1 - What does the group know?

• Climate changes aren't good for the environment

• Climate changes can be caused be caused by natural actions or human actions

2 - What do we want to learn about Climate Changes?

• We want to learn more ways to prevent them and fight them

3 - How would we like to present the results to the school community?

• By interactive games that can easily capture the audience's attention

• droughts

• floods

• defrost

• rise in the ocean's temperature

• fires

• loss of biodiversity

• loss of habitats

Things we would like to learn:

More consequences about this subject and the motives that orgininate this changes

We would like to present this through a Kahoot

• They can be caused by natural or human causes, such as eruptions (natural cause), fires (human or natural), and air pollution from factories or vehicles (human).

• They can cause the melting of glaciers, affect human health, and create fires due to high temperatures.

What do I want to learn?

• Actions we can take to reduce climate change.

How would we like to present the result?

A Kahoot or a quiz for the younger students and a PowerPoint presentation with some curiosities.

Henrique Mota; Inês Martins

1) • The greenhouse effect is not related to the ozone layer.

• We are currently experiencing a period of thawing.

• The average sea level is rising.

• There are numerous hurricanes and tornadoes.

• There is an imbalance between torrential rains and droughts.

2) • How does climate change affect biodiversity?

• How are hurricanes formed?

3) Creation of interactive games for students

Climate changes are significant climate changes in the climate state.

Actions that cause climate change:

Human causes:

Increase in carbon dioxide production

Burns and fires

Pollution

Burning of fossil fuels

Nature:

Hurricanes and tornados

Natural fires

Glacier defrosting

2- We want to learn about the effects caused by human and natural action.

Also learn about pros and cons.

3-We want to present with a PowerPoint presentation.

In antártica we can see an example of melting ice and because of that the sea level rise.

We have to make roods/ground more permeable.

2

How the climate change influence the formation of tornadoes and storms ?

3

Kahoot and Interactive games.

• Increased seawater levels

• Decreased biodiversity

• Temperature rises and dry periods

• Greenhouse gas imbalance

• Excessive fluctuations in climate conditions

• Floods

• Learn more ways to mitigate the negative effects caused by human activity.

• Through games/activities or informational sessions

What can I do to help reduce Climate Change?

Climate change definition: Climate change means long-term changes in climate patterns and weather.

Weather vs. Climate:

Weather is the short-term conditions of the atmosphere.

Exemples: if it will rain today, if it is hot or cold now, if it is going to be sunny this week.

Climate: is the long-term conditions of the weather.

Examples: if it rains a lot in Portugal, if it is cold at Porto, if it is dry at Lisbon.

Portuguese climate change experts:

Filipe Duarte Santos: Professor at Lisbon University and president of Conselho Nacional do Ambiente and Desenvolvimento sustentável.

Teresa Leão: expert in public health, contibutes in climate change impacts in health.

Manuel Aires Mateus: architect, evolved in urban adaptation to climate change strategies.

2.

The Earth's climate is changing, and this happens for several reasons. It can be divided into natural and human (anthropic) causes:

Natural Causes:

Variations in solar activity: changes in brightness or intensity of the Sun affect the amount of energy that reaches the Earth.

Volcanic eruptions: large eruptions release gases and particles that can temporarily cool the planet.

Orbital cycles: changes in the Earth's orbit and inclination influence the ice ages.

Oceanic processes: currents such as El Niño and La Niña temporarily change global climate patterns.

Human Causes (main responsible for current climate change):

Burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas): releases carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases. Image of co2- https://share.google/UCVF6FHiZESqL8LvL

Deforestation: fewer trees mean less CO2 absorption. Image of deforestation- https://share.google/zlPHKNoHXdUg9Z1A0

Intensive agriculture: production of methane (CH4) by cattle and nitrogen oxides (N2O) by fertilizers. Image or intensive agriculture- https://share.google/dFj1tTNiBlVmvpuUs

Industry and transport: emit large amounts of greenhouse gases. Industry and transport image: https://share.google/JNqX86Hdx5wxWAx6

Pollution and excessive use of resources: increase pressure on ecosystems and contribute to global warming.

The difference between natural and anthropic causes: natural causes happen slowly and in long cycles, while human actions are accelerating climate change quickly and intensely.

Cycle of carbon

The carbon cycle is the movement of carbon between the atmosphere, oceans, living beings and the soil.

Plants absorb CO2 to make photosynthesis.

Animals and living beings release CO2 through breathing.

When there is decomposition or combustion (e.g. burning wood or fossil fuels), the carbon returns to the atmosphere.

The oceans also absorb and release carbon.

Relationship with the Greenhouse Effect

The natural greenhouse effect keeps the Earth at a temperature suitable for life, thanks to gases such as CO2, CH4 and H2O.

But when humans emit much more CO2 (through industries, transport, deforestation), the balance of the carbon cycle is disturbed.

This excess of CO2 accumulates in the atmosphere, reinforcing the greenhouse effect -> more heat is trapped -> global warming.

https://share.google/images/v2UYLpzNis14Pfew2 - Carbon cycle model image

3- What human activities are most responsible for climate change?

• Energy production and consumption

Burning coal, oil and natural gas for electricity and heating.

•Transportation

Cars, airplanes, ships and trucks that use fossil fuels.

•Industry

Production of steel, chemicals and plastics, which require a large amount of energy.

Photo Links

Energy production and consumption

https://123ecos.com.br/docs/energia-suja/

Transportation

https://www.nit.pt/fora-de-casa/na-cidade/ha-uma-cidade-portuguesa-entre-as-que-tem-mais-transito-no-mundo-e-nao-e-lisboa

Industry

https://executivedigest.sapo.pt/producao-industrial-portugal-e-o-pais-com-maior-recuo-entre-os-estados-membros/#goog_rewarded

-What is our participation in climate change?

We, as a society, have to look for our planet, adapting our everyday lives to reduce the impacts of prejudicial human activities.

Climate change refers to lasting changes in Earth's temperature and climate conditions, which can have both natural and human-caused origins. These changes include:

-Rising global average temperatures

-Rising sea levels

-Melting ice

-Increased frequency of the extreme weather events including:

-Droughts

-Floods

-Heat waves

The distinction between climate and weather, is related to the length of the study and the text analyzed: weather examines the current state of the atmosphere and its conditions at a given time and place (such as "it will rain tomorrow"), while climatology investigates the climate, which represents the average of the weather patterns of an area over a long period of time (usually 30 years or more), and is defined by data and averages of temperature, rainfall and wind.

Miguel Bastos Araujo - Coordinating Researcher, Biogeography

Professor Carla Maria Gomes - ICS - ULisboa

Target 2:

Earth’s climate is changing due to the climate changes. Climate changes are primarily due to global warming, caused by the increase in greenhouse gases. The main causes are:

-The burning of fossil fuels

-Deforestation

-Pollution

The links for the pictures:

https://share.google/WvOClnoSflgmDReK2

https://share.google/BmpuURWaeHEkcF4ff

https://share.google/Tk9BRiXCAvEp85eSh

The carbon cycle is the system that moves carbon around Earth, while the greenhouse effect is the result of the presence of certain gases (such as CO₂) in the atmosphere. Human changes to the carbon cycle increase the concentration of greenhouse gases, intensifying global warming.

The links for the pictures:

https://share.google/Z86rU8XK1Q7RvQ2d2

https://share.google/87mZJEHsx4UPHbOb6

Target 3:

The human activities that increase climate changes are:

-The burning of fossil fuels

-Deforestation

-Intensive agriculture

- Industry release CO₂, methane, and other gases.

