Unit 3 The electron by Tanya Gunter

cation and anions

tgunter12 — 2025-02-10 20:54:46 UTC

ground versus excited electrons

2025-02-13 15:25:43 UTC

Lewis Structures

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Lewis structures

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A convenient and simple way to represent an element and its valence e-

Noble Gas Notation

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The Shielding Effect

2025-02-13 15:29:36 UTC

Ground vs excited state of electrons

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ground and excited state electrons

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orbitals and shells

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Quantum atomic model

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Wave and particle nature of electrons

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reactive elements

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Aufbau Principle

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electrons fill the lowest energy orbital

Three laws of Electron Configuration

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Shielding Effects

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This is when there are a lot of inner core electrons blocking the attraction between the positive nucleus and the negative valence electrons.

Oxidation Numbers

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The charge of an Ion

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

2025-02-13 15:36:35 UTC

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

2025-02-13 15:37:20 UTC

There is a limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, can be simultaneously known.

Quantum Theory

2025-02-13 15:38:25 UTC

A mathematical description of the wave properties of e and other tiny particles

Quantum Theory

2025-02-13 15:38:50 UTC

A theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms. It is the foundation of all quantum physics, which includes quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science.

Shielding effect

2025-02-13 15:39:27 UTC

Mathematical relation of wavelength and frequency

2025-02-13 16:20:06 UTC

The speed (speed of light) of electromagnetic waves is the wavelength times the frequency.

Pauli's exclusion

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No two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of quantum numbers.

Lewis Structure

2025-02-13 16:24:27 UTC

a convenient and simple way to represent an element and its valence e-

Noble gas notation

2025-02-13 16:24:45 UTC

An abbreviated way to write electrons configurations. You use the symbol of the prior noble gas and followed by the remaining electron configuration

The speed of light

37830_17 — 2025-02-13 16:25:18 UTC

lewis structure

2025-02-13 16:25:50 UTC

A convenient and simple way to represent an element and its valence e-

Periodic Trends

2025-02-13 16:26:24 UTC

Specific patterns in the periodic table to make a prediction of an element's properties.

Number of Electrons in each Shell

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1st shell - 2 electrons

2nd shell - 8 electrons

3rd shell - 18 electrons

Pauli Exclusion Principle

37830_17 — 2025-02-13 16:27:51 UTC

Ground and Excited State

2025-02-13 16:28:22 UTC

When electrons are in their grounds state, they have very low energy. But when electromagnetic radiation is absorbed, it excites the electron and causes it to jump to the next energy level. For electrons in the excited State, when they release energy the electrons drop an energy level.

Lewis Sructures

2025-02-13 16:29:31 UTC

To represent the valence electrons of the atom list

Shielding Effect

37830_17 — 2025-02-13 16:29:43 UTC

Aufbau Principle

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Electrons occupy orbitals from lowest to highest

Heiseburg Uncertainty Principle

2025-02-13 16:31:28 UTC

Cannot know both the position and speed of the particle with perfect accuracy.

ground and excited state

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excited state: releases energy

ground state: absorbs energy

Pauli Exclusion Principle

2025-02-13 16:32:56 UTC

No two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of quantum numbers. This includes energy, orientation, shape, and spin. Also if electrons are in the same orbital they must be spinning opposite ways.

Aufbau principle

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e- fill the lowest orbital first

periodic trends (non-metallic and metallic character)

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HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

2025-02-13 16:35:20 UTC

It is impossible to determine the position and velocity of an electron or other particle simultaneously.

Hund's Rule

2025-02-13 16:36:39 UTC

Orbitals of equal energy each get 1 electron before any orbital gets a second pair.

the rules

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Aufbau principle

Hund's principle

Pauli exclusion principle

ground vs excited state

2025-02-13 18:17:00 UTC

When an electron temporarily occupies an energy state greater than its ground state, it is in an excited state

bonds

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over two is ionic

under two is polar

under .5 is covalent

Pauli exclusion principle

2025-02-13 18:18:49 UTC

no two identical fermions in a system can occupy the same quantum state

Ground V Excited

395396 — 2025-02-13 18:19:12 UTC

Ground state is absorb energy that they can jump to a higher energy level, When they are in excited state and energy is emitted as light and they drop an energy level to the group

coulombs law

2025-02-13 18:19:37 UTC

The size of the force varies inversely as the square of the distance between the two charges.

