Our Bio Discussion Room by YEE LIU QING Moe

Sexual Vs Asexual Reproduction

g08218903 — 2020-04-02 06:16:43 UTC

What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction??

5S4 Comments Centre

2020-04-02 13:19:29 UTC

What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?
(You may refer in the link below.)

2020-04-02 14:33:16 UTC

Sexual reproduction mostly occurred in animals, humans and some plants. This type of reproduction involve gametes which is sperms for males and ovum (egg cell) for females.
Asexual reproduction mostly occurred in plants and microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and others. This type of reproduction does not involve gametes. This type of reproduction can be occurred through binary fission. Example : Bacteria
From Amos Tan Yan Khai (From Class 5S2)

2020-04-03 09:58:49 UTC

Sexual reproduction take place in reproductive organs of organisms via meiosis such as 🤬 and ovaries which found in human and animals and also the anthers and ovules in some flowering plants.Meiosis is a reduction of diploid cells to produce haploid sex gamates.The process of crossing over will lead to the variations and differences of an individual.This is because the point of contact between paired chromatids during meiosis, resulting in a cross-shaped configuration and representing the cytological manifestation of crossing over like the letter X.In addition,pairs of genes(alleles) found on homologous chromosome control all traits .All traits are passed on to their offspring through sexual reproduction.These trait help in the survival of their offspring and in the continuation of life.If all the members of a species were identical,then a sudden emergence of virus or disease would affect or kill them all in the same way.For asexual reproduction such as plant can produce new individuals from a single parents through mitosis.Mitosis ensures that the genetic content and the no. of chromosomes in parent cells are maintained in daughter calls from one generation to the next...
Ch'ng Jing Wei(5S2)

2020-04-04 12:30:17 UTC

Asexual reproduction is reproduction without sex. In this form of reproduction, a single organism or cell makes a copy of itself. The genes of the original and its copy will be the same, except for rare mutations. They are clones. Well,the main process of asexual reproduction is mitosis. This type of reproduction is common among some single-cell organisms, for example, amoeba. Many plants also reproduce asexually. Sexual reproduction is a way of reproduction of some animals and plants. Some protists and fungi also reproduce this way. Organisms that reproduce sexually have two different sexes: male and female.They will having an organism after having sex,as a human called a baby.
(Raicy koay,5S6)

2020-04-04 16:37:53 UTC

Asexual reproduction is reproduction without sex. In this form of reproduction, a single organism or cell makes a copy of itself or involves a single parent. It results in offspring that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent. There are several different methods of asexual reproduction. They include binary fission, fragmentation and budding.
Sexual reproduction is a way of reproduction of some animals and plants. Some protists and fungi also reproduce this way. Organisms that reproduce sexually have two different sexes: males and females. Parents produce reproductive cells called gametes that unite to form an offspring. Gametes are haploid cells. This means they contain only half and number if chromosomes found in other cells of the organism. Gametes are produced by a type of cell division called meiosis, which is described in detail in a subsequent concept. The process in which two gametes unite is called fertilization. The fertilized cell that results is referred to as a zygote. A zygote is diploid cell, which means that is has twice the number of chromosomes as a gamete.

Joanne Tan Jia Xin (5S6)

2020-04-05 05:43:07 UTC

Asexual reproduction is reproduction without sex. In this form of reproduction, a single organism or cell makes a copy of itself. The genes of the original and its copy will be the same, except for rare mutations. They are clones. The main process of asexual reproduction is mitosis. Sexual reproduction, involving the fusion of gametes introduces variety into animal and plant species. Sexual reproduction allows some of the genetic information from each parent to mix, producing offspring that resemble their parents, but are not identical to them. In this way, sexual reproduction leads to variety in the offspring. Animals and plants can reproduce using sexual reproduction.

In sexual reproduction new organisms are produced from the fusion of a male sex cell with a female sex cell. This fusion of gametes is called fertilisation.

TEH KUN WEI（5S6）

2020-04-05 06:59:57 UTC

Asexual reproduction involves one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent.

Sexual reproduction involves two parents and produces offspring that are genetically unique.

During sexual reproduction, two haploid gametes join in the process of fertilization to produce a diploid zygote.

Meiosis is the type of cell division that produces gametes.
(Tan Yong Zhen 5S2)

2020-04-05 07:48:14 UTC

Asexual Reproduction

-One parent needed

-Cells divide by Fission, budding , or regeneration

-Budding, vegetative reproduction, fragmentation, spore formation

-No variation - if the parent has a genetic disease, offspring does too.

-No formation or fusion of gametes

-found in Lower organisms

-Asexual reproduction is completed in a very short period of time.

Sexual Reproduction

-Two parents are required to mate

-Cells divide by Meiosis

-Syngamy and conjugation

-Variation, Unique., organism is more protected

-Requires two organisms, requires more energy

-Sexual reproduction leads to genetic variation in new generations of offspring. This is fundamental to evolution.

-Formation and fusion of gametes (sex cell) occurs

-Higher invertebrates and all vertebrates

-Sexual reproduction take longer time

Voon Kai Wen (5S2)

Differences between sexual and asexual reproduction

2020-04-05 10:47:58 UTC

Asexual reproduction requires one parent while sexual reproduction requires two parents. Parent and child are exactly identical to each other in asexual reproduction while child and parent are genetically different in sexual reproduction. Gametes are absent in asexual reproduction and is present in sexual reproduction. Examples of asexual reproduction are budding, binary fission, spore formation. Example of sexual reproduction is sex. Examples of organisms that uses asexual reproduction are most microorganisms and some plants. Examples of organisms that uses sexual reproductions are animals, humans and most plants.

(Isaac Kong Zhak Yu 5S6)

2020-04-05 15:07:47 UTC

Asexual reproduction is reproduction without sex. In this form of reproduction, a single organism or cell makes a copy of itself. The genes of the original and its copy will be the same, except for rare mutations. They are clones. The main process of asexual reproduction is mitosis. Sexual reproduction, involving the fusion of gametes introduces variety into animal and plant species. Sexual reproduction allows some of the genetic information from each parent to mix, producing offspring that resemble their parents, but are not identical to them. In this way, sexual reproduction leads to variety in the offspring. Animals and plants can reproduce using sexual reproduction.

In sexual reproduction new organisms are produced from the fusion of a male sex cell with a female sex cell. This fusion of gametes is called fertilisation.

Teoh Yee Yioun 5S6

2020-04-05 16:13:18 UTC

Asexual Reproduction is a method of reproduction, usually present in lower animals and plants where progenies are produced from a single parent without the formation of gametes and fertilization. Example: division of bacteria by binary fission, budding of Hydra and yeasts, and vegetative reproduction in plant.

Sexual Reproduction is a method of reproduction where the progenies are produce by two parent of separate sexes. These parent produce morphologically and sexually different gametes result in the formation of zygote.the zygote develops into new progeny.

(Cederick Tan Jun LI 5S6)

While asexual reproduction only involves one organism, sexual reproduction requires both a male and a female. Asexual reproduction is a process where cells divide using mitosis, in which each chromosome is copied before the nucleus divides, with each new cell receiving identical genetic information. Sexual reproduction is a process where special cells called gametes are produced through meiosis, which halves the number of chromosomes in each resulting cell. These cells are called haploid gametes. Fertilization occurs when two gametes combine, producing a diploid zygote with its own individual genetic makeup.

2020-04-06 04:13:34 UTC

(Lee Yi Guan 5S4)

2020-04-08 03:10:37 UTC

Asexual reproduction

Single parent
Produces offsprings genetically identical to parent.

Sexual reproduction

Two parents
Produces offspring that are genetically unique.

(Koay Yi Wen 5S6)

Asexual reproduction

2020-04-08 05:19:57 UTC

1)Involves single organisms
2)No production of gamete
3)It requires only mitotic divisions
4)It produces offspring that are identical to the parent

Sexual reproduction
1) Involve one or two organism

2) Male and female gametes are produce
3)It requires meiotic division followed by mitotic division
4) Offspring will have some characters from male parent and other from female parent.Some characters may not be present in either of the parents

(Chew jay yang 5S6)

2020-04-08 08:04:39 UTC

Asexual reproduction is reproduction without sex. In this form of reproduction, a single organism or cell makes a copy of itself. The genes of the original and its copy will be the same, except for rare mutations. They are clones. The main process of asexual reproduction is mitosis. This type of reproduction is common among some single-cell organisms, for example, amoeba. Many plants also reproduce asexually.

Sexual reproduction is a way of reproduction of some animals and plants. Some protists and fungi also reproduce this way. Organisms that reproduce sexually have two different sexes: male and female.

(Tan Shi Hui 5s6)

Asexual reproduction involves a single parent. It results in offspring that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent. All prokaryotes and some eukaryotes reproduce this way. There are several different methods of asexual reproduction. They include binary fission, fragmentation, and budding. Binary fission occurs when a parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells of the same size. Fragmentation occurs when a parent organism breaks into fragments, or pieces, and each fragment develops into a new organism. Starfish, like the one in Figure below, reproduce this way. A new starfish can develop from a single ray, or arm. Starfish, however, are also capable of sexual reproduction.Budding occurs when a parent cell forms a bubble-like bud. The bud stays attached to the parent cell while it grows and develops. When the bud is fully developed, it breaks away from the parent cell and forms a new organism.

2020-04-09 01:56:52 UTC

Sexual reproduction involves two parents.In sexual reproduction, parents produce reproductive cells—called gametes—that unite to form an offspring. Gametes are haploid cells. This means they contain only half the number of chromosomes found in other cells of the organism. Gametes are produced by a type of cell division called meiosis, which is described in detail in a subsequent concept. The process in which two gametes unite is called fertilization. The fertilized cell that results is referred to as a zygote. A zygote is diploid cell, which means that it has twice the number of chromosomes as a gamete.

Ong Wen Jing Suvian (5S2)

Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction which does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes. The offspring that arise by asexual reproduction from a single cell or from a multicellular organism inherit the genes of that parent. Asexual reproduction is the primary form of reproduction for single-celled organisms such as archaea and bacteria. Many multicellular animals, plants and fungi can also reproduce asexually.