The links for the pictures:

https://share.google/2jm0CMHEJTPU8TDly

https://share.google/7Yd2YPK6B3oAnhXWj

Target 1:

• Climate is the long-term average of weather over many years. For example: “Portugal has a Mediterranean climate with hot summers and rainy winters”

• Weather are the short-term conditions of the atmosphere. For example: “It's sunny today”

There are a lot of experts on the Climate Change topic, like:

• Miguel Bastos Araújo - 56 years old - has a degree in UNL (Universidade Nova de Lisboa) and works as a biogeographer and climatologist

• Maria Manuela Chaves - 79 years old - is an expert in Mediterranean climates and was a professor at Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisboa

• Sofia Ribeiro - is a portuguese scientist and a climatology researcher

Target 2:

The Earth's climate is changing. The changes are caused by things like human activity and not just natural cycles.

Some of these causes are:

• Deforestation (Image 1 - https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/t_edhub_resource_key_image/v1652341008/EducationHub/photos/deforestation.jpg)

• Burning fossil fuels (Image 2 - https://site-547756.mozfiles.com/files/547756/medium/pollution_industry-1827884-1.jpg)

• Industrial work and waste (Image 3 - https://recykal.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Industrial-Waste.png)

• Excessive use of chemical agriculture products (Image 4 - https://grist.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/India-agriculture-pesticides.jpg)

• Natural factors (Image 5 - https://cdn.britannica.com/64/248964-138-C9CF1DD3/what-are-volcanoes-lava-flows.jpg?w=800&h=450&c=crop)

The Carbon Cycle Model:

The Carbon Cycle Model is a scientific representation of how the carbon atoms move between the biosphere, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the geosphere through interconnected reservoirs, like plants, rocks and gases. Things like deforestation and burning fossil fuels accelerate the Carbon Cycle and intensify the Greenhouse Effect on Earth.

(Image 5 - https://ugc.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/CarbonCycleSystemModel-scaled.jpg)

Target 3:

The most common human activities that lead to climate change are:

• Deforestation (Image 1 - https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/t_edhub_resource_key_image/v1652341008/EducationHub/photos/deforestation.jpg)

• Excessive use of chemical agriculture products (Image 4 - https://grist.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/India-agriculture-pesticides.jpg)

• Industrial processes (Image 3 - https://recykal.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Industrial-Waste.png)

• Excessive urbanization (Image 7 - https://www.acash.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/andy-bridge-m5NsiQfHJ_g-unsplash.jpg)

Distinguishing Weather from Climate:

• Weather: Science that studies atmospheric conditions in a short period of time. It focuses more on daily variations. Example: The weather forecast for this week is 0% precipitation and sunny days.

• Climate: Science that studies the atmospheric behavior of a region in a long period of time, usually at least 30 years or more, to define characteristics of the place. Example: The climate of Portugal is Mediterranean

Some notable and remarkable Portuguese names in this field are:

• Tiago Pitta and Cunha - Portuguese jurist and Executive Administrator of the board of directors of Fundação Oceano Azul

• ⁠Professor Carlos M. Duarte - Marine Ecologist, Professor at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology and Executive Director of the Coral Research and Development Accelerator Platform.

• Luisa Schmidt - Sociologist and coordinating researcher at the Institute of Social Sciences of the University of Lisbon (ICS-ULisboa). At ICS-UL, she is a member of the Research Group on Environment, Territory and Society (now SHIFT) and the Scientific Committee of the Doctoral Programme on Climate Change and Sustainable Development Policies. She has been a member of the General Council of the University of Lisbon since 2021, where she coordinates the Sustainability, Health and Well-being Committee.

Target 2:

Yes, the climate on Earth is changing, and this change is widely recognized by several experts around the world. In Portugal, especially in Porto, the causes are based on:

• ⁠Increase in annual average temperature, with longer and hotter summers; https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fweather%2Farticles%2Fc93p5kz9elro&psig=AOvVaw1YmeX4SzNIbqgojCwmF2yB&ust=1759521555175000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBgQjhxqFwoTCJDqrf2mhpADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAV https://www.google.com/imgres?q=Increase%20in%20annual%20average%20temperature%2C%20with%20longer%20and%20hotter%20summers%20Porto%20%20&imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fporto-north-portugal.com%2Fimages%2Fweather%2Fporto-temperature-hot-cold-500.png&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fporto-north-portugal.com%2Fporto-guide%2Fporto-weather-portugal.html&docid=hmoVef3DSBInwM&tbnid=GRUuAZq4VS35gM&vet=12ahUKEwiU4OPTp4aQAxVZTqQEHcIYOTYQM3oECBMQAA..i&w=500&h=500&hcb=2&ved=2ahUKEwiU4OPTp4aQAxVZTqQEHcIYOTYQM3oECBMQAA

• Decrease in precipitation, but with more intense rains; https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=sR5Kx2Zd&id=32355C1B26B1D7054C0D901F052D7DA06D1BB4EE&thid=OIP.sR5Kx2ZdZ4BNLwQIkDaAGAHaEK&mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2fbinaries%2fcontent%2fgallery%2fmetofficegovuk%2fimages%2fabout-us%2fpress-office%2frelease-images%2fclimate-change--rainfall.png&cdnurl=https%3a%2f%2fth.bing.com%2fth%2fid%2fR.b11e4ac7665d67804d2f040890368018%3frik%3d7rQbbaB9LQUfkA%26pid%3dImgRaw%26r%3d0&exph=1080&expw=1920&q=Decrease+in+precipitation%2c+but+with+more+intense+rains&FORM=IRPRST&ck=07DFAA0942DE22852DFBB0D523379429&selectedIndex=1&itb=0

• Increase in seawater level, affecting the coast; https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.change-climate.com%2FSea_Rising_Levels_Rise.htm&psig=AOvVaw2dyQ56gDsKlLZ0T2kh8tIF&ust=1759522141011000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBUQjRxqFwoTCKj49viohpADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

• More dangerous heat waves in urban areas. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.neefusa.org%2Fstory%2Fclimate-change%2Fheat-waves-heat-islands-and-your-health&psig=AOvVaw1hm6wBzY7sTnOhqPbAEQo5&ust=1759522505972000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBUQjRxqFwoTCIik16GqhpADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAx

The carbon cycle model:

The carbon cycle is the natural process of carbon circulation between the atmosphere, the oceans, living beings and the soil. Carbon is absorbed by plants in photosynthesis, transferred and released back into the atmosphere through respiration, decomposition and volcanic eruptions.

With human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, there is an increase in carbon dioxide emissions, one of the main greenhouse gases.

Thus, the imbalance in the carbon cycle intensifies the greenhouse effect, contributing to climate change. https://teachengineering.org/content/cub_/lessons/cub_carbon/cub_carbon_lesson01_figure1new.jpg

The human activities most responsible for climate change are mainly linked to the emission of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane.

These activities such as:

• The burning of fossil fuels; https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https://ciclovivo.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/temoeletrica-carvao-pixabay-1024x682.jpg&tbnid=XIAAKH6dD2YsUM&vet=1&imgrefurl=https://ciclovivo.com.br/planeta/meio-ambiente/poluicao-por-combustiveis-fosseis-provoca-1-em-cada-5-mortes-no-mundo/&docid=vwZcaB_Qj5lyJM&w=1024&h=682&hl=pt-PT&source=sh/x/im/m1/4&kgs=0dee969c8207b7f6&shem=isst,shrtsdl&utm_source=isst,shrtsdl,sh/x/im/m1/4

• Deforestation; https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/pt/press-room/20230414IPR80129/parlamento-aprova-nova-legislacao-para-combater-a-desflorestacao-mundial

• Intensive agriculture; https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoescola.com%2Feconomia%2Fagricultura-extensiva-e-intensiva%2F&psig=AOvVaw1iuGcRCrRCazQrfkQyyszJ&ust=1759523609378000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=2ahUKEwjKvvquroaQAxUXTaQEHVi_JVkQjRx6BAgAEBo

• Industry; https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/C4E12AQG8pHvZypuNcQ/article-cover_image-shrink_600_2000/article-cover_image-shrink_600_2000/0/1578934370790?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=izjmKZF1-V-7sIgBkC-ZNnHfaPN5kqRd0hY99_N3eOE

• Inadequate waste management. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fportalresiduossolidos.com%2Fo-maior-problema-do-setor-de-residuos-solidos%2F&psig=AOvVaw0Q-uXnxesLyGujcEml630A&ust=1759523603452000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=2ahUKEwjh4JCsroaQAxVyRqQEHevHB0oQjRx6BAgAEBo

Climate - climate is an analysis of the weather conditions over a defined period of time, such as 1 year.

