T2DM Adult by

Factors leading to Type 2 Diabetes

laltman1_2 — 2025-09-25 18:02:54 UTC

High blood glucose levels, hypertriglyceridemia, aging, unhealthy diet, stress, anxiety, depression and family history can increase ones risk for type two diabetes (Jiang, Li, & Wang, 2023).

Population of Interest

laltman1_2 — 2025-09-25 18:07:25 UTC

1.) Those with lack of income - Financial barriers may prevent seeking preventative health screenings or cause procrastination of management which only worsens the need for treatment (National Academy of Medicine, n.d.).

2.) Lower Education - Lack of knowledge in dieting, the importance of balanced nutrition, exercise, general health (National Academy of Medicine, n.d.).

3.) Lack of nutritious foods - Leads to more consumption of refined carbohydrates, foods which are processed, high in sugar and high in fats. This may also develop into obesity. These are all risk factors for diabetes. (National Academy of Medicine, n.d.)

Epidemiologic Evidence

laltman1_2 — 2025-09-25 18:11:13 UTC

Studies have shown interventions modifying risk factors such as nutrition, education and exercise have an immense impact on reducing obesity, a risk factor for diabetes (National Academy of Medicine, n.d.).

Improvement of physical activity, diet and behavior modification showed to decrease risk of developing diabetes by 58% (National Academy of Medicine, n.d.).

Lower income and lower health literacy are two to four times more likely to to develop diabetes compared to the opposing individuals with higher income and education (National Academy of Medicine, n.d.).

Pathophysiology

laltman1_2 — 2025-09-25 18:11:48 UTC

Type two diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by decreased insulin production and progressive resistance to insulin. Insulin acts as a key the cell, allowing glucose to be stored in your liver or other areas for later usage. When this process is impaired, the liver notices the lack of glucose being brought to the organ and continues producing glucose. The beta cells of the islets of langerhans attempts to release more insulin due to the peaks in sugar levels, but after a while this method fails, leading to inadequate insulin secretion (Jiang, Li, & Wang, 2023).

Population Interventions

laltman1_2 — 2025-09-25 18:12:15 UTC

Community Resources - Venues at hospitals may offer incentives such as educational activities to promote participation while providing educational material (National Academy of Medicine, n.d.).

Banks - Ensuring the inclusion of parks, trails, sidewalks, bike paths on development projects. This will offer an openly available source for exercise to lower LDL cholesterol, increase HDL cholesterol, improve blood glucose levels and prevent obesity. These are all risk factors for diabetes (National Academy of Medicine, n.d.)^.

Public Health Partners - Focus on mental health issues such as women or veterans groups. This specifically targets the population of adults. By improving mental health it can reduce stress and depression, two risk factors for diabetes (National Academy of Medicine, n.d.).

References

laltman1_2 — 2025-09-25 18:12:22 UTC

Jiang, S., Li, X., & Wang, Y. (2023). Diabetes mellitus: From molecular mechanism to pathophysiology and pharmacology. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 162, 114652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114652

National Academy of Medicine. (n.d.). A population health strategy for diabetes: New partners, new opportunities. https://nam.edu/perspectives/a-population-health-strategy-for-diabetes-new-partners-new-opportunities/

American Diabetes Association. (2023). 9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of care in diabetes—2023. Diabetes Care, 46(Supplement 1), S140–S157. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc23-S009

Pharmacologic Interventions

laltman1_2 — 2025-09-25 18:12:38 UTC

Biguanide drugs, such as metformin, works as an antihyperglycemic medication. It functions to reduce the absorption of glucose in the intestines, helps muscles and fat cells absorb glucose and decreases the production of glucose by the liver. It does not cause hypoglycemia and is typically taken orally once daily. (American Diabetes Association [ADA], 2023)

Sulfonylureas and Thiazolidinediones work to stimulate beta cells to produce more insulin while also increasing insulin sensitivity. (ADA, 2023)

GLP-1 Receptor Agonists (Semaglutide) Mimic incretin hormones to decrease glucagon, slow gastric emptying and increase insulin resistance.(ADA, 2023)

SGLT2 inhibitors (Dapagliflozin) Block the reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys, therefore eliminating glucose in the urine.(ADA, 2023)

Insulin is used as a last resort to replace the bodys insulin. This is only used as an option if other medications fail and the blood glucose continues to be abnormally high with treatment.(ADA, 2023)