National Center on Improving Literacy (Free Literacy Resources | National Center on Improving Literacy) has activities and resources to support literacy development in students.

Reading Rockets (Reading Rockets: Launching Young Readers) has online resources for teaching, classroom instruction, book recommendations, and provides ideas to support struggling readers.

ABC Mouse (ABCmouse: Educational Games, Books, Puzzles & Songs for Kids & Toddlers) is a valuable resource for students to utilize. It has lessons and activities for learning phonics.

Reach Out and Read (Family Resources - Reach Out and Read) has resources to help children have access to books and reading tips for families.

Read on Arizona (Read On Arizona | Improving Early Literacy) helps students be successful in school with policies, strategies, and family engagement.

Hougen, M., Smartt, S., Cardenas-Hagan, E., & Ebbers, S. (2020).

      Fundamentals of literacy instruction & assessment, pre-k-6

     (2nd ed.). Brookes Publishing.

Reading Rockets. Basics: Phonological and phonemic awareness (n.d.). https://www.readingrockets.org/reading-101/reading-and-writing-basics/phonological-and-phonemic-awareness

Reading Rockets. Fluency: in practice | Reading Rockets. (n.d.). https://www.readingrockets.org/reading-101/reading-101-learning-modules/course-modules/fluency/practice

Amplify has a Science of Reading Podcast. It explains research on early reading and talks about different approaches. (Science of Reading: The Podcast - Early Literacy Resources | Amplify).

Before doing an activity, teaching content, or reading a story in class, pre-teaching vocabulary is always helpful, especially for ELLs (Reading Rockets).

The Balanced Literacy Diet has online literacy resources that are research-based. There are many resources students can utilize to build comprehension and become fluent readers.

The Arizona Department of Education has a resource page for families, specifically those who have students who need Special Education Services (Special Education Resources for Parents and Families | Arizona Department of Education).

Dolly Parton’s Imagination Library (Dolly Parton's Imagination Library | USA, UK, IE, CA, AU) inspires a love of reading by providing free books for students ages birth to 5. Parents sign up for free, and books are mailed monthly. This exposure to different books at a young age is a wonderful way to build early literacy skills.

The Arizona Department of Education has a helpful poster that breaks down he 5 Pillars of Early Literacy. ( 5 pillars infographic Poster).

Reading Rockets has an article that provides research-based information on effective reading interventions for learners with learning disabilities (Effective Reading Interventions for Kids with Learning Disabilities | Reading Rockets)

The five reading components are foundational for becoming a fluent reader. We know that students have varying needs, and there is a plethora of diversity in the classroom. The educator's goal is to meet each student where they are and give them the support and instruction needed.  Children with exceptionalities and children without exceptionalities all have equal potential to grow and learn. Scaffolding, differentiation, and a more individualized approach can support students with exceptionalities. Educators can use multiple means of representation and expression to ensure equitable opportunities.

Building on a student's strengths and interests is an effective way to teach students without exceptionalities. This engages the students and builds a love for reading and learning. Effective reading instructions may include interventions and different methods, and strategies. Educators can use grouping, explicit instruction, and collaborative strategies to teach reading components to students with and without exceptionalities. Finally, educators need to implement reading instruction that is research-based and uses best practices.