Two additional activities:

a. literature circle - divide students into small groups and guide them to a deep discussion on what they have read through a list of questions. Students will be able to practice and develop both critical thinking and communication skills.

b. Create a long-term project for students which they can use digital technology. For example, students choose their own areas of interest, record their speech/talking/interview and publish their Podcast. Students can share their podcast and comment on each other's work. Their research, speaking, writing skills will all be involved to compete this project.

   - Rule-light: Encourages relationship building, fosters a sense of camaraderie, promotes informal knowledge exchange, and provides an outlet for stress relief and social connection.

   - Spontaneous: Allows for quick exchange of information, enables immediate problem-solving, promotes creativity and brainstorming, and facilitates informal feedback.

2. Discussion, Group Formats:

   - Rule-light:  Encourages open communication and participation, allows for diverse perspectives to be heard, promotes teamwork and collaboration, and fosters a sense of inclusivity and ownership.

   - Spontaneous: Promotes agile decision-making, facilitates rapid problem-solving, encourages adaptability to changing circumstances, and fosters innovation through dynamic idea exchange.

3. Discussion, Systems:

   -Rule-light: Allows for flexibility in problem-solving approaches, encourages creative thinking within established frameworks, promotes exploration of unconventional solutions, and fosters adaptability to evolving circumstances.

   - Ruled heavy: Provides a structured framework for problem-solving, ensures systematic analysis of issues, promotes consistency and reliability in decision-making, and facilitates coordination among team members.

4. Formal Debate:

   - Rule-light: Encourages critical thinking and logical reasoning, promotes effective communication skills, enhances persuasive abilities, and fosters confidence in presenting and defending ideas.

   - Ruled heavy: Ensures fairness and equity in argumentation, provides a structured platform for rigorous intellectual exchange, encourages adherence to established debate protocols, and facilitates resolution of complex issues through reasoned argumentation.

5. Stimulus to Interaction:

   - Rule-light: Breaks down social barriers and encourages participation, promotes team bonding and morale, fosters creativity and innovation, and provides opportunities for informal networking.

   - Spontaneous: Generates immediate engagement and enthusiasm, breaks routine and stimulates thinking, encourages spontaneous collaboration and idea generation, and promotes a positive atmosphere conducive to productivity.

6. Role-played Interactions:

   - Rule-light: Enhances empathy and perspective-taking skills, promotes experiential learning and understanding, fosters creativity in problem-solving, and provides a safe space for exploring alternative behaviors and scenarios.

   - Prepared: Allows participants to practice specific skills or scenarios, facilitates rehearsal and refinement of communication techniques, promotes confidence in handling challenging situations, and provides a structured framework for skill development.

7. Prepared Interactions:

   - Prepared: Ensures readiness and efficiency in communication, minimizes misunderstandings and errors, facilitates smooth execution of planned activities, and enhances professionalism and credibility.

Informal chat - these can not only be limited to student-to-student interactions. Teachers engaging students in an informal chat to check in before and/or after class is not only useful in allowing the students to practice the target language in a relaxed, realistic manner but also builds rapport between both parties.

Discussion - When doing whole-class feedback in which the whole class is participating in a discussion based on a prompt, question or stimulus, it is still beneficial to incorporate one of the other types of groupings. Letting the students form and share opinions with a partner or small group allows them to practice phrasing their answers, which will boost their confidence and willingness to share their opinions with the class.

Stimulus-to-discussion - For SL classes, another type of stimulus we can provide is an image and have the students run through examples of what they can say about the picture, which theme or themes it relates to and pose and answer questions they think might be asked based on one another's responses. This will give them key exam practice. That does not mean to say that HL students cannot perform this kind of activity.

Role-play interactions - for both types it will be worthwhile to adopt a "Yes, and" policy in which the students cannot say no to one another but have to work off the lines that their partner or partners give them.

Activity Suggestion:

Semi-formal or Informal Debates on trivial or controversial, yet absurd topics such as "Mint Chocolate Ice-cream, Yes or No?"

Debates of this nature can be performed quickly with minimal preparation time required. It develops the students' abilities to think on their feet and use their existing repertoires to argue their points effectively. After the end of a round, the class can vote on who "won" the debate based on how well they were able to formulate a persuasive response.

1. Role-Playing Scenarios: Instead of just discussing hypothetical situations, participants can act them out in role-playing scenarios. This adds a dynamic element to the activity and helps participants practice language use in real-life contexts.

2. Debate Clubs: Organize debates on various topics where participants have to argue for or against a particular viewpoint. This encourages critical thinking, persuasive language use, and respectful disagreement.

3. Storytelling Workshops: Instead of just discussing stories, conduct workshops where participants create and share their own stories. This fosters creativity, vocabulary expansion, and narrative skills.

4. Language Exchange Programs: Pair participants who speak different native languages to practice conversing in each other's languages. This promotes language learning and cultural exchange.

5. Grammar Games: Create interactive games focused on grammar rules and usage. For example, participants could compete in grammar quizzes, sentence construction challenges, or word puzzles.

6. Group Discussions with Specific Roles: Assign different roles within a group discussion, such as moderator, fact-checker, devil's advocate, etc. This adds structure to the discussion and encourages participants to take on different perspectives.

7. Multimedia Analysis: Analyze and discuss various forms of multimedia, such as articles, videos, podcasts, or songs. This helps participants understand language use in different contexts and mediums.

8. Language Immersion Trips: Organize trips or outings where participants are immersed in an environment where they must use the target language. This could be a visit to a cultural event, a restaurant, or a foreign country.

9. Language Café Events: Host language café events where participants gather to converse in the target language over coffee or tea. This creates a relaxed and informal setting for practicing language skills.

10. Feedback Sessions: After engaging in any language activity, allocate time for constructive feedback. This allows participants to reflect on their language use, receive input from peers, and identify areas for improvement.