2020-04-09 02:12:52 UTC

Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle in which a gamete (such as a sperm or egg cell) with a single set of chromosomes (haploid) combines with another to produce an organism composed of cells with two sets of chromosomes (diploid).Sexual reproduction is the most common life cycle in multicellular eukaryotes, such as animals, fungi and plants. Sexual reproduction does not occur in prokaryotes, (organisms without cell nuclei), but they have processes with similar effects such as bacterial conjugation, transformasi and transduction, which may have been precursors to sexual reproduction in early eukaryotes.
Ooi Yin Shi (5S2)

Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

g08218903 — 2020-04-09 06:02:13 UTC

What is the difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

2020-04-09 07:31:50 UTC

Spermatogenesis is the process of formation of haploid sperms from a diploid stem cell known as spermatogonium. The process occurs inside the seminiferous tubules in the testis. The entire process takes about 70 days.Oogenesis is the process of formation of ovum. The process occurs in the ovaries of the female. One oogonium produces a single ovum.

Teh Kun Wei 5s6

2020-04-09 08:06:33 UTC

Spermatogenesis is a process which occurs in mammalian 🤬.Each testis contains tightly coiled tiny tubes called seminiferous tubules.Diploid spermatocytes inside the walls of the seminiferous tubules divide themselves by meiosis to produce spermatids.Spermatids then develop into mature sperms.Each spermatocyte produce four haploid spermatids through meiosis.Epididymis is the place where sperms mature and are then stored.
Oogenesis occurs in mammalian ovaries and it starts from diploid oocytes inside the ovaries undergo meiosis to produce haploid eggs/ova.Each diploid oocyte produces four haploid cells but only one manages to become a haploid egg/ovum.
Ch'ng Jing Wei 5s2

2020-04-09 10:36:48 UTC

Sperms can undergo spermatogenesis. First, the sperm cells will be separated into two spermatocytes through mitosis. Then, the cells will undergo meiosis I and II. In meiosis I, the cells separated into one spermatocyte and a polar body. So, these two separated cells undergo meiosis II to be separated into four chromatids (daughter cells) and form sperms.

Ovum (Ova) can undergo oogenesis. As same as spermatogenesis, ova also have to undergo mitosis to form one oogonium and one oocyte (1st oocyte). Then, these two cells will undergo meiosis I and produced one polar body and one oocyte (2nd oocyte), and the oocyte must be ovulated. Once the polar body (which is smaller) and the oocyte undergo meiosis II and fertilised with sperm, tthey will be separated into four daughter cells, which one is the biggest among the other cells, which are small. Finally, they form ova.
Amos Tan Yan Khai (Class 5S2)

Lee Huey Shan 5s2

2020-04-09 10:50:27 UTC

Asexual reproduction does not involve sex cells or fertilisation. Only one parent is required, unlike sexual reproduction which needs two parents. Since there is only one parent, there is no fusion of gametes and no mixing of genetic information. As a result, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent and to each other. They are clones.

Sexual reproduction is reproduction that requires a male and a female of the same species to contribute genetic material. Special cells called gametes are produced through meiosis, which halves the number of chromosomes in each resulting cell. These cells are called haploid gametes. Fertilization occurs when two gametes – one from a male and one from a female – combine, producing a diploid zygote with its own individual genetic makeup.

Lee Huey Shan 5s2

2020-04-09 10:52:18 UTC

Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are the processes of formation of male and female gametes. Spermatogenesis leads to the formation of sperms, whereas, oogenesis helps in the formation of ova. The fertilization of sperm and ova leads to the formation of a zygote which further develops into a embryo

Kelvin Kan Zhi Hao 5S4

2020-04-09 12:19:48 UTC

What is the difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

Spermatogenesis is the production of sperms from spermatogonia while oogenesis is the production of eggs from oogonia.

Spermatogenesis all stages are completed in 🤬 while the major part of oogenesis occurs inside the ovary and the last few stages occur in the oviduct.

Spermatogenes is produces motile gametes while oogenesis produces non-motile gametes.

Spermatogenesis is a continuous process while oogenesis is a discontinuous process while the early stages take place in the foetus and the rest in later stages of life.

Equal cytokinesis occurs during the spermatogenesis producing four sperms while unequal cytokinesis occurs during oogenesis ultimately producing one ovum and four polar bodies.

Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

2020-04-09 12:50:51 UTC

The production of sperms from spermatogonia is known as spermatogenesis. It occurs in 🤬 .All stages are completed in 🤬. It is a continuous process , and produces motile gametes. Equal cytokinesis occurs during the spermatogenesis producing four sperms.

The production of eggs from oogonia is known as oogenesis.It occurs inside the ovary . The major part of oogenesis occurs inside the ovary. The last few stages occur in the oviduct. It is a discontinuous process. The early stages take place in the foetus and the rest in later stages of life. Produces non-motile gametes. Unequal cytokinesis occurs during oogenesis ultimately producing one ovum and four polar bodies

Spermatogenesis the process of formation of haploid sperms from a diploid stem cell known as spermatogonium. The process occurs inside the seminiferous tubules in the testis. The entire process takes about 70 days.

Oogenesis is the process of formation of ovum. The process occurs in the ovaries of the female. One oogonium produces a single ovum.

Tan Yong Zhen 5S2

Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

m2165773 — 2020-04-09 15:04:12 UTC

The production of sperm and eggs, takes place through the process of meiosis. During meiosis, two cell divisions separate the paired chromosomes in the nucleus and then separate the chromatids that were made during an earlier stage of the cell’s life cycle, resulting in gametes that each contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent. The production of sperm is called spermatogenesis and the production of eggs is called oogenesis.

Spermatogenesis occurs in the wall of the seminiferous tubules, with stem cells at the periphery of the tube and the spermatozoa at the lumen of the tube. Immediately under the capsule of the tubule are diploid, undifferentiated cells. These stem cells, called spermatogonia, go through mitosis with one offspring going on to differentiate into a sperm cell, while the other gives rise to the next generation of sperm. Meiosis begins with a cell called a primary spermatocyte. At the end of the first meiotic division, a haploid cell is produced called a secondary spermatocyte. This haploid cell must go through another meiotic cell division. The cell produced at the end of meiosis is called a spermatid. When it reaches the lumen of the tubule and grows a flagellum, it is called a sperm cell. Four sperm result from each primary spermatocyte that goes through meiosis. Stem cells are deposited during gestation and are present at birth through the beginning of adolescence, but in an inactive state. During adolescence, gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary cause the activation of these cells and the production of viable sperm. This continues into old age.

Oogenesis occurs in the outermost layers of the ovaries. As with sperm production, oogenesis starts with a germ cell, called an oogonium (plural: oogonia), but this cell undergoes mitosis to increase in number, eventually resulting in up to one to two million cells in the embryo. The cell starting meiosis is called a primary oocyte. This cell will begin the first meiotic division, but be arrested in its progress in the first prophase stage. At the time of birth, all future eggs are in the prophase stage. At adolescence, anterior pituitary hormones cause the development of a number of follicles in an ovary. This results in the primary oocyte finishing the first meiotic division. The cell divides unequally, with most of the cellular material and organelles going to one cell, called a secondary oocyte, and only one set of chromosomes and a small amount of cytoplasm going to the other cell. This second cell is called a polar body and usually dies. A secondary meiotic arrest occurs, this time at the metaphase II stage. At ovulation, this secondary oocyte will be released and travel toward the uterus through the oviduct. If the secondary oocyte is fertilized, the cell continues through the meiosis II, completing meiosis, producing a second polar body and a fertilized egg containing all 46 chromosomes of a human being, half of them coming from the sperm.

(Chin Wey Sheng 5S2)

Spermatogenesis and oogenesis

2020-04-09 16:00:29 UTC

Spermatogenesis and oogenesis

2020-04-10 01:12:32 UTC

Spermatogenesis and oogenesisare two types of reproductive divisions found in the sexual reproduction of animals.Reproductive division, also called gametogenesis, occur in the germ cells in gonads by meiosis. It is involved in the production of gammetes. Diploid germ cell produces haploid gametes. Two different types of gametes are found: male gametes and female gametes. Male gametes are known as sperms and female gametes are known as eggs.One sperm is fused with an egg in order to form the diploid zygote, which is then divided and differentiated into a new organism. Spermatogenesis is the production process of sperms from male germ cells and spermatogonia in males. Oogenesis is the production of eggsfrom female germ cells oogonia in females.
Ooi Yin Shi (5S2)

Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are two types of reproductive divisions found in the sexual reproduction of animals. Reproductive division, also called gametogenesis, occurs in the germ cells in gonads by meiosis. It is involved in the production of gametes. Diploid germ cell produces haploid gametes. Two different types of gametes are found: male gametes and female gametes. Male gametes are known as sperms and female gametes are known as eggs. One sperm is fused with an egg in order to form the diploid zygote, which is then divided and differentiated into a new organism. The main difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that spermatogenesis is the production process of sperms from male germ cells and spermatogonia in males whereas oogenesis is the production of eggs from female germ cells oogonia in females.

2020-04-10 05:37:09 UTC

Lee Yi Guan 5S4

Spermatogenesis is the process of formation of male gametes: sperms and oogenesis is the process of formation of female gametes:ova. Spermatogenesis occurs in the testxes and all stages are completed in the testxes while oogenesis occurs inside the ovary. While the major stages occur in the ovary, the final stages occur in the in the oviduct. Spermatogenesis is a continuous process while oogenesis is a discontinuous process as the early stages take place in the foetus and the rest in later stages of life. Spermatogenesis produces mobile gametes, meaning that they are able to move freely, but oogenesis produces immobile or stationary gametes. Equal cytokinesis occurs in spermatogenesis by producing 4 sperm cells and unequal cytokinesis occurs in oogenesis ultimately producing 1 ovum and 4 polar bodies.

m2168884 — 2020-04-10 06:04:44 UTC

Difference Between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

2020-04-10 10:55:17 UTC

The key difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that spermatogenesis is the formation of sperms (male gametes) while oogenesis is the formation of eggs (female gametes).
Spermatogenesis is the formation of sperms (male gametes). It occurs in male 🤬. In contrast, oogenesis is the formation of egg cells or ova (female gametes). It occurs in ovaries. Spermatogenesis starts from a primary spermatocyte and produces four functional spermatozoa whereas oogenesis starts from a primary oocyte and produces a single ovum. The size of the cells they produce is also another difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis; sperms are smaller in size whereas ovum is a big cell. Moreover, sperms are motile while ovum is immotile.