Weather - analysis of weather conditions in an instant, such as 1 day.

Portugueses especialists in climate changes:

• Duarte Costa: especialist

• Filipe Duarte Santos: cientist

• Pedro Matos Soares: teacher at FCUL

• Maria José Roxo: teacher at FCSH

• Helena Freitas: teacher at Unidade de Coimbra

• Ricardo Deus: works at IPMA (Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera)

Is Earth's climate changing?

Yes, Earth's climate is definitely changing, because of...

• Volcanic eruptions

• Burning of Fossil Fuels

• Desflorestation

• Waste production and accumulation

Burning of Fossil Fuels- https://i0.wp.com/www.ocaenergia.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/vantagens-desvantagens-combustiveis-fosseis.jpg?ssl=1

Waste production and accumulation-

https://portugaltextil.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Cornell_25julho2023%C2%A9Juan-Hinestroza.jpg

Volcanic Eruptions-

https://tribunadonorte.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/vulcao-etna-italia-erupcao.webp

Desflorestation -

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqHQRUW_vc9PCgJEkScBBKsMCGf8iLjwxemH2KmkGgmxP_rtaLio854ZTTsuwLUHUwRmDReOS8itmfodobQkSN_HPr7YhA5Ik8p4TzH5MqaHCn6AfAX3DPIFwJT7-L9mPWy5Wd2M1LRac/s1600/250px

Target 2

Relationship between the carbon cycle and the greenhouse effect:

• The carbon cycle regulates the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere

• When this balance is altered, CO2 accumulates in the air. This excess CO2 reinforces the greenhouse effect, trapping more heat and causing climate change.

Target 3

Our role is to recognize, reduce and change habits.

The human activities most responsible for climate change are:

• Transportation

• Agriculture

• Livestock

• Desflorestation

Desflorestation -

https://www.unep.org/pt-br/noticias-e-reportagens/comunicado-de-imprensa/nacoes-precisam-fechar-enorme-lacuna-de-emissoes-em

Livestock-

https://stock.adobe.com/pt/images/gado-nelore-no-pasto/392954861

Agriculture -

https://boosteragro.com/blog-po/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/sistema-de-plantio-direto-2.jpg

Transportation-

https://cdn.cnt.org.br/diretorioVirtual/a66c5a4b-b85b-4b42-9b43-c35182b3c788_CorteRetangular.PNG

• Difference between Weather and Climate:

Climate is an atmospheric conditions of a particular place over a long period of time, example- The climate describe the average weather pattern of a region over decades.

While Weather characterize it as a short-term, day-to-day atmospheric conditions, example- The weather tells what happens today, tomorrow or during the week.

• A list of climate change experts:

Duarte Costa

1. Born in June 22, 1988, in Lisbon, Portugal.

2. Education:

   Bachelor's degree in Geography, University of Lisbon.

   Master's degree in Climate Change a Policy, University of Sussex (UK).

3. Work:

   he is climate change expert, working at the intersection of science, policy, and communication.

Pedro Matos Soares, FCUL

1. Born in Lisbon, Portugal.

2. Work:

   He is a Portuguese climate scientist and researcher at the University of Lisbon, where he works at the Instituto Dom Luís.

3. Education:

He is a specialist in climate modelling, atmospheric physics, and climate change

impacts.

Carla Maria Gomes

1. Born in Portugal.

2. Work:

Portuguese researcher at the Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon.

1. Education:

   She holds a PhD in Climate Change and Sustainable Development Policies and studies climate adaptation, environmental justice, and governance, especially in Portugal.

2

• The causes of climate change in Porto are mainly human activities, such as the burning transportation industry/factories, deforestation, and food production. These activities increase the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, increasing the greenhouse effect and global warming.

• The carbon cycle is the circulation of carbon through the atmosphere, living organisms, oceans, and the Earth. Plants take in CO, during photosynthesis, while animals, decomposition, and combustion release it back into the air.

  This cycle is linked to the greenhouse effect, because of CO. When human activities increase CO level, more heat is trapped in the atmosphere, which leads to global warming and climate change.

3

• The main human activities responsible for climate change are the CO cycle (from human activities), and the emission of greenhouse gases. These excessive emissions come from activities such as deforestation, industry, agriculture, and intensive farming, disrupting the climate balance.

(To see the photos, you may click on the words that are underlined.)

Weather vs. Climate

• Weather is based in Metereology, the science that studies Earth's atmosphere, and predicts the weather in a certain period of time and location based on a group of phenomenons, so, weather tells us about the daily status of the weather conditions.

Ex.: The Weather Forecast on the News everyday.

• On the other hand, Climate is a group of the average metheriological conditions pattern, such as temperature, wind index and rain index, at a specific region on a period of at least 30 years.

Ex.: How a certain region is characterized about their own Climate.

Some Portuguese Professors involved in

Climate Changes causes

- Paulo Talhadas dos Santos:

Professor on FCUP, Marine Biology Investigator;

- Cristina Calheiros:

Scientific Investigator on CIIMAR-U.Porto, Environment Engineer.

2.

The effects of climate change on Earth are pretty much evident by now, and some of the causes to it are:

• Deforestation;

• Pollution;

• CO2 and CH4 emissions;

• Soil poisoning;

• Production and Consumption;

• Transportation.

Image 1 - Pollution

https://pixabay.com/pt/photos/polui%C3%A7%C3%A3o-ambiental-posso-lixo-3714969/

Image 2 - Mass production gas emissions

https://pixabay.com/pt/photos/ind%C3%BAstria-p%C3%B4r-do-sol-polui%C3%A7%C3%A3o-1752876/

Image 3 - Deforestation

https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/deforestation-gm115969525-3587471?utm_source=pixabay&utm_medium=affiliate&utm_campaign=limited-results_photo&utm_content=srp_topbanner-popular_media&utm_term=desfloresta%C3%A7%C3%A3o

The carbon cycle explains how carbon moves between the atmosphere, oceans, living organisms, and rocks.

Human actions disturbing this balance:

• Burning fossil fuels, releasing stored carbon into the atmosphere.

• Deforestation, reducing plants ability to absorb CO2.

• Intensive farming and livestock, that increases methane (CH4) emissions.

Gathered up, all of these activities increase the concentration of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4) in the atmosphere.

As a result, the greenhouse effect becomes stronger, trapping more heat in the atmosphere, which leads to global warming and climate change.

Image 4 - CO2

https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/concept-depicting-the-issue-of-carbon-dioxide-emissions-and-its-impact-on-nature-in-gm1340519929-420571428?utm_source=pixabay&utm_medium=affiliate&utm_campaign=sponsored_photo&utm_content=adp_topbanner-popular_media&utm_term=co2+carbon+dioxide

3. The most harmful human activities to climate change are:

   
   

   • Burning fossil fuels;

   • Deforestation and abusive land use;

   • Industrial procedures;

   • Transportation;

   • Overconsumption and Mass Production.