EMS

2025-02-13 18:20:03 UTC

Radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible, infrared, UV, X-ray, gamma

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

2025-02-13 18:20:22 UTC

Hund's Rule

2025-02-13 18:21:33 UTC

Orbitals of equal energy each get 1 electron before either get pairs

Pauli Exclusion Principle

2025-02-13 18:21:40 UTC

Cation vs Anion

2025-02-13 18:22:26 UTC

cations have more protons than elections and anions have more electron than protons

Cations and Anions

2025-02-13 18:23:07 UTC

Cations are positively charged ions while anions are negatively charged ions.

Ionic Radii

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Electrons, Energy, and Electromagnetic Relationships

48077_4 — 2025-02-13 18:24:44 UTC

The higher the energy change of the electron, the higher the frequency of the emitted electromagnetic radiation.

Coulomb's Law

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As the atomic number increases so does the nuclear attraction, which pulls the electrons more tightly into the nucleus.

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

2025-02-13 18:25:44 UTC

we cannot know both the position and speed of a particle, such as a photon or electron, with perfect accuracy

2025-02-13 18:25:53 UTC

explains how electrons are arranged using quantum numbers like the aufbau principle and Pauli exclusion principle

The 3 laws

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These laws determine the electron configuration.

stability of atoms

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An atom is considered stable when the forces within its nucleus are balanced, meaning there is a proper ratio of protons to neutrons, and it does not readily decay or emit radiation

Ionization Energy

395396 — 2025-02-13 18:26:59 UTC

Ionization energy required to remove one e from a neutral atom of an element. Tends to increase as you move up a group and increase as moving right in a period.

2025-02-13 18:28:07 UTC

like charges repel each other while unlike charges attract

S,P,D,F Orbitals

395396 — 2025-02-13 18:28:20 UTC

Each shell can hold a max of e. each shell has sub-levels which are lettered S,P,D,F such as 2,6,10,14

Coulomb's Law

2025-02-13 18:28:26 UTC

As atomic number increases, nuclear attraction for electrons increases. This pulls the electrons in more tightly towards the nucleus.

Cations and Anions

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Quantum model V.S Bohr Model

48077_4 — 2025-02-13 18:29:33 UTC

The Bohr model depicts electrons orbiting the nucleus in fixed, circular paths with precise energy levels, while the quantum model describes electron positions as probabilities in a 3D orbital.

Identify based on an example

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A cation will look more full and positive while an anion will look less and more negative

Ground State Vs Exited State

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transition elements

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3 Laws that determine the electron configuration

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Shielding Effect

48077_4 — 2025-02-13 18:32:13 UTC

The shielding effect can be defined as a reduction on the effectiveness of the nuclear charge on the electron cloud, due to a difference in the attraction forces on the electrons in the atom

Shielding Effect

2025-02-13 18:33:36 UTC

Periodic trends(nonmetallic &metallic character)

2025-02-13 18:33:37 UTC

specific patterns on the periodic table to determine the elements properties

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

2025-02-13 18:34:59 UTC

uncertainty principle states that we cannot know both the position and speed of a particle, such as a photon or electron, with perfect accuracy

Stability

2025-02-13 18:35:58 UTC

The stability of an atom is determined by its reactivity or non-reactivity. More specifically, the stability of an atom is determined by said atom's electron configuration and resultant placement on the periodic chart.

Quantum Theory

2025-02-13 18:36:17 UTC

Quantum theory is a branch of physics that explains the behavior of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic level

Difference between Ground and Excited State.

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A Ground State refers to the lowest possible energy level of an atom or molecule, where all electrons occupy the lowest available energy levels, while an Excited State is in any higher energy level above the ground state.

Predicting iconic bonds in electromagnetically

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Electronegativity

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a chemical property that measures how strongly an atom attracts electrons

Oxidation Numers

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the total number of electrons that an atom either gains or loses in order to form a chemical bond with another atom

Electron configuration

2025-02-13 18:38:14 UTC

An electron configuration is a description of how electrons are arranged around an atom's nucleus. It shows how many electrons are in each subshell and orbital. First write the energy level (the period), then the subshell to be filled and the superscript, which is the number of electrons in that subshell. The total number of electrons is the atomic number,

wave lengths

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colors of wave lengths

Electromagnetic spectrum

2025-02-13 19:42:59 UTC

Cations and anions

52381_12 — 2025-02-13 19:45:08 UTC

Anions are negative and they lose. While anions are positive and gain.