Cytogenesis in spermatogenesis results in two equal cells while cytogenesis in oogenesis results in two highly unequal cells. Moreover, the former begins at puberty while the latter begins even before birth. Spermatogenesis involves a short growth phase and occurs continuously after the puberty while oogenesis involves a long growth phase and occurs in a cyclic pattern.
(Lim Qing Bin 5S2)

2020-04-10 11:07:47 UTC

Eric Lee Shen YI 5S4)

2020-04-10 11:24:04 UTC

Gametogenesis, the production of sperm and eggs, takes place through the process of meiosis. During meiosis, two cell divisions separate the paired chromosomes in the nucleus and then separate the chromatids that were made during an earlier stage of the cell’s life cycle, resulting in gametes that each contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent. The production of sperm is called spermatogenesis and the production of eggs is called oogenesis. Oogenesis occurs in the outermost layers of the ovaries. As with sperm production, oogenesis starts with a germ cell, called an oogonium (plural: oogonia), but this cell undergoes mitosis to increase in number, eventually resulting in up to one to two million cells in the embryo.
Spermatogenesis occurs in the wall of the seminiferous tubules, with stem cells at the periphery of the tube and the spermatozoa at the lumen of the tube. Immediately under the capsule of the tubule are diploid, undifferentiated cells. These stem cells, called spermatogonia (singular: spermatagonium), go through mitosis with one offspring going on to differentiate into a sperm cell, while the other gives rise to the next generation of sperm.

Joanne Tan Jia Xin (5S6)

2020-04-10 12:55:29 UTC

Spermatogenesis is the process of formation of sperms in seminiferous tubules of the testis of the male animal.
The product formed is the sperm which is the male gametes.
It takes place the testis.
Spermatogenesis starts at puberty in males.

Oogenesis is the process of formation of the female gametophyte which is the ovum.
The formation of all the eggs that a female will possess is developed at the foetal state only.
It takes place in the ovary.(Yeoh Loo Aun 5S4)

2020-04-10 13:05:29 UTC

2020-04-10 13:06:24 UTC

2020-04-10 13:27:20 UTC

2020-04-10 13:29:55 UTC

agamogenesis

2020-04-10 15:21:10 UTC

Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are the processes of formation of male and female gametes. Spermatogenesis leads to the formation of sperms, whereas, oogenesis helps in the formation of ova. The fertilization of sperm and ova leads to the formation of a zygote which further develops into a embryo.

Cederick Tan Jun Li 5S6

2020-04-10 15:26:15 UTC

Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are the processes of the formation of female gametes. Spermatogenesis leads to the formation of sperms,whereas, oogenesis helps in the formation of ova .The fertilization of sperm and ova leads to the formation of zygote which further develops into embryo

Tan Shi Hui 5S6

The difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

2020-04-10 15:46:02 UTC

Spermatogenesis

It occurs in the 🤬
A primary spermatocyte divides to form two secondary spermatocytes
A secondary spermatocyte divides to form two spermatids
No polar body is formed

Oogenesis

It occurs in the ovaries
A primary oocyte divides to form one secondary oocycte and one polar body.
A secondary oocyte divide to form one ovum and one polar body.
Polar bodies are formed.

(Chew Jay Yang 5S6)

Asexual Reproduction VS Sexual Reproduction

2020-04-10 16:24:28 UTC

Asexual reproduction only involves one organism, sexual reproduction requires both a male and a female.

(Chin Wey Sheng 5S2)

Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

2020-04-10 17:19:48 UTC

Spermatogenesis is the process of formation of haploid sperms from a diploid stem cell known as spermatogonium. The process occurs inside the seminiferous tubules in the testis. The entire process takes about 70 days.

Oogenesis is the process of formation of ovum. The process occurs in the ovaries of the female. One oogonium produces a single ovum.

Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are the reproductive phases that include three phases – multiplication, growth, maturation and differentiation. The spermatogonium and oogonium multiply by mitosis to form spermatocytes and oocytes. The spermatocytes and oocytes (germ cells) undergo meiosis and maturation to form spermatids and ootids that further differentiate to form sperms and ovum.

Khoo Shu Zhe 5S6

Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

2020-04-10 17:23:19 UTC

Asexual Reproduction
is a process by which organisms create genetically similar or identical copies of themselves without the contribution of genetic material from another organism. Bacteria divide asexually via binary fission; viruses take control of host cells to produce more viruses; Hydras (invertebrates of the order Hydroidea) and yeasts are able to reproduce by budding. These organisms often do not possess different sexes, and they are capable of "splitting" themselves into two or more copies of themselves. Most plants have the ability to reproduce asexually and the ant species Mycocepurus smithii is thought to reproduce entirely by asexual means.

Some species that are capable of reproducing asexually, like hydra, yeast (See Mating of yeasts) and jellyfish, may also reproduce sexually. For instance, most plants are capable of vegetative reproduction—reproduction without seeds or spores—but can also reproduce sexually. Likewise, bacteria may exchange genetic information by conjugation.

Sexual Reproduction
is a biological process that creates a new organism by combining the genetic material of two organisms in a process that starts with meiosis, a specialized type of cell division. Each of two parent organisms contributes half of the offspring's genetic makeup by creating haploid gametes. Most organisms form two different types of gametes. In these anisogamous species, the two sexes are referred to as male (producing sperm or microspores) and female (producing ova or megaspores). In isogamous species, the gametes are similar or identical in form (isogametes), but may have separable properties and then may be given other different names (see isogamy). For example, in the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, there are so-called "plus" and "minus" gametes. A few types of organisms, such as many fungi and the ciliate Paramecium aurelia,^[6] have more than two "sexes", called syngens. Most animals (including humans) and plants reproduce sexually. Sexually reproducing organisms have different sets of genes for every trait (called alleles). Offspring inherit one allele for each trait from each parent. Thus, offspring have a combination of the parents' genes. It is believed that "the masking of deleterious alleles favors the evolution of a dominant diploid phase in organisms that alternate between haploid and diploid phases" where recombination occurs freely.^[7]^[8]Bryophytes retain sexual reproduction despite the fact that the haploid stage does not benefit from heterosis. This may be an indication that the sexual reproduction has advantages other than heterosis, such as genetic recombination between members of the species, allowing the expression of a wider range of traits and thus making the population more able to survive environmental variation.

Khoo Shu Zhe 5S6

Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

2020-04-11 01:21:56 UTC

Spermatogenesis:
1. It occurs in the 🤬.
2. Spermatogonia change to primary spermatocytes.
3. A primary spermatocyte divides to form two secondary spermatocytes.
4. A secondary spermatocyte divides to form two spermatids.
5. No polar body is formed.
6. A spermatogonium forms four spermatozoa.
7. Sperms are minute yolkless and motile.
8. It is generally completed in the 🤬 and thus mature sperms are released from the 🤬.

Oogenesis:
1. It occurs in the ovaries.
2. Oogonia change to primary oocytes.
3. A primary oocyte divides to form one secondary oocyte and one polar body.
4. A secondary oocyte divides to form one ootid and one polar body.
5. Polar bodies are formed.
6. An oogonium forms one ovum.
7. Ova are much larger often with yolk and nonmotile.
8. It is often completed in the female reproductive tract or in many animals in water because oocytes are released from the ovaries.

Lee Xin Dian 5S2

Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

2020-04-11 03:04:05 UTC

2020-04-11 15:22:16 UTC

Lim Hong An 5S2

2020-04-11 15:43:08 UTC

Lim Hong An 5S2

Isaac Kong Zhak Yu 5S6

2020-04-12 04:11:54 UTC

Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are the processes of formation of male and female gametes. Spermatogenesis leads to the formation of sperms, whereas, oogenesis helps in the formation of ova. The fertilization of sperm and ova leads to the formation of a zygote which further develops into a embryo.

Spermatogenesis
>The production of sperms from spermatogonia is known as spermatogenesis
>Occurs in 🤬
>All stages are completed in 🤬
>It is a continuous process
>Produces motile gametes
>Equal cytokinesis occurs during the spermatogenesis producing four sperms

Oogenesis
>The production of eggs from oogonia is known as oogenesis
>Occurs inside the ovary
>The major part of oogenesis occurs inside the ovary. The last few stages occur in the oviduct
>It is a discontinuous process. The early stages take place in the foetus and the rest in later stages of life.
>Produces non-motile gametes
>Unequal cytokinesis occurs during oogenesis ultimately producing one ovum and four polar bodies

Body Coordination (Brain)

g08218903 — 2020-04-15 14:40:49 UTC

Our body constantly experience changes. There are two coordinating systems that complement each other to coordinate and respond to these changes. They are the nervous system and the endocrine system. The human nervous system is divided into the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The human central nervous system consist of the brain and the spinal cord.
Please summarise what you know about the human brain.

2020-04-16 01:01:15 UTC

The brain in one of the important organs in the nervous system and endocrine system. The human brain consists of cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pituitary gland, thalamus and hypothalamus. The brain is made up of millions of nerve cells called neurones. These cells can transmit nerve impulses to other nerve cells, glands or muscles in our body.

Functions of parts in the brain :
1. Cerebrum
- The largest and most complex part of the brain.
- Centre which receives sensory input and carries out integrative functions before initiating appropriate motor responses.
- Outer region of cerebrum called cerebral cortex which is a structure with many folds to increase the surface area.
- Cerebral cortex controls all voluntary muscle movements, which result in a sensory perception.
- Responsible for many mental abilities

2. Cerebellum
- Located beneath the cerebrumnand above the medulla oblongata.
- The coordinating centre for body movements.
- Controls and coordinates muscles to produce coordinated muscles.

3.Pituitary gland
- secretes hormones that control the secretion of hormones from all other glands in the endocrine system.

4.Medulla oblongata
- controls involuntary actions and regulates the internal body processes that do not require conscious effort, that is automatic functions such as heartbeats, breathing and vasoconstriction.
- becomes the reflex centre for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping and swallowing.

5. Thalamus
- Responsible for sorting the incoming and outgoing information in the cerebral cortex.
- integrates the information from sensory receptors to cerebrum by increasing certain signals and blocking others.

6. Hypothalamus
- Plays an important role in homeostasic regulation.
- major coordinating centre for regulating sleep, hunger, thirst, body temperature, water balance and blood pressure.
- controls the release of several hormones from the pituitary gland and thereby serves as an important link between nervous system and endocrine system.

