https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1 KORCHIK Liliana & PETITJEAN Nikola en-us 2017-01-11 16:26:41 UTC 2025-03-13 11:22:40 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Planets.png nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146566999 Cervical cancer is a cancer that starts in the neck of the womb. 
The neck of the womb is called the cervix.
The womb and cervix are part of the woman's reproductive system, which is made of the vagina, womb (including the cervix) and ovaries.]]> 2017-01-11 16:40:36 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146566999 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146567616 The woman's reproductive system]]> 2017-01-11 16:42:14 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146567616 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146570492 The transformation zone]]> 2017-01-11 16:48:03 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146570492 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146577462 Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a group of DNA viruses that are extremely common worldwide : there are at least 150 genotypes of HPV and more than 40 types are transmitted through sexual contact and can infect the anus or genitals.
This is the most common sexually transmitted infection. According to an epidemiological study, between 10 and 30% of people are contaminated, and 80% of women and men are exposed to this virus at least one time in their lives.

In 90% of cases, the infection disappears two years after the contamination.
In 10% of cases, the infection lasts and it can cause lesions at the cervix. These lesions can evolve into cancer 10 to 15 years after the contamination.]]> 2017-01-11 17:06:29 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146577462 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146612372 2017-01-11 18:41:09 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146612372 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146612655 The cervix is covered with a layer of skin like cells on its outer surface, called the ectocervix.
If cells of ectocervix become cancerous, it leads to a squamous cell cervical cancer.
There are glandular cells lining the inside of the cervix : the endocervix.
If the glandular cells become cancerous, it leads to an adenocarcinoma of cervix.
So, there are two main types of cervical cancer. But the squamous is more common (90%).
The area where cervical cells are most likely to become cancerous is called the transformation zone.]]> 2017-01-11 18:41:54 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146612655 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146615132 2017-01-11 18:48:12 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146615132 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146621360 HPV-induced cancers]]> 2017-01-11 19:07:29 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146621360 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146622309

https://www.cancer.gov

http://www.cancerresearchuk.org

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection

http://www.doctissimo.fr

http://sante.lefigaro.fr

http://social-sante.gouv.fr/soins-et-maladies/maladies

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs380/en/

]]> 2017-01-11 19:09:56 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146622309 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146629440 Men and women can get cancer caused by HPV infections. 
For example men can also get penile, mouth, throat, anus or rectum HPV cancer, but it's the major cause of the main types of cervical cancer in women.
Nearly all cases of cervical cancer are associated with HPV infection : at least 15 types of HPV are considered high risk for cancer of the cervix ; they include HPV16 and HPV18.]]> 2017-01-11 19:27:37 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146629440 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146633268 The infection and effects of HPV at the cellular scale]]> 2017-01-11 19:38:11 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146633268 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146647664 2017-01-11 20:22:22 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146647664 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146648414 The most common symptom of cervical cancer is bleeding from the vagina : 
-At times other than when you are having a period
-During or after sex too
 time if you are past your menopause.

Some women also have :
-A vaginal discharge that smells unpleasant
-Discomfort or pain during sex]]> 2017-01-11 20:25:14 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146648414 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146652372 When a HPV-virus enters a cervix cell it  begins to synthesize the proteins that its genotype encodes. If the viral proteins interfere with cell proteins, it creates a dysfunction.
A mutation arise when viral nucleotide sequences are accidentally integrated into the DNA of host cells. Furthermore, HPV can induce a tumour if the nucleotide sequences integrated in the DNA of the host cells are associated with alterations in cell division.

Many times, these infected cells are recognized by the immune system and are eliminated. 
Sometimes, these infected cells are not destroyed, and a persistent infection results. 
As the persistently infected cells continue to grow they may develop other mutations in cellular genes. It promote even more abnormal cell growth, leading to the formation of an area of precancerous cells and, ultimately, a cancerous tumor.