   
   

Image 5 - Fossil Fuels

https://pixabay.com/pt/photos/inc%C3%AAndio-chama-carv%C3%A3o-madeira-4892711/

Image 6 - Mass Production Phttps://pixabay.com/pt/photos/f%C3%A1brica-ind%C3%BAstria-abandonado-1639990/

Image 7 - Overconsumption

https://pixabay.com/pt/photos/shopping-gastando-at%C3%A9-escorregar-879498/

Flora

Proliferation of invasive species: eucalyptus species, already invasive in Portugal, are spreading even more, taking space of native vegetation and altering fire regimes.

https://share.google/yJkZbgrAOnEL96GK1

Timing of growth phases: Warmer temperatures cause plants to flower and fruit earlier, it alters the ecological synchrony with pollinators and seasons. For example, the almond trees in Algarve blooming before time.

https://share.google/pRXArLA8szahGtJEw

Desertification: long periods without rain makes the soil too dry to sustain life in it, regions like Alentejo are suffering to grow olive trees and cereal because of the lack of rain.

https://share.google/n8yl4RFsqQS4nawHd

Fires: hotter and drier conditions increase the risk of fire. The 2017 wildfires in Portugal devastated large areas of forest.

https://share.google/bZBUm36upjxozzQnA

Fauna

Changes in Distribution and Migration Patterns

* Altered migration: Climate change affects the timing and routes of migration.

Loss and Fragmentation of Habitat

* Habitat degradation: Rising temperatures, droughts, floods, and fires destroy or alter ecosystems.

Increased Disease and Parasites

* Warmer climates:can favor parasites and disease vectors that spread more widely and for longer periods each year.

Risk of Extinction

* Species that can not migrate or adapt fast enough are at a higher risk of extinction.

Photos link:

1. Changes in Distribution and Migration Patterns

https://www.publico.pt/2023/05/12/azul/noticia/alteracoes-climaticas-estao-mudar-padroes-migracao-aves-2049396

2. Loss and Fragmentation of Habitat

https://www.publico.pt/2021/07/30/ciencia/noticia/destruicao-habitats-alteracoes-climaticas-ameacam-mamiferos-portugal-1972410

3. Increased Disease and Parasites

https://ncultura.pt/alarme-europeu-parasita-perigoso-portugal/

4. Risk of Extinction

https://visao.pt/visaojunior/temas/ambiente-vj/2022-04-20-que-animais-estao-em-perigo-em-portugal/

Human activity and and lifestyle

Economy: climate impacts on agriculture, fisheries, tourism, and infrastructure damage increase living costs.

https://share.google/McrSyHJ5cKQOOLbSu

Consumption Patterns: people may reduce meat consumption, travel less, or adapt to more sustainable habits because of environmental concerns and resource availability.

https://share.google/vNDQyX7D6mREbxrx0

Supply Issues: hotter temperatures increase demand for cooling devices, increasing utility costs.

https://share.google/exV2P3bRvWgoXEWbZ

Climate patterns

Climate patterns are regular weather trends (such as temperature, rain and winds) that repeat over time and influence weather conditions in different regions of the world.

Here are some exemples:

Hot and dry summers - typical of the Mediterranean climate, especially in the south. Image-Verão de 2025 foi o mais quente e mais seco dos últimos 94 anos ...

Mild and rainy winters - more common in the north and on the coast, influenced by the Atlantic. Image-Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera

Tempestades de inverno – causadas por frentes atlânticas que trazem ventos fortes e chuva intensa. Image-O Inverno de todas as tempestades - AZUL-ERICEIRA MAG | O melhor ...

Risk of forest fires - heat and drought favor fires, especially in the interior of the country. Image-Carta de Perigosidade de Incêndio Rural | DGT

In Portugal, weather patterns have become more regular, but also more intense. Changes are increasingly visible and affect the environment, the economy and people's daily life.

Water: changing precipitation, and reduce of freshwater availability, affects agriculture, hygiene, and daily use of water.

https://share.google/IzbIk33bID8lailZo

Flora:

• Lost of native species

• High risk of wildfire and droughts

• Expansion of invasive species

• Species expanding into warmer weathers

Fauna:

• Habitat loss

• Altering fish distribution

• Migration change

• Resource Scarcity

Climate patterns:

• Irregular rainfall

• Heatwaves

• More extreme weather

• Floods and erosion

Human activity and lifestyle:

• Economic impact

• Threatening health through heat stress

• Migration and adaptation

• Impacted safety by damaging infrastructure and forcing displacement

Images:

• Lost of native species:

https://share.google/Dn2u0rfBZzzr4z9LI

• High risk of wildfire and droughts: https://share.google/bpueByW7vpYjPMz3C

• Expansion of native species: https://share.google/DlRTqhSazWLE9e8d9

• Species expanding into warmer weathers: https://share.google/afy6wS80CrR0gQ2Wk

• Habitat loss: https://earth.org/biodiversity-loss-definition-and-examples/

• Altering fish distribution: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/fish-distribution-indian-waters-getting-affected-due-rising-solanki-sorkf

• Migration change: https://www.sei.org/perspectives/rethinking-migration-and-maladaptation-to-climate-change/

• Resource scarcity: https://blog.fracturedatlas.org/https/blog.fracturedatlas.org/scarcity-and-the-non-profit-people-paradox-a59852ea9192?hs_amp=true

• Irregular rainfall: https://share.google/yNeLr4YYExNGUKPiu

• Heatwaves: https://share.google/GXaZyKsmQWD845Mot

• More extreme weathers:https://nevadacurrent.com/2021/09/14/epa-confirms-climate-impacts-are-more-adverse-for-racial-minorities-in-the-southwest/

• Floods and erosion:https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-05/north-queensland-floods-left-behind-eight-metre-high-cliffs/100257682

• Economic Impact: https://share.google/F1tHOcg9Rh48uIKJ8

• Threatening health through heat stress: https://share.google/0TEumue6SOorrdzYZ

• Migration and adaptation: https://www.iom.int/news/ambitious-concrete-action-needed-avoid-worst-climate-impacts-iom

• Impacted safety by damaging infrastructure and forcing displacement: https://www.straitstimes.com/world/world-court-is-poised-to-mark-the-future-course-of-climate-litigation

Some of the effects of climate change are:

-The rise temperatures

-Heat waves

-Droughts

-Reduced water availability

-Wildfires

-Changes in rainfall patterns

-Floods

-Coastal impacts

-Rising sea levels

Task 3:

Fauna:

-Habitat loss, fragmentation and shifts

-Heat stress and extreme events

-Species range shifts and extinctions

-Coastal and marine fauna effects

Flora:

-Temperature increases

-Warmer winters and summers

-Longer growing seasons

- Drought and lack of water

-Agricultural challenges

-Increased risk of wildfires

. Fire-sensitive vegetation

. Forest composition shifts

Climate Patterns:

-Temperature increase

-Changes in rainfall and precipitation variability

-Seasonal shifts

-Hydrological impacts

Human Activity & Lifestyle:

-Heat-related illnesses

-Infectious diseases

-Respiratory and heart problems

-Food and water insecurity

-Mental health issues

Task 4:

Fauna:

-Migration shifts: https://share.google/ZoVnecG6IECJYSQLF

-Marine life displacement: https://share.google/uCyrDYTYj3EHjXI4A

-Biodiversity loss: https://share.google/VjXVYsribYpgzVVz1

-Coastal habitat loss: https://share.google/zmnATzW5Y1SEM5arC

Flora:

-Drought stress: https://share.google/d0wvfIEaxDAL477Ee

-Increased wildfires: https://share.google/S2X91weBSdHLpza8C

-Spread of invasive species: https://share.google/t2jtPNORbuWTuFvm4

-Altered growing seasons: https://share.google/pKFsKVW0XsLWIhqNU

Climate Patterns:

