021 the ABC releases an article titled “Australia Day/Invasion Day 2021 events guide...” on their ABC website. 

  • The article immediately drew public criticism, and Communication Minister Paul Fletcher issued a statement urging the ABC to correct the story, lashing the public broadcaster for suggesting the two names were interchangeable. 

  • The ABC published an amended version of the story with a new headline: “Australia Day is a contentious day for many. Here are the events being held on January 26.”

•  2023 Victoria quietly axes Australia Day parade

•  2023 Prime Minister Anthony Albanese declared it was 'fine' to give workers - whether in the government or private sector - a choice of working on January 26 or not

 ○ Celebrate the achievements of Australia on Jan 26 

Change the Date 

○ Change the Date advocates that 'Australia Day' should be for ‘all Australians’ and if we Change The Date, we can create an inclusive national holiday for all people in this country.

Abolish the Date 

○ Changing the date only seeks to entrench Australian nationalism and that changing the date without the achievement of social justice and treaty only moves the celebration of unfinished business to another date. 

Rename and Reframe the Date 

○ Evolved from the lack of political appetite and ignorance of the increasing public outcry to change the date of Australia Day or abolish Australia Day. In the absence of Government action, supporters believe renaming 'Australia Day' by referring to it as ‘Invasion Day’, ‘Survival Day’ or ‘A Day of Mourning’ centres First Nations people, acknowledging the ongoing pain and trauma of colonisation.

Refers to individuals and groups having the resources, opportunities, and capabilities to learn, work, engage, and have a voice in society.

Belonging

The emotional experience of feeling secure and supported within a group. It includes the feelings of acceptance and inclusion among members of a particular community.

(Kloot, 2011) in The Age

“By eating together you are an amalgamation of individuals - Eating is unifying” - Dr. Kloot (Eruv Administrator, 2011)

Their sense of community is maintained through the high regard placed on being fruitful and multiplying, as well as having large families. The Adass community strictly follow regimes that monitor many of their activities, as in to the number of hours that must pass between eating meat and dairy, as well as the chickens and bakery products kosher enough to eat. 

Maintaining these traditions is paramount to the Adass community, and it is ‘extremely rare for a member to leave that lifestyle’. 

All of these factors contribute to the community’s solidarity and assist in maintaining their exclusivity from the outside world, a sense of belonging to their insular community. 

Furthermore, many state that women play a huge role within the community, instead of feeling ‘squashed’ by gender roles. They have ‘lots of choices’ and ‘feel satisfied’ about their position in the family and the home, although some say that they have defined roles for men and women’, yet this seems to cause ‘less tension’ in the relationship. 

Raizel was born into Adass Israel. A self-described “rebel”, she also dips her toes in the outside world, especially with her volunteer work helping mothers through childbirth (and there are many!). She has plenty of experience: at the time of writing she has 37 grandchildren and one great-grandchild. Her world is often filled with the sound of young children. She also works, running the local kosher delicatessen with her husband Yankel. Eshel, the name of their business, is kosher by Adass Israel standards, under the supervision of the Adass Israel Chief Rabbi, Avrohom Zvi Beck. Their deli is also a catering business for weddings, bar mitzvahs and the like, and she also serves the non-Adass Israel community and is therefore exposed to Jews and non-Jews more than the average Adass Israel member.

“We had to walk a very tight diplomatic tightrope to just get in and out unscathed,” Goldberg says.

“There was never any suggestion of anything untoward other than some people made it clear that they didn’t want us pointing cameras in their direction, which we respected.”

“So they do have phones but they have to have a filter and they’ve actually got an organisation called the Technological Awareness Group, who come around to all the houses and make sure the phones are kosher.”

And while most young Australians can’t get enough of email and selfies, Goldberg says a lot of the younger generation of Adass Israel were actually the ones who didn’t want to be filmed and seem to be becoming even stauncher in their beliefs.

“I think the older generation had more exposure to the outside because they arrived here as young children and were still establishing the community,” Goldberg says.

“But to think that in 2016 children can grow up in Australia living cheek-by-jowl with the latte society, but yet barely having to engage with them, is staggering.

2013-2015
- people considered diffewrent are to abide laws by team aus
- "don't register to this country unless you want to join our team" - Tonny abott, 2014

(SBS, 2008), "Simon" or worenga, appart of the wuruncljerin clan, requested land from protection board.
John Green, a priest supported worenga.
worenga said he "live[s] like a white men; almost". all of the people living on the country with worenga were forced to convert to christainity and a euro life.

started 2016, advocates for the signing off and implementation of the 'green new deal', a proposal to address the climate crisis

what type of movement is it?

reformative, this is because it seek limited change (the policy) and is targeting a large organisation (governments)

use of power

- reward, offering the endorsement to candidates who support the movement and therefore gain more climate - conscious voters
- coercive, withhold the endorsement
-expert, as people such as Naomi Klein joined the protest, an author known for her knowledge of globalism

quotes

"unquestionable the most successful political venture the American climate movement has ever produced" (Guy, 2021)

launched in April 2017

what stage is it in

bureaucratisation and decline

opposition power

- 2017, trump withdrew the United states from the paris climate agreement
- legitimate power, trump being president
- reward power, he could groups to comply with his wishes by offering political appointments

2014 repressed by government by banning protest. Hong Kong free and fair elections democratic reform.