Cations and Anions

62446_9 — 2025-02-13 19:45:32 UTC

The concept of cations and anions are, cations are positively charged that has lost one or more electrons while anions are the opposite charge which makes them have a negative charge and they gain one or more electrons

Electron configuration quantum theory

2025-02-13 19:45:52 UTC

a mathematical description for the wave properties of e and other tiny particles

Cations and Anions

2025-02-13 19:46:27 UTC

A Cation is a positively charged ion that loose one or more electrons, while an Anion is a negatively charged ion that has gained one or more electrons.

2025-02-13 19:47:26 UTC

a measure of the ability of an atom in a bond to attract e

Electrons actions

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They are bound by forces yet can still move through other objects.

Bohr Model and Quantum Model

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Bohr Model shows electrons orbiting the nucleus in fixed circular paths with energy levels. But the Quantum Model is when electrons are in wave like patterns in regions of space determined by probability.

Quantum model

52381_12 — 2025-02-13 19:50:42 UTC

Electron Configuration

62446_9 — 2025-02-13 19:53:38 UTC

The concept of electron configuration is that an element that describes how electrons are distributed in its atomic orbitals

Shielding Effect

2025-02-13 19:53:45 UTC

The Shielding Effect is the reduction of attraction between an atoms nucleus and it's outermost electrons. This happens when the inner shell electrons repel the outer shell electrons.

Oxidation numbers

52381_12 — 2025-02-13 19:54:50 UTC

Total amount of electrons in the atom that they either gain or lose.

Periodic trends

2025-02-13 19:55:07 UTC

Cations and Anions

2025-02-13 19:56:32 UTC

Anions

(-) ions
gained electrons
usually nonmetals

Cations

(+) ions
lost electrons
usually nonmetals

Periodic Trends

62446_9 — 2025-02-13 19:57:19 UTC

Periodic trends are patterns that are present in the periodic tables that shows the different aspects of certain elements when grouped by period and/or group.

Three Laws of Electrons

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Aufbau Principle : that at a ground state when the lowest ring is fulfilled.

Pauli Exclusion Principle : that identical atoms with a half integer spin can not occupy the same space.

Hund's Rule : electrons are by themselves before filling up pairs.

Pauli Exclusion Principle

2025-02-13 19:59:00 UTC

No two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of quantum numbers (energy, shape, orientation, spin)

Coulomb's Law

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As atomic number increases, the nuclear attraction for electrons increase, thus holding the electrons more tightly to the nucleus

heisenberg uncertainty principle

2025-02-13 20:02:56 UTC

the uncertainty principle states that we cannot know both the position and speed of a particle, such as a photon or electron, with perfect accuracy.

electrons shells

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"electron shells" represent energy levels surrounding the nucleus where electrons are likely to be found, while "orbitals" are specific regions within a shell where an electron pair can be located with the highest probability

Mathematical relationship

2025-02-13 23:10:31 UTC

The mathematical relationship between the speed, wavelength, and frequency of electromagnetic radiation is: speed = wavelength x frequency. As wavelength increases, frequency decreases, and vice versa, while maintaining a constant speed.

Quantum Theory

2025-02-14 03:34:49 UTC

Quantum theory is a mathematical description for the wave properties of electrons and other tiny particles. Also, quantum numbers are used to describe atomic orbitals.

Shielding Effect

2025-02-14 03:39:22 UTC

The shielding Effect is when electrons in the inner energy levels block the attraction of the nucleus to the valence electrons, which make valence electrons even more loosely held.

heisenberg's principle

2025-02-14 04:38:55 UTC

The uncertainty principle, also known as Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle, is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics. It states that there is a limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, can be simultaneously known. In other words, the more accurately one property is measured, the less accurately the other property can be known.

Noble Gas Configuration

2025-02-15 01:18:46 UTC

An abbreviated way to write electron configurations by using the symbol on the prior noble gas then followed by the remaining electron configuration.

Shielding Effect

2025-02-15 01:21:08 UTC

When electrons in the inner energy levels block the attraction of the nucleus to the valence electrons, increases as you move down a grown and atomic size increases.

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

2025-02-18 05:28:21 UTC

Quantum Theory

2025-02-18 05:33:41 UTC

Shielding Effect

2025-02-18 05:36:16 UTC

Shielding effect

2025-02-18 05:56:41 UTC

Inner shell electrons block the valence electrons from the positive attraction to the nucleus when the atom has a high atomic number

Ground VS Excited Electrons

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when a electron take a energy state greater than its ground state, it is in the excited state

measuring wavelength

2025-02-18 15:54:46 UTC

Measuring wavelengths is a way to measure the size of a wavelength also determining the distance between two identical points in a wave.