-Hotter summers: https://share.google/bVLRRQ942yMEB4EyB

-Irregular rainfall: https://share.google/jMlgmMvryjGYabMQX

-Sea-level rise: https://share.google/UcxTmOR0ebUC34p2S

-Stronger storms: https://share.google/e0HfseLCIIpWi4Kx5

Human activity and lifestyle:

-Public health risks: https://share.google/jGk5PnlOItzdgf0FJ

-Economic impact: https://share.google/dZAQxNAupmP4BQDTl

-Energy demand changes: https://share.google/3mzUANO6aLCbZJGoK

-Urban adaptation: https://share.google/ddhZVO9NHPWkPf4Qt

• Rising global temperatures (https://images.ctfassets.net/cxgxgstp8r5d/568xOrNdAWSKSs03kwRSwb/17e04a94241d0605240b665bc43eddfc/20222023GlobalTemps_Anomalies_en_title_lg.jpg?w=3840&q=85&fm=webp - Image 1)

• Loss of biodiversity (https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/09/15/climate/15CLI-BIODIVERSITY1-alt/15CLI-BIODIVERSITY1-alt-superJumbo-v3.jpg - Image 2)

• Rising sea level and defrosting (https://www.innovationnewsnetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/melting-glacier.jpg - Image 3)

• Health impacts and diseases (https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS6lnuSTxoRqC0R-sQukdu6nIXzY2WUjAx9UI_bLuGf9sxCZiTHIkqDvfo&s=10 - Image 4)

• Water scarcity (https://files.worldwildlife.org/wwfcmsprod/images/Water_Scarcity_8.7.2012_Overview_Image_HI_53628.jpg/portrait_overview/7v9ky4gb6l_Water_Scarcity_8.7.2012_Overview_Image_HI_53628.jpg - Image 5)

Task 3 and 4:

Effects of Climate Change on:

Flora:

• Wildfire risk increase due to hotter summers and more frequent droughts

• Earlier flowering period due to warmer springs, which causes plants to start growing earlier than they should

• Reduced water availability and drought stress due to dry summer months and really high temperatures

• Changes in forest composition due to species who are more tolerate towards heat and drought becoming more prevalent and moisture-loving species retreating to cooler places

Fauna:

• Animal distribution changes due to animals moving towards cooler places and higher altitudes as warmer areas become less hospitable

• Life-cycle and biological changes due to the shifting of the timing of the animals life events', like breeding, migration or hibernation

• Marine habitat alteration due to warmer sea surface temperatures and invasive species colonization on places they shouldn’t be

• Behavioral stress due to higher heat loads increasing the mortality of many species and more waste of energy from animals needed for thermoregulation

• Increased extinction risk due to smaller and more isolated populations becoming more vulnerable and reducing in number

Climate patterns:

• Higher temperatures due to overall increase in the maximum temperatures and lower temperatures due to overall decrease in the minimum temperatures

• Longer and hotter summers due to them having a higher duration than they should

• More frequent droughts due to the dry seasons being longer and affecting even regions like the North region of Portugal, which is usually humid

• Atlantic storm changes due to fewer but stronger storms and more concentrated rainfall

Human activity and lifestyle:

• Decrease in public health due to more frequent and intense heatwaves which leads to a higher chance of diseases on people

• Decrease in accessibility to transport due higher demand and shifting travel times to avoid heat or cold

• Problems involving energy use due to increased cooling needs in summer

• Changes in tourism and urban life due to outdoor activities becoming more limited to have because of the heat waves or cold waves and tourism areas needing more shade

Flora:

• Deforestation, caused by the use of land for agricultural purposes or constructions;

• Drought seasons, due to rising temperatures, that can lead to wildfires;

• Extreme rain periods, that lead to floods;

• Increase of CO2 levels, that lead to a decrease of the plants quality.

Image 1 - https://pixabay.com/pt/photos/floresta-arvores-luz-solar-sombrio-6364913/

Fauna:

• Hundreads of animals being killed, and their habitats destroyed by floods and wildfires;

• Decrease of bioversity, because of the death of some species;

• Loss of migrant species due to the lack of conditions in the habitats;

• Death of fragile species that are consummed by others, leaving some of the predators without a source of food.

Image 2 - https://pixabay.com/pt/photos/cor%C3%A7a-cervo-animais-mam%C3%ADferos-7858518/

Climate Patterns:

• Extended drought periods on some regions;

• Excessive rain periods on some regions;

• Rising sea levels;

• Changes in the average temperatures.

Image 3 - https://pixabay.com/pt/photos/seca-aridez-seco-terra-solo-brown-780088/

Human activity and lifestyle:

• Larger groups of people developing severe allergies due to longer polinization periods;

• Increased costs on local products, caused by the scarcity of production;

• Mental health problems, due to the exposition of extreme serious natural disasters, such as wildfires or floods;

• Termic discomfort.

Image 4 - https://pixabay.com/pt/photos/alergia-m%C3%A9dico-al%C3%A9rgico-al%C3%A9rgeno-1738191/

1. Rising temperatures - lead to changes in plant growth and flowering cycles, stressing native species and favoring heat-tolerant ones.

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-illustration-of-links-between-climate-change-heat-stress-occurrence-plant_fig1_261376769

2. Decreasing precipitation - causes water stress and soil dryness, affecting forests and coastal vegetation.

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Impact-of-heat-stress-on-plants_fig3_354611427

3. Pest outbreaks - warmer and drier conditions favor pests such as the pine processionary moth and the pine wood nematode.

4. Sea-level rise and salinization - result in habitat submersion and the replacement of freshwater plants by salt-tolerant species.

• Fauna

1. Bird migration patterns are changing - some species now arrive earlier or stay longer in northern Portugal.

https://share.google/5o6aoBb1qFQDqJebE

2. Fish populations in the Douro River are affected by warmer water and pollution, reducing biodiversity.

https://share.google/3cmTiBDrE6sXl1UTe

3. Insects and pests, such as mosquitoes, are increasing due to higher humidity and heat.https://share.google/2bJqDD94EO9rhXS0a

4. Marine life along the Atlantic coast is shifting northward as sea temperatures rise.

https://share.google/j0Qh6JVHUGNnpM4gS

• Climate Patterns

1. Rising Temperatures:

Winters and autumns are getting warmer due to climate change.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2Fgreen%2F2022%2F03%2F14%2Fafter-a-dry-winter-how-is-portugal-learning-to-live-with-drought&psig=AOvVaw3AaKYy0f887aHDwHY242rD&ust=1760026465584000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBUQjRxqFwoTCLCdmdT_lJADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

2. Changing Minimum Temps:

Some seasons (like spring and summer) show slight cooling in nighttime temperatures.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-66435160&psig=AOvVaw2JB5knFiuiZhA6qbdgC39B&ust=1760026570885000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBUQjRxqFwoTCLj054iAlZADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

3. More Heatwaves:

Hot days and heatwaves are becoming more frequent and intense.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fsevere-drought-spreads-portugal-officials-seek-eu-help-2023-05-10%2F&psig=AOvVaw1UBroXC_2kWZhrJPu8q2Xr&ust=1760026636174000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBUQjRxqFwoTCJjx16aAlZADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAL

4. Coastal Risks:

Sea-level rise is increasing the risk of flooding and saltwater intrusion near the coast.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftomorrowalgarve.com%2Fmar-2024-the-impact-of-sea-level-rises-on-our-coast%2F&psig=AOvVaw03PZ0xg4gQ-S5BZNclzfKN&ust=1760026740368000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBUQjRxqFwoTCJCypeOAlZADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

• Human Activity & Lifestyle

1. Urban heat islands make the city center of Porto much hotter than surrounding rural areas.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Famensagem.pt%2F2023%2F05%2F04%2Fclimate-shelters-heat%2F&psig=AOvVaw2g292GFqUAMoL3My9riZxC&ust=1760026880433000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBUQjRxqFwoTCJCD3ZuBlZADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

2. Air quality is declining due to traffic emissions and hotter

weather.