Tan Yan Khai (From Class 5S2)

The brain consists of 3 main parts which is the cerebrum, cerebellum and the medulla oblongata. Below the centre of cerebrum is the thaimus, hypothaimus and pitutary gland. The beain is made out of neurons. The outer part of the brain is called grey matter while the inner part of the brain is called the white matter.

2020-04-16 01:32:24 UTC

1) Cerebrum
- largest and most complex part of the brain
-left hemisphere controls movements on the right side while right hemisphere controls movements on the left side
- cerebral hemisphere divides into regions containing specialised groups of cells responsible for sensory, motor and association functions.
- control and coordinate all voluntary activities- controls mental activities
-detects sensations
- controls actions
2) Cerebellum
- coordinates the contraction of muscles
- controls the equilibrium of the body
3) Medulla Oblongata
- links brain to the spinal cord
- controls and regulate involuntary muscles
- centre for certain reflex action
4) hypothaimus
- richest blood supply in the brain
- detects changes on body temperature and osmotic pressure through the pituitary gland
- control centre of the endocrine system
5) Thaimus
-located above hypothaimus
- sorts incoming and outgoing information in the cerebral cortex
- integrates information from sensory receptors
- integration centre for sensory impulses
6) Pituitary gland
- secretes hormones
-link between nervous and endocrine system
Ong Zhee Hsuen (5S2)

2020-04-16 01:55:31 UTC

The brain structure is composed of three main parts: cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata.
Cerebrum: Also known as the cerebral cortex, the cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain, and it is associated with higher brain function such as thought and action. Nerve cells make up the gray surface, which is a little thicker than our thumb. White nerve fibers beneath the surface carry signals between nerve cells in other parts of the brain and body. Its wrinkled surface increases the surface area, and is a six-layered structure found in mammals, called the neocortex. It is divided into four sections, called “lobes”. They are; the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the occipital lobe and the temporal lobe.
Cerebellum – The cerebellum, or “little brain”, is similar to the cerebrum with its two hemispheres and highly folded surface. It is associated with regulation and coordination of movement, posture, balance and cardiac, respiratory and vasomotor centers.
Hypothalamus – the primary role of the hypothalamus is to regulate various functions of the pituitary gland and endocrine activity, as well as somatic functions e.g.body temperature, sleep, appetite.
Thalamus – the primary role of the thalamus is to relay sensory information from other parts of the brain to the cerebral cortex
Medulla oblongata– The primary role of the medulla is regulating our involuntary life sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing and heart rate. As part of the brain stem, it also helps transfer neural messages to and from the brain and spinal cord. It is located at the junction of the spinal cord and brain.
Pituitary Gland – the primary role of the pituitary gland is an important link between the nervous system and the endocrine system. It releases many hormones which affect growth, metabolism, sexual development and the reproduction system. It is connected to the hypothalamus and is about the size of a pea. It is located in the center of the skull, just behind the bridge of the nose.
(Ong Wen Jing Suvian 5s2)

The brain is the control and coordination centre for humans. The main component of brain are cerebrum,cerebellum, hypothalamus, pituitary gland and medulla oblongata.

2020-04-16 02:47:56 UTC

The brain consists of three main parts:cerebrum ,cerebellum and medulla oblongata.

2020-04-16 02:52:10 UTC

Cerebrum:The cerebrum is the largest and most complex part of the brain.It is divided into two halves called cerebral hemispheres.The left hemisphere controls the movement on the right side of the body .The right hemisphere control the movement on the left side of the body.
Cerebellum: The cerebellum is located below the cerebrum near the top of the spinal cord.It has a folded surface. The cerebellum has two hemispheres. Function of cerebellum is coordinates the contraction of muscles and controls the posture and balance of the body.
Medulla oblongata: Located in front of cerebellum and links the brains to spinal cord. Functions are control and regulate involuntary actions and centre for certain reflex actions .
Ooi Yin Shi (5S2)

Kelvin Kan Zhi Hao 5S4

2020-04-16 04:03:17 UTC

The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system.

The brain consists of the cerebrum, the brainstem (include medulla oblongata) and the cerebellum.

It controls most of the activities of the body, processing, integrating, and coordinating the information it receives from the sense organs, and making decisions as to the instructions sent to the rest of the body.

The brain is protected by the skull bones of the head.

1. Cerebrum:
-The largest and most complex part of the brain.
-It is divided into two halves called cerebral hemispheres.
-The left hemisphere controls the movement on the right side of the body .
-The right hemisphere control the movement on the left side of the body.
-It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement.

2. Cerebellum:
-It is located below the cerebrum near the top of the spinal cord and also beneath the cerebrum and above the medulla oblongata.
-It has a folded surface.
-The cerebellum has two hemispheres.
-Function of cerebellum is coordinates the contraction of muscles and controls the posture and balance of the body.

3. Medulla oblongata:
-Located in front of cerebellum and links the brains to spinal cord.
-Controls involuntary actions and regulates the internal body processes that do not require conscious effort, that is automatic -The reflex centre for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping and swallowing.
-Functions are control and regulate involuntary actions and centre for certain reflex actions, heartbeats, breathing and vasoconstriction.

Our brain is the central organ of the human nervous system and with spinal cord which made up central nervous system.Our brain consists of the cerebrum, the brainstem and the cerebellum. It controls most of the activities of the body, processing, integrating, and coordinating the information it receives from the sense organs, and making decisions as to the instructions sent to the rest of the body. The brain is contained in, and protected by, the skull bones of the head.

2020-04-16 04:28:31 UTC

(Eric Lee Shen Yi ) 5s4

The brain is the control and coordination centre for humans. The brain is encased in the bony skull which protects it from injuries. The outer part of brain is made up of grey matter which consists of cell bodies of neurones. The inner part of brain is made up of white matter which consists of myelinated axons also known as nerve fibre. The main components of the brains are cerebrum, cerebellum,hypothalamus,pituitary gland and medulla oblongata. Cerebrum is to control mental activities like learning and memorising. Cerebellum is to control the body balance.Medulla oblongata is to control reflex actions like sneezing.

2020-04-16 04:30:59 UTC

(Lee Yi Guan 5S4)

2020-04-16 04:55:21 UTC

The brain is the integrating centre and their central nervous system of the human body .The human brain consist of thalamus ,cerebellum ,medulla Oblongata cerebrum ,pituitary gland , and hypothalamus .Thalamus is also known as the relay centre is is the integration centre .Cerebrum le the forebrain is the largest part of the brain ,the cerebral cortex is highly folded to increase the surface area to store more neurone .Cerebrum is responsible for all of the voluntary
muscle movements.On the other hand ,cerebellum better know as hind brain control body balance and control and coordinate muscle contraction. Apart from that , the function of medulla oblongata is to control involuntary actions (heartbeat ,vasoconstriction) and to control reflex action (coughing ,sneezing and swallowing)) .Lastly the hypothalamus is used to control homeostasis and to control the coordination of nervous and endocrine system.

Tan Yong Zhen. 5s2

The brain is the control and coordination centre for humans. The brain is encased in the bony skull which protects it from injuries. The outer part of brain is made up of grey matter which consists of cell bodies of neurones. The inner part of brain is made up of white matter which consists of myelinated axons also known as nerve fibre. The main components of the brains are cerebrum, cerebellum,hypothalamus,pituitary gland and medulla oblongata. Cerebrum is to control mental activities like learning and memorising. Cerebellum is to control the body balance.Medulla oblongata is to control reflex actions like sneezing. (Yeoh Loo Aun 5S4)

2020-04-16 05:21:24 UTC

2020-04-16 06:07:33 UTC

The brain controls your ability to think, talk, feel, see, hear, remember things, walk and much more. It even controls your breathing.The brain is a soft mass of supportive tissues and nerves connected to the spinal cord. Some of the nerves in the brain go right to the eyes, ears and other parts of the head. Other nerves connect the brain with other parts of the body through the spinal cord to control personality, senses and body functions from breathing to walking.The cerebrum, the large, outer part of the brain, controls reading, thinking, learning, speech, emotions and planned muscle movements like walking. It also controls vision, hearing and other senses.The cerebrum is divided two cerebral hemispheres (halves): left and right. The right half controls the left side of the body. The left half controls the right side of the body.The cerebellum, in the back of the brain, controls balance, coordination and fine muscle control (e.g., walking). It also functions to maintain posture and equilibrium.

Joanne Tan Jia Xin 5S6

Brain

2020-04-16 06:08:33 UTC

Grey matter forms the outer part of the human brain, while the interior of the brain is made up of white matter.The brain is surrounded by protective membranes called meninges. Cerebrospinal fluid is found between these layers. This fluid supplies the neurons in the brain with oxygen and nutrient and removes waste products.The main parts of human brain are:

(a) cerebrum

- functions:

(i) directing voluntary muscle movement

(ii) creating sensory perception (see, smell, hear, taste, touch)

(iii) responsible for higher mental abilities (learning, memory, reasoning, speech etc)

(iv) coordinates other parts of the brain

(b) cerebellum

- Functions:

(i) Coordinates the muscular movement

(ii) Maintains body balance

- Functions:

(i) controls and coordinates all involuntary actions: heartbeat, breathing, digestion etc.

(ii) contains reflex centres for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping and swallowing

(d) thalamus

- Functions:

(i) Thalamus is responsible for sorting information which goes in and comes out of the cerebral cortex.

