https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq Week 7 Applied Lesson: Korinna Bakey and Kara Nyhus en-us 2020-10-23 19:30:00 UTC 2026-01-04 06:20:47 UTC hello@padlet.com nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129281 The first recorded smallpox epidemic occurred during the Egyptian-Hittite War. The disease affected soldiers and commoners. It was passed to the Hittites from the Egyptians, and likely caused the civilization to fall.]]> 2020-10-23 19:30:00 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129281 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129283 During this outbreak, immunity to smallpox was seemed to have been discovered. Those who got the disease once did not get sick again.]]> 2020-10-23 19:30:00 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129283 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129285 According to the CDC, smallpox could have originated all the way back in ancient Egypt. There were rashes found on mummies that appear to have been similar to smallpox rashes. One specific example of this is that there were smallpox pustules found on the head of a 3000 year-old mummy (Pharaoh Ramses V) that seem to be the earliest evidence of smallpox.]]> 2020-10-23 19:30:00 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129285 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129287 Increased trade with China and Korea brought smallpox to Japan. As the occurances of smallpox began to increase in Japan, it was believed that smallpox was caused by the demons. Myths began that the color red/red light could cure smallpox, and this idea spread through the population.]]> 2020-10-23 19:30:00 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129287 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129289 During the Crusades, smallpox was running rampant through Europe due to wars of the time. As European Christians travelled to the Middle East, they often brought smallpox back with them, increasing the incidence in Europe for the first time overall.]]> 2020-10-23 19:30:00 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129289 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129290 Lady Mary was very well known in the Ottoman Empire for her beauty and smarts. But after she contracted smallpox, she was not seen as beautiful. However, she inoculated her son with her smallpox scabs to "vaccinate" him. She was the first to introduce the variolation technique to England.]]> 2020-10-23 19:30:00 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129290 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129292 Dr. James Kilpatrick from South Carolina started advertising the act of "vaccination" for smallpox. But partly due to his ineffective actions, smallpox came back strong in the late 18th century.]]> 2020-10-23 19:30:00 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129292 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129293 Smallpox blankets were used as biological warfare by North American conquerors against the Native Americans. However, studies show that the smallpox-infected blankets may not have even worked. ]]> 2020-10-23 19:30:00 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129293 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129296 Vaccination and variolation for smallpox both contain the virus. Vaccination is much safer, as the virus is derived from cows and a milder form of the virus. Variolation used the actual live virus from current smallpox patients (crushed up scabs) that were essentially snorted into the person getting inoculated. ]]> 2020-10-23 19:30:00 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129296 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129297 After seeing that milkmaids who had cowpox did not show symptoms of smallpox after variolation, the idea started one of the very first vaccines. Edward Jenner used scabs from milkmaids with cowpox, and inoculated an 8 year-old boy, resulting in the first vaccine recorded in history, which allowed cowpox exposure to prevent smallpox occurrences. Vaccines use a dead or weakened form of a pathogen to induce an immune response in patients.]]> 2020-10-23 19:30:00 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129297 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129299 In 1799, after Jenner discovered an early version of the vaccine, the concept of protecting people against a virus (vaccination) spread widely and people began getting vaccinated. However, there were people who opposed the idea. ]]> 2020-10-23 19:30:00 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129299 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129300 People opposed vaccination because they believed the intentions of the inoculators could have been malicious. People also believed that vaccines could transmit other diseases (which could be true) from person to person.]]> 2020-10-23 19:30:00 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129300 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129301 According to the CDC, the last naturally occurring outbreak of smallpox in the US happened in 1949. This outbreak occurred in Texas, and it was the last to occur in the U.S, aside from cases that came from outside the country.]]> 2020-10-23 19:30:00 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129301 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129305 In India, a study was done on unvaccinated people who had contracted smallpox. It was found that there are multiple types of smallpox (Ordinary, modified, malignant, hemorrhagic, and variola sine eruptione (no rash)). ]]> 2020-10-23 19:30:00 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129305 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129307 In 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the world free of smallpox after a worldwide vaccination campaign. This campaign lasted over 20 years.]]