3. Water shortages during dry months affect agriculture and household use.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theportugalnews.com%2Fnews%2F2022-02-02%2Fwater-restrictions-to-combat-drought%2F64984&psig=AOvVaw0y-PaqgArEUExUUztlePem&ust=1760027067982000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBUQjRxqFwoTCNiQk_WBlZADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

4. Tourism and local economy are impacted by extreme weather events, influencing jobs and seasonal activities.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.express.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F1938283%2Feurope-heatwave-portugal-warning&psig=AOvVaw1YKcJVPFPXNAqEwgHHXP3W&ust=1760027147196000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBUQjRxqFwoTCID575iClZADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

Effects of Climate Change:

• Exponentially growth in average temperatures

• Increase of heat waves and droughts events

• Higher threats of wildfires

• More Climate Refugees

• Massive Artic ice melt and sea levels rise

• Flooding and stronger hurricanes

• Rising of Ocean temperatures

• Disrupted Ecosystems

• Health issues

Task 3:

List of main effects of climate change in different dimensions of life:

Fauna

• Rising temperatures and heatwaves: Thermal stress affects many species, particulary amphibians and reptiles, which rely on external temperatures to regulate their body heat. https://media.nature.com/lw767/magazine-assets/d41586-023-02995-7/d41586-023-02995-7_26075536.png

• Habitat loss and alteration: The incresead frequency of wildfires ( especially in central Portugal) leads to loss of forested areas and breeding sites for birds and mammals. https://img.freepik.com/premium-photo/explore-impact-habitat-loss-animal-species-how-does-destruction-natural-habitats-affect-wildlife-populations-ecosystem-health_1214173-36454.jpg?w=1060

• Disrupts food availability: The plants will start to bloom earlier and insects are going to start appearing out of season. This affects animals that depend on these resources, such as pollinators. https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/1130978/fsufs-07-1130978-HTML/image_m/fsufs-07-1130978-g001.jpg

• Ocean changes: Ocean warming and acidification affect fish coral and plankton populations. https://cdn.britannica.com/82/152182-050-719F9121/state-diagram-carbonates-conditions-oceans-2100.jpg

Flora

• The rise in average temperatures means that plant species are having to become increasingly accustomed to droughts and intense heat, with some species retreating to higher and wetter areas. https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i4w36mdp51WE/v1/-1x-1.jpg

• Prolonged droughts reduce rainfall, and irregular rainfall leads to the death of native plants, thereby increasing the risk of forest and vegetation loss, while aquatic species suffer from reduced river flow. https://tse2.mm.bing.net/th/id/OIP.eYa2kHAOONlM0OYKzqrRowHaEK?cb=12&rs=1&pid=ImgDetMain&o=7&rm=3

• Wildfires occur more frequently due to heat waves, and successive forest fires hinder forest recovery (reforestation). However, it is very important to note that some fires are man-made. https://cdn-images.the-express.com/img/dynamic/17/590x/secondary/va-wildfire-161020.jpg?r=1711070616963

• Agriculture is impacted by water shortages in corn, wheat and even rice crops. https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.bFuB4azmbAk-2VNfIhZQggHaEK?w=309&h=180&c=7&r=0&o=7&cb=12&dpr=1.3&pid=1.7&rm=3

Climate Patterns

• Increasing Temperatures

  Although the north is cooler than the south, average temperatures are rising.

  There are even more frequent heatwaves, especially in areas like Trás-os-Montes and Douro. https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S004896971830799X-fx1.jpg

• Changes in Rainfall Patterns

  Overall annual rainfall may not change drastically, but distribution is shifting:

  More intense rainfall events (leading to flooding and erosion) and longer drought periods, especially in summer. https://th.bing.com/th/id/R.be63396d357951016696455df0d100a7?rik=bgbLTsEydhKTqw&riu=http%3a%2f%2fwww.ipma.pt%2fresources.www%2fdata%2fclima%2fmapas.graficos%2fkHVwINcIsogWUdFvHaiQ%2fmrrto200512.jpg&ehk=xPTdDo0Qx7sEG%2bOUwv4G8TIvg%2f8UK%2fc%2bHo0Lb%2frTbOU%3d&risl=&pid=ImgRaw&r=0

• Increased Risk of Wildfires

  Traditionally wetter areas for example, Minho and Douro, are experiencing drier summers, increasing fire risk.

  Forests, especially monocultures (pine and eucalyptus), are more vulnerable. https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/2020-09/number-wildfires-increasing.png

• Extreme Weather Events

  More storm events, with heavy rains and strong winds creating potential floodings in river basins (Douro, Lima and Cávado). https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.7aqTmQxsTg62kOwMJb1o3wHaEv?w=261&h=180&c=7&r=0&o=7&cb=12&dpr=1.3&pid=1.7&rm=3

Human Activity & Lifestyle

• Human health: Climate change will increase the respiratory and cardiovascular diseases due to pollution and intense heat waves. It can also increase dehydration especially for the older people, children, and people who work outdoors. https://muhc.ca/sites/default/files/news/Articles/human-lungs-inhaling-toxic-pollutants.jpg

• Nutrition: The reduction in agricultural production due to droughts, will force the farmers to change their cultivation areas and consequently increasing food prices. https://tse2.mm.bing.net/th/id/OIP.4Yofpbn5x09pSlWkZu11ygHaFj?cb=12&rs=1&pid=ImgDetMain&o=7&rm=3

• Psychological impacts: It can cause trauma and post traumatic stress by some extreme events like wildfires or floods. The constant exposure to news about natural disasters contributes to increase the anxiety on people. https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.KNcTu_DKk6fZfRKona0yjwHaE8?w=286&h=191&c=7&r=0&o=7&cb=12&dpr=1.3&pid=1.7&rm=3

• Risk of Rural Depopulation: Harder conditions for farming may accelerate migration from rural villages to cities, especially among younger generations. https://gdb.voanews.com/20a2a14b-9243-443d-9513-030ea833b681_w1200_r1.jpg

• Extreme Labor Conditions: Due to climate change workers had to adapt to hotter temperatures. Thus, they had to consume more water, wear fresher clothes and those who realized outdoor activities had to manage their exposure time to the heat, starting their tasks earlier than usual.

  
  

https://www.google.com/imgres?h=683&w=1024&tbnh=183&tbnw=275&osm=1&hcb=1&source=lens-native&usg=AI4_-kRvJgoqlBdT7zjtTvHq-doWVwdXtg&imgurl=https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/lookaside/crawler/media/?media_id%3D122192408762209807&imgrefurl=https://www.facebook.com/groups/836574390155578/&tbnid=-VUUnSi3O4P__M&docid=9pH5AYMAyDJFoM

We have the same general causes and effects of climate change globally, for example: heatwaves, changing wind and rain patterns, species going extinct, etc.

In the other hand, each reagion has its own specific climate change causes and effects, for example: Portugal's wildfires and Turkey's increase of transport pollution.

What will happen if the temperatura rises 2°C to 3°C?

The climate change effects would get even more noticeable;

The wildfires would become more frequent;

We would face worst dry seasons;

A lot of animals and plants would loose their homes and go extinct;

The sea levels would increase.