(ii) Integrates the information that is carried by sensory receptors to the cerebrum by enchancing some signals and blocking others

(e) Hypothalamus

- functions:

(i) maintains homeostasis and contains centres for regulating sleep, hunger, thirst, body temperature, water balance and blood pressure

(ii) controls pituitary gland and serve as a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system

(Lim Qing Bin 5S2)

The brain consists of 100 billion neurons and weighs about 1300 – 1400 g in an adult. It is a highly folded structure with a large surface to accommodate more neurons. Grey matter forms the outer part of the human brain, while the interior of the brain is made up of white matter. Grey matter contains the cell bodies of the neurons while white matter contains myelinated axons of the neurons. The brain is surrounded by protective membranes called meninges. Cerebrospinal fluid is found between these layers. This fluid supplies the neurons in the brain with oxygen and nutrient and removes waste products. The main parts of human brain are cerebrum- the largest and most complex part of the brain- divided into two halves called hemispheres, left hemisphere: controls movement of the right side of the body, right hemisphere: controls movement of the left side of the body- the outer 3 mm of the cerebral hemispheres is called cerebral cortex and it is densely packed with nerve cells.- functions is directing voluntary muscle movement, creating sensory perception responsible for higher mental abilities coordinates other parts of the brain cerebellum, It is located at the back of the brain , It also has two hemispheres- Functions is Coordinates the muscular movement, Maintains body balance, The cerebellum receives information from the organs of balance in the ear and from stretch receptors in muscles and tendons. Then, cerebellum coordinates the movement of the muscles and maintains the body balance. medulla oblongata- It is located under the cerebellum and connected to the spinal cord Functions is controls and coordinates all involuntary actions,heartbeat, breathing, digestion , contains reflex centres for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping and swallowing thalamus . Functions is Thalamus is responsible for sorting information which goes in and comes out of the cerebral cortex. Integrates the information that is carried by sensory receptors to the cerebrum by enchancing some signals and blocking others Hypothalamus- functions is maintains homeostasis and contains centres for regulating sleep, hunger, thirst, body temperature, water balance and blood pressure, controls pituitary gland and serve as a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system.

2020-04-16 08:14:18 UTC

Tan Boon Leong (5S2)

Spermatogenesis is the formation of sperm , it occurs in the sminiferous tubules Spermatogenesis in male.Germinal epithelial cells divide many times through mitosis to form spermatogonia. Spermatogonia undergo growth to form primary spermatocytes. Primary spermatocytes divide by first meiotic division to produce haploid secondary spermocytes. Secondary spermocytes undergo a second meiotic division to form spermatids. The spermatids develop tails and mature into sperms.Oogenesis is the formation of ovum- It starts in the ovaries of the feotus before birth. Oogenesis in female, Germinal epithelial cells divide many times through mitosis to form oogonia. Oogonia undergo growth to form primary oocytes. Primary oocytes are surrounded by a layer of follicle cells and are called primary follicles. These are formed before a baby is formed, remain dormant until puberty. Every month from puberty onwards, one oocyte undergoes first meiotic division to become a secondary oocyte and a polar body. Both are haploid. The secondary oocyte undergoes the second meiotic division until metaphase II. The secondary oocyte which is lined by layers of follicle cells is called a secondary follicle. The secondary follicle increase in size to form Graafian follicle. At intervals of approximately 28 days in women, the Graafian follicle merges with the wall of the ovary, the ovary wall ruptures, the secondary oocyte is released into the oviduct. This process is known as ovulation. When fertilization occurs, the secondary oocyte enters the Fallopian tube and complete the second meiotic division to form an ovum and a polar body. The haploid polar body formed during meiosis I also undergoes meriosis II to form another two haploid polar body. All three polar body will eventually degenerate.

2020-04-16 08:29:39 UTC

Tan Boon Leong (5S2)

2020-04-16 10:23:01 UTC

The five sense organs in our body, eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin are called receptors. This is because they receive information from the environment around us. Therefore, a receptor is a group of cells in sense organ which is sensitive to a particular type of stimulus like light, sound, smell, taste, heat.

All the receptors send message in the form of electrical impulses to spinal cord and brain through sensory nerves. Another type of nerves called motor nerves then transmits response from brain and spinal cord to effectors. An effector is a part of the body which responds to a stimulus according to the instructions sent from the nervous system. The muscles and glands are effectors of the body.

There have 2 main nervous system which are

1) Central nervous system (consisting of brain and spinal cord)

2) Peripheral nervous system (consisting of all nerves of the body)

Peripheral nerves can further be divided into two parts.

i) Voluntary nervous system

ii) Autonomic nervous system

Function of the brain which are

• Brain receives nerve impulses which carry information from the sense organs of the body.

• Brain responds to these impulses by sending instructions to muscles and glands which function accordingly.

• Brain correlates stimuli from different sense organs and produce appropriate and intelligent response.

• It coordinates the activities of the body.

• It stores information.
Raicy koay (5S6)

2020-04-16 11:11:46 UTC

The cerebrum, the large, outer part of the brain, controls reading, thinking, learning, speech, emotions and planned muscle movements like walking. It also controls vision, hearing and other senses.The cerebrum is divided two cerebral hemispheres (halves): left and right. The right half controls the left side of the body. The left half controls the right side while temporal lobe controls, memory, speech, and sense of smell.The cerebellum, in the back of the brain, controls balance, coordination and fine muscle control (e.g., walking). It also functions to maintain posture and equilibrium.The brain stem, at the bottom of the brain, connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. It includes the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla. It controls fundamental body functions such as breathing, eye movements, blood pressure, heartbeat, and swallowing.

Teh Kun Wei 5s6

2020-04-16 11:13:07 UTC

A brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. It is located in the head, usually close to the sensory organs for senses such as vision. It is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a human, the cerebral cortex contains approximately 14–16 billion neurons

Lee Huey Shan 5s2

The brain is the control and coordination centre for humans. The main component of brain are cerebrum,cerebellum, hypothalamus, pituitary gland and medulla oblongata.

2020-04-16 15:00:40 UTC

1)Cerebrum: Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. The cerebrum is divided into two right and left hemisphere. The surface of the hemisphere is folded to increase the surface area, thus increasing the number of nerve cell located in the cerebrum. The function of the cerebrum are the centre control the emotion, hearing, vision and personality. The cerebrum received information and stimuli from receptor .Secondly, the cerebrum produces sensory perceptions after information its analysed,integrated and correlated.Thridly, The cerebrum determines respond and give instruction to effectors and cerebrum also control voluntary action such as learning, memorising , linguistic skills and mathematical skills

2)Cerebellum: The cerebellum is located below the cerebrum which is posterior of the brain. The function of the cerebellum is to control our busy balance and maintain the body posture. The cerebellum’s function also contrast that to control body movement by coordinating the contraction of muscle and to help learning and remembering motor skills (e.g. playing piano or hitting a baseball)
3) medulla oblongata: medulla oblongata connects the brain to the spinal cord. The function of medulla oblongata is to control involuntary action such as heart beat, breathing, blood pressure and others also medulla oblongata control certain reflex action such as swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing.
4) Pituitary gland: Pituitary gland is the main endocrine gland called as master gland.Pituitary gland consists of an anterior lobe and posterior lobe .The function of anterior pituitary gland is produce and secrets hormone that regulate body function while the posterior pituitary gland stores and release hormones produced by hypothalamus.
5)Hypothalamus: The function of hypothalamus is regulate body temperature, water balance and blood pressure. The hypothalamus also detect hunger, thirst, fatigue and anger.
(Thum Yu Zhe 5S6)

2020-04-17 05:47:55 UTC

The biggest part of the brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum is the thinking part of the brain and it controls your voluntary muscles — the ones that move when you want them to. So you need your cerebrum to dance or kick a soccer ball.

You need your cerebrum to solve math problems, figure out a video game, and draw a picture. Your memory lives in the cerebrum — both short-term memory (what you ate for dinner last night) and long-term memory (the name of that roller-coaster you rode on two summers ago). The cerebrum also helps you reason, like when you figure out that you'd better do your homework now because your mom is taking you to a movie later.

The cerebrum has two halves, with one on either side of the head. Scientists think that the right half helps you think about abstract things like music, colors, and shapes. The left half is said to be more analytical, helping you with math, logic, and speech. Scientists do know for sure that the right half of the cerebrum controls the left side of your body, and the left half controls the right side. Jasmine Tan Wei Jing 5S2

THE BRAIN

2020-04-17 06:51:08 UTC

The brain consists of cerebrum,cerebellum, hypothalamus, pituitary gland and medulla oblongata. The cerebrum is the centre for thinking reasoning, speech and memory. It integrates impulse from various sensory organs and receptors. It also initiates and control all voluntary action. Voluntary actions are action which are under our conscious control. Examples includes walking, writing and singing.
(Isaac Kong Zhak Yu)

2020-04-17 11:15:27 UTC

The main parts of human brain are:

Cerebrum：
→the largest and most complex part of the brain
→divided into two halves called cerebral hemispheres.
(i)    left hemisphere: controls movement of the right side of the body
(ii)   right hemisphere: controls movement on the left side of the body
→the outer region of cerebrum is called cerebral cortex.
Function of cerebral cortex：
(i)    directing voluntary muscle movement
(ii)   creating sensory perception (see, smell, hear, taste, touch)
(iii) responsible for many mental abilities (learning, memorising, reasoning, speech, language skills，mathematical skills, imagination, artist talent and personality traits)

Cerebellum：
→It is located below the cerebrum near the top of the spinal cord.
→The cerebellumis the coordinating centre for body movements.
→The cerebellum receives information from the sensory receptors on the position of different parts of the body and from the cerebrum, an indication of the need to move.
→it evaluates the information and relays the need for coordinated movements back to the cerebrum.
→the cerebrum then send appropriate commands to the muscles.

Medulla oblongata：
→It is located under the cerebellum and connected to the spinal cord
Functions:
(i)    controls and coordinates all involuntary actions: heartbeat, breathing, digestion.
(ii)   contains reflex centres for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping and swallowing

Thalamus：
- Functions:
(i)    Thalamus is responsible for sorting the incoming and outgoing information in the cerebral cortex.
(ii)   it also integrates the information from the sensory receptors to the cerebrum by increasing some signals and blocking others

Hypothalamus：
-       Functions:
→maintains homeostasis and contains major coordinating centres for regulating sleep, hunger, thirst, body temperature, water balance and blood pressure.
→It is also the control centre of the endocrine system

Pituitary gland：
→It secrets hormones that influence other glands and body functions
→The hypothalamus controls the release of several hormones from the pituitary gland and thereby serves as an important link between the nervous and endocrine systems.

(Khoo Yong Kit 5S4)

Human Brain

2020-04-17 11:33:39 UTC

The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system. The brain consists of the cerebrum, the brainstem and the cerebellum. It controls most of the activities of the body, processing, integrating, and coordinating the information it receives from the sense organs, and making decisions as to the instructions sent to the rest of the body. The brain is contained in, and protected by, the skull bones of the head.