Cations and Anions

4182816 — 2025-02-20 03:40:15 UTC

Cations are positive and lose electrons

Anions are negative and gain electrons

Shielding Effect

395835 — 2025-02-21 02:18:57 UTC

The shielding effect can be defined as a reduction in the effective nuclear charge on the electron cloud, due to a difference in the attraction forces on the electrons in the atom. It is a special case of electric-field screening. This effect also has some significance in many projects in material sciences.

Shielding Effect

2025-02-21 15:18:21 UTC

The shielding effect is a phenomenon in chemistry that describes how inner electrons reduce the force of attraction between the nucleus and outer electrons.

Quantum Theory

395835 — 2025-02-21 15:28:37 UTC

In chemistry , quantum refers to a single packet of matter or energy. In practical use, it refers to the minimum amount of energy required for a change or the minimum value of any physical property in an interaction.

Ground Vs Excited State

395835 — 2025-02-21 15:30:39 UTC

In chemistry, ground state refers to the lowest energy level of an atom or molecule, meaning it's the most stable state. While excited state is a higher energy level where one or more electrons have been promoted to a higher energy orbital, making it less stable and requiring energy input to reach.

cations and anions

2025-02-21 17:01:27 UTC

anions are negative charged ions

cations are positively charged ions

aufbau principle

2025-02-21 17:05:16 UTC

electrons first fill subshells of the lowest available energy

ionization energy

2025-02-21 17:25:10 UTC

the amount of energy needed to remove an electron from an atom

Lewis Dot Structure

2025-02-21 18:10:38 UTC

Electromagnetic Spectrum: all of the different forms of radiant energy.

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Electron Configurations: the most stable arrangement of e- in an atom's electron cloud.

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Ionization Energy: the energy required to remove on e- from a neutral atom of an element.

2025-02-21 18:27:54 UTC

Atomic Radius

2025-02-21 18:33:17 UTC

Ground vs. Excited state

2025-02-23 22:17:25 UTC

The ground state is the lowest energy level of an atom, where electrons are most stable. The excited state occurs when an electron absorbs energy and jumps to a higher level. Although, the electron eventually returns to the ground state, releasing energy as light.

Quantum Theory

2025-02-23 22:23:30 UTC

The Quantum Theory is a mathematical description for wave properties that explains how matter and energy behave at small scales

Shielding Effect

2025-02-23 22:28:13 UTC

The shielding effect occurs when inner electrons reduce the attraction between the nucleus and outer electrons.

Ground v.s Excited State

2025-02-28 04:13:15 UTC

The difference between ground and excited state is when in the ground state, they have a very low energy. But, when in the process of electromagnetic radiation being absorbed it excites the electron which causes it to jump to the next energy level. When electrons are in the excited state they release energy and the electrons drop an energy level.

2025-02-28 15:40:17 UTC

When atoms become Ions, their radii change

Ionic radius = the radius of a monoatomic ion in an ionic compound

2025-02-28 18:35:40 UTC

electron configuration is the arrangement where the electrons in a molecules or an atom.

2025-02-28 18:38:54 UTC

Ionic radius is when atoms become ions, their radii change.

subject 3 coulombs law

2025-03-06 16:23:58 UTC

As the number increases the nuclear attraction for e- increases, thus pulling the e- in more tightly to the nucleus.

concept 2

2025-03-06 16:29:03 UTC

Electrons are in a constant motion so its hard to know where they are in the cloud

Oxidation Numbers

2025-03-07 16:49:41 UTC

the total number of electrons that an atom either gains or loses in order to form a chemical bond with another atom

Noble Gas Notation

2025-03-07 16:52:03 UTC

the elemental symbol of the last noble gas prior to that atom, followed by the configuration of the remaining electrons

Lewis dot structure

2025-03-07 20:02:18 UTC

Lewis electron dot structures – are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule, as well as the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule

Periodic Trends

2025-03-10 16:13:09 UTC

Trends or patterns in the periodic table that determine the properties or aspects of different elements

Ionization

39513_13 — 2025-03-10 22:17:34 UTC

It works up and to the left as the elements gradually increase the number of electrons and how easy it is to grab. Now Helium takes the most energy to break away from its electrons.

Lewis Structures

2025-03-14 04:56:01 UTC

2025-05-13 19:51:03 UTC