For example, the viral proteins made by HPV16 and HPV18 (high-risk HPVs) can interfere with and inactivate the protein p53 which prevent excessive growth, helping the cell to grow in an uncontrolled way and to avoid cell death. Thus, inactivation of p53 can promote unregulated cell division, cell growth, and cancerous cell survival, characteristics of cancer.]]> 2017-01-11 20:40:30 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146652372 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146657103 2017-01-11 21:00:19 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146657103 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146657799 What is a cancer screening ?
It involves testing apparently healthy people for signs that could show that a cancer is starting to develop. ]]> 2017-01-11 21:04:11 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146657799 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146659151 Who has cervical screening ?
The cervical screening programme invites women aged from 25 to 49 for cervical screening every 3 years, after that they are invited every 5 years until the age of 64.
You need to be registered with a GP to get your screening invitations.]]> 2017-01-11 21:10:50 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146659151 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146659974 Cervical screening is a way of preventing cancer by finding and treating early changes in the cervix.
The screening uses a test called cytology, also known as pap test, it involves taking a sample of cells from the surface of the cervix.
To have the test you take off your underwear and lie on your back on a couch with your knees drawn up and spread apart. The doctor or nurse gently slides an instrument called a speculum into your vagina so that they can see the cervix clearly and they scrape the surface of your cervix with a small soft brush. This collects a sample of cells from the outer layer of the cervix. They put the sample into a pot of liquid and send it to the laboratory where a pathologist puts the sample under a microscope. They examine the cells and report any abnormal ones. They may also test to see whether the HPV virus is present in the sample. ]]> 2017-01-11 21:15:46 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146659974 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146663984  What the results mean
Most women (95%) have a normal result, in this case you will be invited for screening again in 3 to 5 years depending on your age.

If you have an abnormal result  (around 5%), it means that there are some changes to the cells on the cervix : these changes are not necessarily cancer ; the cells often go back to normal by themselves. But in some women, if not treated, these changes could develop into cancer in the future. 

Abnormal results can be reported in 2 different ways : 
  - Borderline or mild cell changes -> low grade dyskaryosis(=abnormal nucleus appearance)
  - Moderate or severe cell changes -> high grade dyskaryosis

It is very rare for an abnormal result to show that a cancer has already developed, especially if you have been having regular screening. But this is possible.]]> 2017-01-11 21:43:05 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146663984 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146664087 2017-01-11 21:43:52 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146664087 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146665329 2017-01-11 21:52:07 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146665329 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146667841 2017-01-11 22:09:46 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146667841 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146669568
The HPV virus is very contagious.
It can be transmitted by sexual routes like sustained direct skin-to-skin contact, with vaginal, oral and anal sex.
It can also be transmitted by non-sexual routes in rare cases, like transmission from mother to child during birth.
However, the genital infection remains the most common way to get infected by HPV. If a woman has at least one different partner per year for four years, the probability that she will leave college with an HPV infection is greater than 85%. Because the infection is so common, most people get HPV infections shortly after becoming sexually active for the first time.]]> 2017-01-11 22:24:44 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146669568 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146670623 The majority of HPV infections do not cause symptoms or disease and resolve spontaneously. However, persistent infection with specific types of HPV (most frequently types 16 and 18) may lead to precancerous lesions. If untreated, these lesions may progress to cervical cancer, but this progression usually takes many years.

Symptoms of cervical cancer tend to appear only after the cancer has reached an advanced stage and may include : irregular, intermenstrual or abnormal vaginal bleeding after sexual intercourse ; back, leg or pelvic pain ; fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite ; vaginal discomfort or odourous discharge ; a single swollen leg.

More severe symptoms may arise at advanced stages.]]> 2017-01-11 22:33:03 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146670623 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146670678 Only 5% of HPV infections develop into cancer]]> 2017-01-11 22:33:34 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146670678 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146672266 2017-01-11 22:51:58 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146672266 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146672309
People who are not sexually active almost never develop genital HPV infections. In addition, HPV vaccination before sexual activity (around 12 years)  can reduce the risk of infection by the HPV types targeted by the vaccine.

Condoms do not completely protect from the virus because the areas around the genitals including the inner thigh area are not covered, thus exposing these areas to the infected person’s skin.
However, female condoms provide greater protection than male condoms, as the female condom allows for less skin contact.
Studies have suggested that regular condom use can effectively limit the ongoing persistence and spread of HPV to additional genital sites in individuals already infected.]]> 2017-01-11 22:52:50 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146672309 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146714965 2017-01-12 08:34:09 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146714965 nppetitjean1 https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146715081 ♡ Be prudent ! Protect yourself, don't forget to get screened and love your Vajayjay ♡]]> 2017-01-12 08:34:56 UTC https://padlet.com/nppetitjean1/a6tnfcxqkzk1/wish/146715081