The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain. It is divided into two cerebral hemispheres. The cerebral cortex is an outer layer of grey matter, covering the core of white matter. The corte
x is split into the neocortex and the much smaller allocortex. The neocortex is made up of six neuronal layers, while the allocortex has three or four. Each hemisphere is conventionally divided into four lobes – the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. The frontal lobe is associated with executive functions including self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought, while the occipital lobe is dedicated to vision. Within each lobe, cortical areas are associated with specific functions, such as the sensory, motor and association regions. Although the left and right hemispheres are broadly similar in shape and function, some functions are associated with one side, such as language in the left and visual-spatial ability in the right. The hemispheres are connected by commissural nerve tracts, the largest being the corpus callosum.

The cerebrum is connected by the brainstem to the spinal cord. The brainstem consists of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by pairs of tracts. Within the cerebrum is the ventricular system, consisting of four interconnected ventricles in which cerebrospinal fluid is produced and circulated. Underneath the cerebral cortex are several important structures, including the thalamus, the epithalamus, the pineal gland, the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the subthalamus; the limbic structures, including the amygdala and the hippocampus; the claustrum, the various nuclei of the basal ganglia; the basal forebrain structures, and the three circumventricular organs. The cells of the brain include neurons and supportive glial cells. There are more than 86 billion neurons in the brain, and a more or less equal number of other cells. Brain activity is made possible by the interconnections of neurons and their release of neurotransmitters in response to nerve impulses. Neurons connect to form neural pathways, neural circuits, and elaborate network systems. The whole circuitry is driven by the process of neurotransmission.

The brain is protected by the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier. However, the brain is still susceptible to damage, disease, and infection. Damage can be caused by trauma, or a loss of blood supply known as a stroke. The brain is susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, dementias including Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Psychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions. The brain can also be the site of tumours, both benign and malignant; these mostly originate from other sites in the body.

The study of the anatomy of the brain is neuroanatomy, while the study of its function is neuroscience. A number of techniques are used to study the brain. Specimens from other animals, which may be examined microscopically, have traditionally provided much information. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging, and electroencephalography (EEG) recordings are important in studying the brain. The medical history of people with brain injury has provided insight into the function of each part of the brain. Brain research has evolved over time, with philosophical, experimental, and theoretical phases. The next phase has been predicted to be one of simulating brain activity.^[3]

In culture, the philosophy of mind has for centuries attempted to address the question of the nature of consciousness and the mind-body problem. The pseudoscience of phrenology attempted to localise personality attributes to regions of the cortex in the 19th century. In science fiction, brain transplants are imagined in tales such as the 1942 Donovan's Brain.

Khor Yoong En 5s6

The Human Brain

m2168884 — 2020-04-17 12:35:40 UTC

The human brain consists of the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pituitary gland, thalamus and hypothalamus.
i) the hypothalamus plays an important role in homeostatic regulation. it is a major coordinating centre and serves as an important link between the nervous and endocrine system.
ii) in the brain, the cerebrum is the largest in size and most complex. it is the centre which receives sensory input and carries our integrative functions. it also controls all voluntary muscle movements and is responsible for mental abilities like learning.
iii) the thalamus sorts incoming and outgoing information in the cerebral cortex and integrates information from the sensory receptors.
iv) the pituitary gland secretes hormones that controls the secretion of hormones from all other glands.
v) the cerebellum coordinates body movements .
vi) the medulla oblongata controls involuntary actions unlike the cerebrum and regulates the internal body processes (automatic functions like heartbeats).

Brain

2020-04-17 12:53:37 UTC

The Brain

2020-04-17 13:37:15 UTC

The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.

Cerebrum: is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres. It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement.

Cerebellum: is located under the cerebrum. Its function is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance.

Brainstem: acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. It performs many automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.

Human Brain

2020-04-17 14:59:30 UTC

Human brain consists of three main parts: cerebrum,cerebellum and medulla oblongata. Below the centre of the cerebrum is thalamus, hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Brain is made up of nerve cells called neurones. Cerebrum is the largest and most complex part of the brain. It is divided into two halves called cerebral hemispheres. The left hemisphere controls the movement on the right side of the body, the right hemisphere controls the movement on the left side of the body. Cerebrum controls all the mental activities, detects sensations and controls the actions of skeletal muscles. Cerebellum is located below the cerebrum near the top of the spinal cord and it has a folded surface. Cerebellum coordinates the contraction of muscles and controls the equilibrium of the body. Lastly, medulla oblongata located in front of the cerebellum. Medulla oblongata links the brain to the spinal cord. It controls and regulates involuntary actions and centre for certain reflex actions.

Wong Kher Ming (5S4)

The brain is the control and coordination centre for humans.The brain is encased in the bony skull which protects it from injuries. The outer part of brain is made up of grey matter which consists of cell bodies of neurones. The inner part of brain is made up of white matter which consists of myelinated axons also known as nerve fibre. The cerebellum is at the back of the brain, below the cerebrum. It's a lot smaller than the cerebrum. But it's a very important part of the brain. It controls balance, movement, and coordination .

2020-04-17 15:10:54 UTC

(Saw Wei Li 5S4)

2020-04-17 15:13:31 UTC

2020-04-18 03:26:04 UTC

The brain

2020-04-18 03:37:37 UTC

The brain is one of the largest and most complex organs in the human body.
It is made up of more than 100 billion nerves that communicate in trillions of connections called synapses.

The brain is made up of many specialized areas that work together:
• The cortex is the outermost layer of brain cells. Thinking and voluntary movements begin in the cortex.
• The brain stem is between the spinal cord and the rest of the brain. Basic functions like breathing and sleep are controlled here.
• The basal ganglia are a cluster of structures in the center of the brain. The basal ganglia coordinate messages between multiple other brain areas.
• The cerebellum is at the base and the back of the brain. The cerebellum is responsible for coordination and balance. ( Chong Yee Chen 5s6 )

Human brain

2020-04-18 12:36:52 UTC

The human brain consists of the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pituitary gland, thalamus and hypothalamus.
The cerebrum is the centre for thinking reasoning, speech and memory. It integrates impulse from various sensory organs and receptors

Human brain

2020-04-18 13:57:42 UTC

The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system. The brain consists of the cerebrum, the brainstem and the cerebellum.

Tan Jin Rong 5s6

Human Brain

2020-04-18 15:52:48 UTC

A brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. It is located in the head, usually close to the sensory organs for senses such as vision. It is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, and is divided into nearly symmetrical left and right hemispheres by a deep groove, the longitudinal fissure.
Jason Chew Jian Ren (5S2)

Human Brain

2020-04-19 01:57:22 UTC

Brain has three main parts which is cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem. The brain controls your ability to think, talk, feel, see, hear, remember things, walk and much more. It even controls your breathing. The cerebrum controls reading, thinking, learning, speech, emotions and planned muscle movements like walking. It also controls vision, hearing and other senses. Cerebellum functions to maintain posture and equilibrium. Besides, the brain stem controls fundamental body functions such as breathing, eye movements, blood pressure, heartbeat, and swallowing.(Kang Zhi Ping 5S4)

2020-04-19 08:07:55 UTC

Human brain
The brain is use to control and coordination centre for humans ,the function of cerebrum is to r drive information and stimuli and produce sensory perception ,control all mental activities
While cerebellum is use to control the body balance , maintain the body posture ,and control the body movement .
Medulla Oblongata is us to control the involuntary action such as heart beat ,breathing ,blood pressure.Pituitary gland can separate into 2 parts there is anterior n posterior .Anterior pituitary gland is use to produces and secretes hormone that regulate body function .
Posterior pituitary gland is stores and releases hormones produced by hypothalamus . Hypothalamus is use tpnregula e body temperature,water balance ,and blood pressure

TAN SHI HUI (5S6)

Human brain

2020-04-19 17:41:47 UTC

The brain consists of the cerebrum, the brainstem and the cerebellum. It controls most of the activities of the body, processing, integrating, and coordinating the information it receives from the sense organs, and making decisions as to the instructions sent to the rest of the body. The brain is contained in, and protected by, the skull bones of the head.The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain. It is divided into two cerebral hemispheres. The cerebral cortex is an outer layer of grey matter, covering the core of white matter. Although the left and right hemispheres are broadly similar in shape and function, some functions are associated with one side, such as language in the left and visual-spatial ability in the right. The hemispheres are connected by commissural nerve tracts, the largest being the corpus callosum.The cerebrum is connected by the brainstem to the spinal cord. Wu Kuan Ding 5s4

Human brain

2020-04-20 01:15:52 UTC

The human brain weighs about 1.5kg and contains about 10000 million neurones. The different parts of the brain are the cerebrum , cerebellum , medulla oblongata , thalamus and hypothalamus.The cerebrum is made up of the right and left cerebral hemispheres. The cerebellum is use to control and coordinate muscular body movements and it also control and maintain body balance and posture. The medulla oblongata is the Centre which controls involuntary actions like heartbeat, respiration, peristalsis, swallowing, coughing, sneezing and salivating. The hypothalamus has important centres involved in homeostasis and endocrine system. And the last one which is the thalamus.It is situated in the cerebral hemispheres. These are all the part of the human brain.
Ding Xuen Ling (5S6)

Human brain

m2169605 — 2020-04-20 11:41:09 UTC

The human brain consist of the cerebrum, medulla oblongata, pituitary gland, thalamus and hypothalamus.
Hypothalamus plays an important role in homeostatic regulation. It is a major coordinating centre for regulating sleep, hunger, thirst, body temperature, water balance and blood pressure.
Cerebrum is the largest and most complex part of the brain. The cerebrum is the centre which is receives the sensory input and carries out integrative functions before initiating appropriate motor responses.
Thalamus is responsible for sorting the incoming and outgoing information in the cerebral cortex.It is also integrates the information from the sensory receptors to the cerebrum by increasing certain signals and blocking others.
Cerebellum is located beneath the cerebrum and above the medulla oblongata. The cerebellum is coordinating centre for body movement.
Medulla Oblongata controls involuntary actions and regulates the internal body processes that do not require conscious effort, that is automatic functions such as the heartbeat, breathing and vasoconstiction.

Wong Yu Quan 5S6

Reference for Human Brain

g08218903 — 2020-04-21 15:57:22 UTC

Enjoy the video..

Body Coordination (Spinal cord)

g08218903 — 2020-04-23 09:17:19 UTC

The human central nervous system consist of the brain and the spinal cord. Please summarise what you know about the human brain.

2020-04-23 10:30:08 UTC

The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid.The spinal cord is the main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system.