• Water level rises

• Defrosting

• Extinction of many species

• Decrease on production

• Decrease on drinkable water

• Increase of the water temperatures, specifically from the oceans and rivers

• Increase on wildfires

• Glaciers would melt faster;

• The water temperature would increase;

• The bird’s migratory patterns would change, which harms them;

• Vegetables and planet-sourced foods and products would lose quality;

• The sea levels would rise;

• Wild-fires and natural catastrophes would be more frequent and destructive;

• Wind patterns would change;

• Heat-related diseases would affect more individuals and the already diagnosed patients would struggle more.

If temperatures rise 2 to 3 degrees A 2-3 degree Celsius temperature rise it cause major changes to our planet.

Effects on:

Climate and weather:

-More extreme heatwaves

-Increased droughts

-Increase in wildfires

Oceans and sea:

-Sea level rising due to the ice melting

Ecosystem and Biodiversity:

-Mass extinction risks for plants and animals that can’t adapt easily and fast enough

-Disruption of the ecosystems

Food and Water:

-Water scarcity

-Reduction in fish supply

-Less nutritional quality

Human Health and Society:

-More heat-related deaths and illnesses

-Spread of diseases

-Forced migration

Economic:

-Higher food prices

-Market instability

-Economic losses

1) Individual

Some of the solutions are:

•Use the car less- walk, by bike or public transports.

•Reduce energy consumption- turn off lights, use LED bulbs and lower the heating.

•Eat less meat- especially red meat.

•Avoid waste- reuse, recycle, buy only what is necessary.

• Support sustainable brands- choose local and ecological products.

• Plant trees or take care of gardens- help capture CO2.

"Small actions, big impact".

2) Organizations (ESAG, NGO's and private companies)

Some of the solutions are:

• Schools like ESAG: promote awareness campaigns, garbage collection, ecological fairs, school gardens and outdoor classes.

•NGO's: Organize beach and forest cleaning, pressure governments and companies and educate communities.

•Private companies: Reduce plastics, use renewable energy, create recycable products and support environmental projects.

"Team work for the planet".

3) Governments(Portugal, The European Parlament and the UN)

Some of the solutions are:

•Portugal: Invest in solar and wind energy, improve public transports, and create incentives for electric cars.

•European Union: Impose limits on carbon emissions, support the most affected contries and create stronger environmental laws.

•United Nations: Coordinate global agreements such as the Paris Agreement, support developing contries and promote international campaigns.

"Climate change needs global action, no one can solve it alone".

With the online meeting we found out that there are many similarities and differences regarding the cause-effect in climate change around the world.

Poor waste management, an increase in wildfires, specially during summer time due to a rise of the temperatures and excessive plastic use and waste were some of the most common among all countries. The increase of green house gases’ emission is a consequence of high industrial dependance and over usage of industrial machinery. The more populated the country, the more careful and thoughtful they need to be in order to maintain stability regarding air quality and native’s life conditions. These overpopulated countries may experience over tourism and higher transport pollution due to higher necessity of public services and overconsumption of available goods and services. In countries next to water sources, just like Portugal, overfishing is a serious problem that affects marine ecosystems. The high demand of seafood may result on the extinction of some species and that contributes to an inflation of sea food prices which may become unfeasible for some people to buy.

What will happen if the temperature rises 2 to 3 degrees Celsius?

Due to the different geographical positions of each country on the globe, there are temperature differences between them.

Taking the North and South Poles as an example, the melting of glaciers as a result of this phenomenon causes average sea levels and average temperatures to rise, affecting the animal life of the species that inhabit these areas .

Animals need to find new mechanisms for survival in the face of all these changes.

Individual:

Recicle, avoid plastic use and waterwaste, help with fauna and flora preservation by planting native trees, donate to green NGO's, rather walk or use public transportation...

Organizations:

Follow the environmental laws, choose to use paper over plastic on the products, adopt the use of clean energy, avoid waterwaste...

Government:

Invest in clean energy and sustainable lifestyle for the population, follow the sustainable development goals, supervise the companies and environmental laws, invest on the population literacy...

Action plan: (to develop and finish)

What? A presentation about how to participate in environmental preservation.

Who? The group 4.

Whom? Students attending the 9th 10th grades.

Where? At school

When? -

How? Making a presentation with useful sustainable lifestile options and a quiz.

• Wildfire more frequente in Portugal.

• Factores/ Industries / Companies are producing more CO2.

• They (Factores/ Industries / Companies) are polluting potable water by there toxic and unsustainable waste.

• Shifting of birds migration (is getting delayed because of climate change).

• Tourism is making the areas much hotter “urban heat”.

  
  

What will happen if temperature rise 2 to 3 degrees celsius ?

• Rainfall will decrease, especially in the south: drought risk will increase and water scarcity will worse.

• Wildfire risk will go up due to hotter, drier, more flammable conditions.

• Agricultural productivity (example: grapes, olives, cereals) is likely to decline, especially in vulnerable regions.

• Coastal zones will face higher sea levels and tourism.

Biodiversity Loss

Actions:

-Plant native species in gardens, balconies, and community green spaces to support pollinators and local wildlife.

-Reduce light and noise pollution

Goals:

-Increase urban and rural biodiversity.

-Reduce pollution and habitat disturbance.

Coastal habitat loss

Actions:

-Join or organize beach clean-ups.

-Reduce plastic use.

Goals:

-Reduce marine litter and pollution.

-Protect dunes, estuaries, and coastal biodiversity.

Increased wildfire

Actions:

-Clear vegetation around homes.

-Avoid outdoor fires and barbecues during summer fire risk periods.

Goals:

-Restore degraded forests with native species.

-Build safer, fire-resilient rural communities.

Solutions to fight climate change by organizations:

Biodiversity loss

Actions:

-Restoring ecosystems and protecting endangered species.

-Conducting biodiversity monitoring and genetic research

Goals:

-Restore degraded habitats and reintroduce native flora and fauna.

-Increase awareness of human impacts on ecosystems.

Partners:

-CIIMAR (Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research) – University of Porto.

-CIBIO (Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources).

Coastal habitat loss

Actions:

-Restoration of seagrass meadows, salt marshes, and dune ecosystems (“Blue Forests”).

-Reducing marine litter and promoting sustainable fisheries.

Goals:

-Strengthen resilience of coastal ecosystems against erosion and sea-level rise.

-Improve biodiversity and carbon storage in marine ecosystems.

Partners:

-Ocean Alive, Oceano Azul Foundation, CIIMAR, WWF Portugal.

-Supported by EU LIFE and Horizon Europe funding.

Increased wildfires

Actions:

-Restoring native forests and reducing fire-prone eucalyptus plantations.

-Using natural grazing (goats/sheep) to control undergrowth and prevent large fires.

Goals:

-Reduce wildfire risk and protect biodiversity in fire-prone regions.

-Promote ecological forest management and sustainable rural development.

Partners:

-WWF Portugal, Rewilding Portugal, LIPOR, Serras do Porto Natural Park Association.

-University of Porto (CIBIO, CIIMAR).

Solutions to fight climate change by governments:

Biodiversity loss

Actions:

-Expansion and management of Protected Areas (terrestrial and marine).

-Restoration of degraded habitats through the EU LIFE Programme.

Goals:

-Improve ecological connectivity between habitats.

-Promote sustainable agriculture, forestry, and fisheries that support biodiversity.

Partners:

-Ministry for Environment and Climate Action (MAAC)

-Portuguese Environment Agency (APA)

Coastal Habitat Loss

Actions:

-Development of the National Coastal Zone Management Program (POOC) and Coastal Climate Adaptation Plans.

-Restoration of dunes, wetlands, and estuaries.

Goals:

-Protect marine biodiversity and prevent erosion, flooding, and habitat loss.

-Build resilience against sea-level rise and extreme weather.

Partners:

-Ministry for Environment and Climate Action (MAAC).

-Portuguese Environment Agency (APA).

Increased Wildfire

Actions:

-Implementation of the National Plan for Integrated Fire Management (PNGIFR).

