https://padlet.com/20dygena/a8l60eqsl5qr Woodrow Wilson's post-war plan en-us 2018-02-19 23:55:18 UTC 2018-02-20 02:19:48 UTC hello@padlet.com 20dygena https://padlet.com/20dygena/a8l60eqsl5qr/wish/233085785
The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations]]> 2018-02-19 23:57:02 UTC https://padlet.com/20dygena/a8l60eqsl5qr/wish/233085785 20dygena https://padlet.com/20dygena/a8l60eqsl5qr/wish/233086650 I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view.
II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants.
III. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance.
IV. Adequate guarantees are given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety.
V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable government whose title is to be determined.
VI. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy.
VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired.
VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all.
IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality.
X. The people of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development.
XI. Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into.
XII. The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees.
XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant.
XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.

]]> 2018-02-20 00:02:25 UTC https://padlet.com/20dygena/a8l60eqsl5qr/wish/233086650 20dygena https://padlet.com/20dygena/a8l60eqsl5qr/wish/233087875 Wilson proposed a union of nations in his 14th point of the speech addressing the nation. He stated that these nations must join together in order to afford mutual guarantees and territorial integrity. Similar to the United Nations, the League of Nations was designed to solve the world's political, social, and economic problems. The League of Nations was formed shortly after in 1920. This made a great social impact but the League of Nations was unable to enforce its policies effectively and did not make much of a political, or military impact.]]> 2018-02-20 00:13:40 UTC https://padlet.com/20dygena/a8l60eqsl5qr/wish/233087875 20dygena https://padlet.com/20dygena/a8l60eqsl5qr/wish/233094387 The First Five Points all have to do with the establishment of peace. In the first he calls for there to be no private diplomatic meetings between nations and that all issues be addressed to the public. This obviously did not affect the way that international politics were run because there was no way to enforce this idea, but it was a very popular idea. The second point discusses peace on the seas or freedom on the seas as he called it in his speech. This act was never enforced properly and the seas were only peaceful for a short while after the war. The seas became just as hostile as before. The seas were never fully without conflict. The third point calls for equal trade conditions between nations. This idea was practiced to an extent and the trade between nations became more even internationally. However, with no way to enforce this, this idea became less important and prominent. The fourth point called for national arms supplies to be reduced in order for public safety to the lowest possible consistency. Many countries ignored this and refused to reduce their supply of weapons in order to make the public feel safer so this was mostly ineffective. The fifth point called for an adjustment of all colonial claims which did not have any impact on the post-war world as there was no way to enforce this idea or punish those who broke it without serious conflict.]]> 2018-02-20 00:54:35 UTC https://padlet.com/20dygena/a8l60eqsl5qr/wish/233094387 20dygena https://padlet.com/20dygena/a8l60eqsl5qr/wish/233104317 The ideas expressed in these points have to do with territorial disputes. The sixth point calls for the evacuation from all Russian territories including sister countries. Of course, Wilson had no way of enforcing this issue but many people became more aware of the issues being caused by Russia. The seventh point called for the restoration of Belgium for the government and policies. This point made a great impact along with the sixth point on the mindset of many people but had no tangible effect as Belgium was not restored to Wilson's desire. The eighth point wanted all French territory taken in the war to be returned and France should right the wrong they did to Prussia in 1871. All French territory was eventually returned and freed but the conflict between France and Prussia was not resolved until much later. The ninth point addressed a readjustment of Italy's frontiers along clearly recognizable nationality lines. This made little impact on the post-war world but the act was effectively carried out. The tenth point wanted Austria-Hungary to develop autonomously without any intervention from the United States. This plan worked out well for the United States and the rest of the world and they became less hostile and less of a problem. The eleventh point called for more territories to be evacuated and restored and like the order of Russia, it was unsuccessful. The twelfth point called for the autonomous development of parts of the Ottoman Empire. The lack of US intervention proved effective and impacted the demise of the Ottoman Empire. The thirteenth wanted to establish an independent state that would have access to the sea. Again, this affected people's mindset but it did not get carried out. ]]> 2018-02-20 01:46:41 UTC https://padlet.com/20dygena/a8l60eqsl5qr/wish/233104317