The spinal cord is continuous with the caudal portion of the medulla, running from the base of the skull to the body of the first lumbar vertebra. It does not run the full length of the vertebral column in adults. It is made of 31 segments from which branch one pair of sensory nerve roots and one pair of motor nerve roots. The nerve roots then merge into bilaterally symmetrical pairs of spinal nerves. The peripheral nervous system is made up of these spinal roots, nerves, and ganglia.
The dorsal roots are afferent fascicles, receiving sensory information from the skin, muscles, and visceral organs to be relayed to the brain. The roots terminate in dorsal root ganglia, which are composed of the cell bodies of the corresponding neurons. Ventral roots consist of efferent fibers that arise from motor neurons whose cell bodies are found in the ventral (or anterior) gray horns of the spinal cord.
The spinal cord (and brain) are protected by three layers of tissue or membranes called meninges, that surround the canal . The dura mater is the outermost layer, and it forms a tough protective coating. Between the dura mater and the surrounding bone of the vertebrae is a space called the epidural space. The epidural space is filled with adipose tissue, and it contains a network of blood vessels. The arachnoid mater, the middle protective layer, is named for its open, spiderweb-like appearance. The space between the arachnoid and the underlying pia mater is called the subarachnoid space. The subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which can be sampled with a lumbar puncture, or "spinal tap" procedure. The delicate pia mater, the innermost protective layer, is tightly associated with the surface of the spinal cord. The cord is stabilized within the dura mater by the connecting denticulate ligaments, which extend from the enveloping pia mater laterally between the dorsal and ventral roots. The dural sac ends at the vertebral level of the second sacral vertebra.
In cross-section, the peripheral region of the cord contains neuronal white matter tracts containing sensory and motor axons. Internal to this peripheral region is the grey matter, which contains the nerve cell bodies arranged in the three grey columns that give the region its butterfly-shape. This central region surrounds the central canal, which is an extension of the fourth ventricle and contains cerebrospinal fluid.
The spinal cord is elliptical in cross section, being compressed dorsolaterally. Two prominent grooves, or sulci, run along its length. The posterior median sulcus is the groove in the dorsal side, and the anterior median fissure is the groove in the ventral side.(Ong Wen Jing Suvian 5S2)

2020-04-23 10:34:16 UTC

The spinal cord is a long, fragile tubelike structure that begins at the end of the brain stem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spine. The spinal cord consists of nerves that carry.The spinal cord consists of gray and white matter. The butterfly-shaped center of the cord consists of gray matter. The front wings (also called horns) contain motor nerve cells (neurons), which transmit information from the brain or spinal cord to muscles, stimulating movement. The back horns contain sensory nerve cells, which transmit sensory information from other parts of the body through the spinal cord to the brain. The surrounding white matter contains columns of nerve fibers that carry sensory information to the brain from the rest of the body (ascending tracts) and columns that carry motor impulses from the brain to the muscles (descending tracts).

TehKunWei 5s6

2020-04-23 10:39:29 UTC

The spinal cord is covered by three layers of tissue (meninges). The spinal cord and meninges are contained in the spinal canal, which runs through the center of the spine. In most adults, the spine is composed of 33 individual back bones (vertebrae). Just as the skull protects the brain, vertebrae protect the spinal cord. The vertebrae are separated by disks made of cartilage, which act as cushions, reducing the forces generated by movements such as walking and jumping. The vertebrae and disks of cartilage extend the length of the spine and together form the vertebral column, also called the spinal column.The spinal cord is a long, fragile tubelike structure that begins at the end of the brain stem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spine. The spinal cord consists of nerves that carry incoming and outgoing messages between the brain and the rest of the body.the spinal cord is covered by three layers of tissue (meninges). The spinal cord and meninges are contained in the spinal canal, which runs through the center of the spine. In most adults, the spine is composed of 33 individual back bones (vertebrae). Just as the skull protects the brain, vertebrae protect the spinal cord. The vertebrae are separated by disks made of cartilage, which act as cushions, reducing the forces generated by movements such as walking and jumping. The vertebrae and disks of cartilage extend the length of the spine and together form the vertebral column, also called the spinal column.

Joanne Tan Jia Xin 5S6

m2166777 — 2020-04-23 11:20:34 UTC

5S2 Jackie Goh JiaYi
The spinal cord is the most important structure between the body and the brain. The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum where it is continuous with the medulla to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebrae. It is a vital link between the brain and the body, and from the body to the brain.

2020-04-23 11:43:29 UTC

5S2 Ooi Yin Shi
The spinal cord is located within the vertebral column. The spinal cord is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid which acts as a shock absorber and provides the spinal cord with nutrients.It cosists of white matter and grey matter. In cross section, the grey matter looks like a butterfly or the letter H. The grey matter consists mainly of cell bodies of neurones. The grey matter is surrounded by the white matter. The white matter comprises myelin-coated axons of neurones that extend the whole length of spinal cord. The spinal cord: processes certain type of sensory information and sends out responses via the efferent neurons, contains neurons that convey signals to and from the brain , controls reflex action

2020-04-23 12:25:46 UTC

The spinal cord is one of the parts in the central nervous system. It is located within the veterbral column and is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid which acts as shock absorber and provides the spinal cord with nutrients.
The spinal cord consists of white and grey matters, which the grey matter looks like a butterfly shape or letter H, and consists mainly of cell bodies of neurones. The grey matter is surrounded by the white matter. The white matter comprises myelin-coated axons of neurones that extend the while length of the spinal cord.
The functions of the spinal cord :
- processes certain types of sensory information and sends out responses via the efferent neurones.
- It also contains neurones that convey the signals to and from the brain.
- It also controls reflex action.

Inside the spinal cord, the cell bodies of efferent neurones are clustered in the dorsal root ganglion. The dorsal root contains the axons of afferent neurones which conduct nerve impulses from the sensory receptors to the spinal cord. The spinal nerve contains afferent and efferent neurones. The ventral root contains the axons of the efferent neurones which conduct nerve impulses away from the spinal cord to the effectors.

From Tan Yan Khai (Class 5S2)

the spinal cord

m2168884 — 2020-04-23 12:27:35 UTC

Julia Ong 5S2
The spinal cord is located within the vetebral column and is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid which acts like a shock absorber and provides the spinal cord with nutrients. The spinal cord consists of white and grey matter, In cross section, the grey matter looks like a butterfly/ the letter H and consists mainly of cell bodies of neurones.. The white matter surrounds the grey matter and comprises myellin-coated axons of neurones that extend the whole length of the spinal cord. The spinal cord has three main functions: it processes certain types of sensory information and sends out responses via the efferent neurones; it contains neurones that convey signals to and from the brain; and it also controls reflex action.

2020-04-23 13:48:30 UTC

Coordination  Is the process involved in the detection of stimulus and the subsequent response of the organism towards the stimulus  Involve nervous system and endocrine system. Yan Zhang5s6

2020-04-23 13:49:31 UTC

Raicy koay,5S6

2020-04-23 13:50:00 UTC

2020-04-23 13:52:32 UTC

The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid.yanzhang5s6

Spinal cord

2020-04-23 14:09:17 UTC

The spinal cord is a column of nerve tissues extending from the brain through the vertebral column. It is protected by the vertebrae, meninges and spinal fluid which also acts as a shock absorber. Spinal cord also have many functions which have it links the brain with nerves to all parts of the body. It processes sensory information and sends out responses to effectors through the efferent neurones. The last is it control involuntary actions called reflexes. The centre of the spinal cord is filled with grey matter which is shaped like 'H' and consists of cell bodies of motor and interneurones.
Ding Xuen Ling (5S6)

2020-04-23 14:21:39 UTC

The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the medulla oblongata of the brain to the level of the lumbar region. The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS).
Ang Wei Keong 5S6

SPINAL CORD

2020-04-23 23:59:08 UTC

TAN SWEE YANG 5S2
The spinal cord is the main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system.^[3]^[4] Much shorter than its protecting spinal column, the human spinal cord originates in the brainstem, passes through the foramen magnum, and continues through to the conus medullaris near the second lumbar vertebra before terminating in a fibrous extension known as the filum terminale.

Spinal cord

2020-04-24 04:20:14 UTC

Spinal card is located within the vertebral column. The spinal cord is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid that protects the supplies the spinal cord with nutrients. Spinal cord consists of grey matter and white matter. The grey matter consists of cell bodies of axons while the white matter consists of myelinated axon. The function of spinal cord is to reflex action and process some sensory information and send out responses through the motor neurone. The sending the information to spinal cord called dorsal root, dorsal root contains the axon of the efferent neurone the dorsal root have ganglion, which contain cluster of cell bodies of afferent neurone. The Ventral root contains efferent neurone they let body to respond.
(Thum Yu Zhe 5S6)

Spinal Cord

2020-04-24 06:26:18 UTC

2020-04-24 09:00:40 UTC

Kelvin Kan Zhi Hao 5S4

2020-04-24 09:01:25 UTC

The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS).

In humans, the spinal cord begins at the occipital bone, passing through the foramen magnum and entering the spinal canal at the beginning of the cervical vertebrae. The spinal cord extends down to between the first and second lumbar vertebrae, where it ends. The enclosing bony vertebral column protects the relatively shorter spinal cord. 
The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body, and from the afferent fibers of the sensory neurons to the sensory cortex. It is also a center for coordinating many reflexes and contains reflex arcs that can independently control reflexes. It is also the location of groups of spinal interneurons that make up the neural circuits known as central pattern generators. These circuits are responsible for controlling motor instructions for rhythmic movements such as walking.

Body coordination (spinal cord)

2020-04-24 09:24:39 UTC

TAN WAN YING 5S4
The spinal cord is located within the vertebral column.The spinal cord is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid.It consists of white matter and grey matter.The functions of spinal cord are control reflex action and connect the brain with the peripheral nervous system.

Body coordination (spinal cord) The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS).

2020-04-24 11:35:59 UTC

Saw Wei Li 5S4

2020-04-24 13:15:36 UTC

Spinal cord is a part of the central nervous system. The function of spinal-cord is to control reflex action and to controlr nerve impulses into and out of brain. It is surrounded by cerebrospinal spinal fluid . Cerebrospinal fluid is used to absorb shock and to provide nutrients. The spinal-cord consists dorsal root , dorsal root ganglion , central canal , interneurone , afferent neurone ,efferent neurone , grey matter , white matter and ventral root
Tan Yong Zhen 5s2

Body coordination (spinal cord)

2020-04-24 16:45:00 UTC

The brain and spinal cord together form the body's central nervous system, which acts as the coordination and relay station for information about the outside world. Without a central nervous system you would be unable to think or feel, to voluntarily move, or even to breathe.