> 2020-10-23 19:30:00 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857129307 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857147118 There is record that people in China of the time tried to find protection from smallpox through appealing to the god, Yo Hoa Long. This is one of the first places that there is evidence that people were dealing with smallpox.]]> 2020-10-23 19:36:35 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857147118 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857164745 At the beginning of the century, smallpox was widespread in India. Throughout the expansion of land and regions that occurred during this century, countries in Europe such as Spain and Portugal (port countries), as well as regions of Africa, had their first exposure to the horrible smallpox disease.]]> 2020-10-23 19:43:07 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857164745 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857174838 Trade routes with Asia brought the incidents of smallpox to locations such as present day Turkey. At this point in history, it was certain that Asia had been dealing with smallpox for centuries. Due to expansion of regions and trade with others, the spread of smallpox is beginning to occur outside of Asia.]]> 2020-10-23 19:46:58 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857174838 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857195705 Now that smallpox was prevalent in Europe, it began to move northward, therefore affecting some parts of Africa, most of Asia, and nearly all of Europe. This is likely due to new travel to the northern regions and population expansion.]]> 2020-10-23 19:53:54 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857195705 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857201021 Due to the new Colombian Exchange, trade began between Europe, Africa, and the new world. Although smallpox had not made it to the new world (reportedly) yet, it was only a matter of time, for West Africa began to experience the effects of the smallpox.]]> 2020-10-23 19:55:58 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857201021 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857209606 It was only a matter of time before smallpox began showing up in the new world, which was part of the Colombian Exchange. The first incidents seem to have occurred in the Caribbean and Central to South America.]]> 2020-10-23 19:59:16 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857209606 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857216175 Variolation describes the action of taking smallpox scabs from an infected individual and grinding them up to inoculate an uninfected person. In China, an inhalation technique was used, in which the ground scabs were breathed in. In India, a different technique was used, which involved scratching them into the arm of an individual who did not have smallpox, in hopes of granting them immunity.]]> 2020-10-23 20:01:51 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857216175 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857227117 The method of applying scabs onto the skin as a method of protection from getting the smallpox disease became more popular across the globe. The Ottoman Empire and North America began practicing these techniques.]]> 2020-10-23 20:06:39 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857227117 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857233136 North America begins having incidents of smallpox due to European colonization. As the colonists entered North America and interacted with the natives, they brought smallpox to people who had never experienced the disease before.]]> 2020-10-23 20:09:03 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857233136 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857303280 Dr. Waterhouse was able to convince Boston's city board to support publicly using vaccines against smallpox. Waterhouse was a physician in Boston and recognized the importance of vaccinations.]]> 2020-10-23 20:42:24 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857303280 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857308902 The United States government signed "An Act to Encourage Vaccination," and there were rules set to encourage vaccinations. For instance, the U.S Post Office had to send mail for free if it contained vaccination material (up to a specific weight).]]> 2020-10-23 20:45:30 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857308902 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857327682 The bifurcated needle began being used in the United States to replace other forms of the smallpox vaccine, such as the jet injector. This needle had two prongs, and held the vaccine just between the prongs, requiring less vaccine material and being more effective. This saved the country money and was more efficient overall.]]> 2020-10-23 20:55:21 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857327682 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857332204 Because of the small numbers of cases of smallpox in the United States (there had not been a natural case since 1949), the was decided to stop making smallpox vaccines routine, for the herd immunity was preventing cases from occurring. ]]> 2020-10-23 20:57:43 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857332204 nyhus070 https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857337502 After the events of 9/11, there was fear that the smallpox disease could be used as a bioweapon. Thus, from 2002-2009, over 1.8 million people in the U.S service were vaccinated for smallpox.]]> 2020-10-23 21:00:39 UTC https://padlet.com/nyhus070/a4a5rsau2hls9rkq/wish/857337502