-Landscape management and reforestation with fire-resilient native species.

Goals:

-Strengthen community and ecosystem resilience to wildfires.

-Transition from fire suppression to long-term fire prevention.

Partners:

-Agency for Integrated Fire Management (AGIF).

-Portuguese National Authority for Emergency and Civil Protection (ANEPC).

Action plan:

What? A presentation about how to participate in environmental preservation and actions that they can take to help reduce climate change.

Who? Group 5

Whom? Students attending the 7th grades.

Where? At school

When? To be decided

How? Making a presentation with useful actions they can take to help reduce climate change and a kahoot with prizes at the end.

Similarities:

• Poor waste management;

• Wildfires (summer times);

• Plastic use;

• Deflorestation;

• CO2 emissions increase;

• Overfishing;

Differences:

• Transport pollution (air);

• Over pollution;

• A lot of industrial zones;

• Over-tourism;

Finding solutions for climate changes:

INDIVIDUAL:

• Recycle;

• Use of public transport;

• Don’t litter;

Organisation:

a) ESAG:

• Recycle;

• Plant more threes;

• Clean up beaches;

b) NGO’s:

• Awareness activities;

• Sustainable demonstrations;

• Collaboration with local government;

c) PRIVATE COMPANIES:

• Reduce plastic use;

• Awareness lectures to the employees;

• Making green work a priority;

Government:

a) PORTUGAL 🇵🇹:

• Develop legislation that supports sustainable behaviour;

• Collaborate with other countries;

• Incentive its citizens to adapt green habits;

b) THE EU 🇪🇺:

• Facilitate collaborations between countries and organisations;

• Discuss and develop new legislation and approaches;

• Analyse and evaluate the member countries contribution and commitment to fight climate change;

c) THE UNITED NATIONS 🇺🇳:

• Develop more sustainable goals aiming all countries around the world;

•Analyse countries commitment to follow the sustainable goals implemented in the right timeline;

• Help and promote relationships between countries that can support each other mutually on the climate change fight.

As individuals

• Change our transports to more sustainable ones, like walking on foot or using public transportation

• Reduce energy consumption

• Make sustainable food choices

• Consume in a more conscious way

• Plant trees and clean our forest areas

• Support green and eco-friendly NGOs

Organizations (such as NGOs and private companies)

• Use renewable energy sources

• Improve energy efficiency

• Adopt green ways of production and sustainable materials

• Protect the environment

• Invest in reforestation campaigns

• Reduce water consumption

• Educate their employees about sustainability

Schools (like ESAG)

• Promote sustainability awareness campaigns

• Encourage ecological actions, like recycling and water preservation

• Educate on topics like environment preservation and climate change, and ways to fight and help the Planet

Governments

• Create strong environmental policies and rules

• Enforce laws on pollution, deforestation, greenhouse gases emission and other things that aggravate climate change

• Invest in the use of renewable energy and resources

• Promote and educate the population on the use of sustainable transportation

• Build more bike lanes and pedestrian-friendly areas

• Create and maintain natural and protected areas

• Support reforestation programs and campaigns

• Support a greener and more ecological economy and education

• Work with other countries, helping them adapt to climate change and ways to fight it

Action Plan:

•What?

A presentation on solutions to climate change and problems related to it

• Who?

Group 6

• Whom?

7th grade students from ESAG

• Where?

On our school (ESAG)

• When?

On the 1st semester

• Resources

Presentation about the topic; Interactive games (Kahoot, quiz, bingo) and questions about the presentation

1) Individual

• Less use of plastic.

• Reduce energy consumption (example: turn of the light when leaving the room).

• Planting native trees / plants.

• Using public transport or using car polling for less pollution.

2) Organizations

• Using of clean energy.

• Making recycled products.

• Promoting more environmental sustainability.

• Producing more green appliances.

• Reducing water consumption.

3) Government (Portugal, the European Parliament and U.N.)

• Protecting forests, preventing wildfires and promoting reforestation with native species.

• Encourage sustainable farming and wildfire prevention.

• Including climate topics in school curricula and public awareness.

• Find green technology (example: electric mobility)

• Ban products with high environmental impact, such as single-use plastics.

A presentation about climate change and a quiz.

• Who ?

Group 2

• Whom ?

7th grade and 9th grade

• When ?

6th of February

• Where ?

At school

• Resources ?

Presentation and Interactive Kahoot.

Comparing causes and effects from local to global level

Some of the causes and effects we, Portuguese students, observed to have in commun with the rest of the world, according to the information we obtained with the virtual interaction and the informative videos and presentations we watched, are:

• Waste management

Drought seasons that lead to:

• Wildfires;

• Allergies

• Mental Health problems, associated to the majority of the disasters

• Frustrations against the government

Long rain periods that lead to:

• Floods

Excessive tourism:

• Pollution

• Increase of CO2 emissions

What will happen if the temperature rises 2 to 3 degrees celsius?

According to the different hemispheres and position of each country, the increase of the temperature would cause different effects.

But some of the most evident effects, in general, would be:

• The melting of glaciers;

• Rising of the sea levels;

• Changes in the average temperatures;

• More drought periods;

• More heatwaves;

• Risk of extintion of some plant and animal species.

Individuals:

Changing habits:

• Recycling;

• Saving water;

• Using public transports to help reduce CO2 emissions;

• Control overconsumption;

• Saving energy;

• Control waste management.

Organizations:

Schools (ex.: ESAG):

• Encourage recycling;

• Set sustainable habits inside their community;

• Promote eco-friendly activities.

NGO's:

• Spread awareness to the effects of bad habits;

• Promote campaigns that help in some sort of way, envolving sustainability, eco-friendly habits(...);

• Collaborate with bigger companies that could help giving voice to their objectives, spreading their word.

Private Companies:

• Avoid using polluting methods to make their projects;

• Use renewable energy sources;

• Spread awareness inside their community and employees;

• Reduce any source of polluting methodes involving their productions.

Governments (ex.: Portuguese Government, EU, UN)

• Invest in wildfire prevention and ways to soften floods damage;

• Encourage sustainable farming methods;

• Forbid high plastic use in products;

• Encourage their citizens to have clean habits;

• Imply laws that forbid the sale of polluting products;

• Find ways to reduce CO2 emissions from the industry and vehicles;

• Set goals to end pollution and things that destroy the environment.

Action Plan

• Presentation of a PowerPoint to inform students, attending the 9th and 10th grades, on the topic of Climate Change causes and effects, and what to do to help reduce the problems caused by it;

Ending the informative dialogue

with an interactive game or activity.

• Presentation: Explain about the climate action project and how we have operated towards it;

  Explain composting and how engaging in such practice can fight climate change;

• Prize: Pencil’s Miss will give us and a slice of cake for the top 3 players;

• Kahoot: short, condensed and funny (with memes and all).

Make a PowerPoint with the following informations:

› Presentation of the project

• what we're doing?

• why we're doing it?

• our final goal

› Sharing information about the research we have done

• causes and effects of climate change around the world

• signs of climate change locally (country)

› Sharing things we can do to help make some change

• introducing healthy and sustainable habits

• educating them on the wrong things we can avoid doing and their consequences

› Make sure the right message was passed down to them

• make questiond trough the presentation

Ending the interaction with a rewarded Kahoot

Our presentation and kahoot are concluded.

Kahoot link: https://play.kahoot.it/v2/?quizId=09ad6093-4571-4d3a-a5c2-961a112f51d1&hostId=996c4f20-c8be-4946-92ef-d1cc0910bbbf

Kahoot Link: https://play.kahoot.it/v2/?quizId=09ad6093-4571-4d3a-a5c2-961a112f51d1&hostId=996c4f20-c8be-4946-92ef-d1cc0910bbbf