The spinal cord acts as the body's telephone system, relaying information from the brain to the rest of the body, and sending signals about the rest of the body to the brain. This vital role means that, even if the rest of your body is functioning perfectly normally, a spinal cord injury can undermine even the most basic functions.
When most people refer to the spine, they mean the spinal cord plus the bones that surround it. The spinal cord itself is a long bundle of nerve cells encased in the 33 vertebral bones known individually as vertebra.

The spinal cord is the body's central processing center, receiving information from the brain and sending it to branching nerves that connect with every other area of the body. It also receives signals from the body, sending those signals to the brain to allow you to appropriately react to everything from cold weather to intense anxiety.

Because the spinal cord both sends and receives important information about the body and the surrounding environment, it is indispensable to the regulation of a range of bodily functions, including:

Regulating heart rate.
Assessing temperature, and helping your body appropriately respond to cool or warm itself when temperatures are inappropriate.
Maintaining homeostasis—relatively consistent internal body conditions. By sending signals about the body's state, the spinal cord allows the brain to react with signals that initiate a cascade of changes. For example, if the spinal cord sends signals to the brain indicating that you are cold, you may begin shivering or seek out a blanket.
Regulating breathing.

A spinal cord injury can interfere with a range of functions. In general, the higher the injury, the more extensive the disability will be, since your spinal cord typically will be unable to process signals below the site of the injury. Very high spinal cord injuries may necessitate the use of a respirator and other artificial devices. You might also need help with basic functions, such as using the restroom.
Coordinating Reflexes

The spinal cord also coordinates most reflexive responses, allowing you to quickly respond to changing stimuli without consciously becoming aware of the change. If you brush your hand against a hot stove, pain signals quickly tell your spinal cord to react, allowing you to pull your hand away. Reflexive responses mean that you may react before you actually know what you're reacting to, since the spinal cord initiates the response before the brain can process the physical sensation.

If you experience a spinal cord injury, you may experience difficulties with reflexes, depending upon the location of the injury. This can increase your risk of certain injuries.

Parts of the Spinal Cord

The spinal cord acts as a single unit, receiving signals and sending them up the brain, and coordinating signals to send outward to the rest of the body. It is also a collection of specific sub-parts, each with its own function. Nerve tracts exit the spinal cord and travel across the body from the spine at following regions:

Cervical spinal cord: Consisting of eight bones, descending from C1-C8, this region plays a role in critical functions such as breathing and movement of the upper torso. Injuries to the cervical spine almost inevitably result in quadriplegia, paralysis of all four limbs. Injuries high in the cervical spinal cord can be fatal.
Thoracic spinal cord: Consisting of 12 bones, descending from T1-T12, the thoracic spinal cord helps coordinate movement in the lower body. Injuries to this region often result in quadriplegia, paralysis below the waist.
Lumbar spinal cord: Consisting of five bones, descending from L1-L5, the lumbar spinal cord coordinates sensations in lower regions of the body. The effects of damage to this area vary greatly, but lumbar spinal injuries sometimes impede bladder and sexual function.
Sacral spinal cord: Also consisting of five bones, descending from S1-S5, sacral spine injuries can undermine sensation in lower regions of the body, as well as chronic pain.
Coccyx: Known sometimes as the coccygeal spine or tail bone, this region consists of between three and five distinct bones that may be fused together.

Khor Yoong En 5S6

Body Coordination (Spinal Cord)

2020-04-24 16:54:40 UTC

The spinal cord is contained within the vertebral column. The spinal cord is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid which act as a shock absorber and provides the spinal cord with nutrients. When the vertebral column to be crushed, the spinal cord will be damaged. Sensory impulses cannot be conducted to the brain via the spinal cord.
Wong Kher Ming 5S4

2020-04-25 05:51:29 UTC

The spinal cord is the most important structure between the body and the brain. The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum where it is continuous with the medulla to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebrae. It is a vital link between the brain and the body, and from the body to the brain. The spinal cord consists of white and grey matter, In cross section, the grey matter looks like a butterfly/ the letter H and consists mainly of cell bodies of neurones. The white matter surrounds the grey matter and comprises myellin-coated axons of neurones that extend the whole length of the spinal cord. The spinal cord has three main functions: it processes certain types of sensory information and sends out responses via the efferent neurones; it contains neurones that convey signals to and from the brain; and it also controls reflex action.

TEOH YEE YIOUN 5S6

2020-04-25 07:42:55 UTC

The brain and spinal cord together form the body's central nervous system, which acts as the coordination and relay station for information about the outside world. Without a central nervous system you would be unable to think or feel, to voluntarily move, or even to breathe.
Lee Huey Shan 5s2

2020-04-25 08:45:55 UTC

The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS). In humans, the spinal cord begins at the occipital bone, passing through the foramen magnum and entering the spinal canal at the beginning of the cervical vertebrae. The spinal cord extends down to between the first and second lumbar vertebrae, where it ends. The enclosing bony vertebral column protects the relatively shorter spinal cord.The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body, and from the afferent fibers of the sensory neurons to the sensory cortex. It is also a center for coordinating many reflexes and contains reflex arcs that can independently control reflexes.It is also the location of groups of spinal interneurons that make up the neural circuits known as central pattern generators. These circuits are responsible for controlling motor instructions for rhythmic movements such as walking.The spinal cord is the main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system. Much shorter than its protecting spinal column, the human spinal cord originates in the brainstem, passes through the foramen magnum, and continues through to the conus medullaris near the second lumbar vertebra before terminating in a fibrous extension known as the filum terminale.
LEE YIT TUNG

2020-04-25 08:50:36 UTC

body coordination(spinal cord)(LIM QING BIN-5S2)

2020-04-25 10:13:40 UTC

Spinal Cord

2020-04-25 10:52:56 UTC

GuySpinal cord are divided by five part
1.cervical spinal nerve
2.toracic spinal nerve
3.lumbar spinal nerve
4.sacnal spinal nerve
5.coccyx
Spinal cord is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid which acts as a shock absorber and provides the spinal cord with nutrients.
Spinal cord:
A) processes certain types of sensory information and send out responses via the efferent neurones
B)contains neurones that convey signals to and from the brain.
C)control reflex antion

Alvin Choong Jia Qing 5S6

The major column of nerve tissue that is connected to the brain and lies within the vertebral canal and from which the spinal nerves emerge. Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves originate in the spinal cord: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. The spinal cord and the brain constitute the central nervous system. The spinal cord consists of nerve fibers that transmit impulses to and from the brain. Like the brain, the spinal cord is covered by three connective-tissue envelopes called the meninges. The space between the outer and middle envelopes is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a clear colorless fluid that cushions the spinal cord against jarring shock. Also known simply as the cord.

2020-04-25 11:50:17 UTC

Khoo Yi Xuan 5S6

Coronavirus COVID-19: Latest News and InformationSpinal cord: The major column of nerve tissue that is connected to the brain and lies within the vertebral canal and from which the spinal nerves emerge. Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves originate in the spinal cord: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. The spinal cord and the brain constitute the central nervous system. The spinal cord consists of nerve fibers that transmit impulses to and from the brain. Like the brain, the spinal cord is covered by three connective-tissue envelopes called the meninges. The space between the outer and middle envelopes is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a clear colorless fluid that cushions the spinal cord against jarring shock. Also known simply as the cord.

2020-04-25 11:50:47 UTC

Functions : The spinal cord plays a vital role in various aspects of the body’s functioning. Examples of these key functions include:Carrying signals from the brain: The spinal cord receives signals from the brain that control movement and autonomic functions.Carrying information to the brain: The spinal cord nerves also transmit messages to the brain from the body, such as sensations of touch, pressure, and pain.Reflex responses: The spinal cord may also act independently of the brain in conducting motor reflexes. One example is the patellar reflex, which causes a person’s knee to involuntarily jerk when tapped in a certain spot.These functions of the spinal cord transmit the nerve impulses for movement, sensation, pressure, temperature, pain, and more.

2020-04-25 12:09:30 UTC

Tay Jinson 5S6

2020-04-25 12:16:33 UTC

The spinal cord is contained within the vertebral column. The spinal cord is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid which acts as a shock absorber and provides the spinal with nutrients. It contains of grey and white matter which is consists of mainly cell bodies of neurones and is surrounded by white matter. The white matter comprises of myelin-coated axon. The spinal cord links the brain to the peripheral nervous system and controls reflex actions.
Ong Zhee Hsuen 5S2

Goh Jing Rou (5S4)

2020-04-25 12:25:22 UTC

Tan Jin Rong 5s6

2020-04-25 13:21:55 UTC

Jasmine Tan Wei Jing 5S2

2020-04-25 14:58:14 UTC

Spinal Cord

1. The spinal cord lines below the medulla oblongata.

2. The spinal cord is made up of white matter on the outside and gray matter on the inside.

1. Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord by two short branches called roots.

- The dorsal root contains the axons of afferent neurones which conduct impulses to the spinal cord from the sensory receptor. The dorsal root ganglion is composed of cell bodies of afferent neurons.

- The ventral root contains the axon of efferent neurons which conduct impulses away from the spinal cord from effectors

2. The functions of spinal cord:

(a) processes certain types of sensory information and sends out response via the efferent neurons

(b) connects the peripheral nervous system to the brain

(c) acts as a minor integrating centre in producing simple reflex responses such as withdrawal of the hand from a hot object

Chin Wey Sheng 5S2 (Spinal Cord)

2020-04-25 16:11:21 UTC

The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS). In humans, the spinal cord begins at the occipital bone, passing through the foramen magnum and entering the spinal canal at the beginning of the cervical vertebrae. The spinal cord extends down to between the first and second lumbar vertebrae, where it ends. The enclosing bony vertebral column protects the relatively shorter spinal cord. It is around 45 cm (18 in) in men and around 43 cm (17 in) long in women. The diameter of the spinal cord ranges from 13 mm (1⁄2 in) in the cervical and lumbar regions to 6.4 mm (1⁄4 in) in the thoracic area.
The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body, and from the afferent fibers of the sensory neurons to the sensory cortex. It is also a center for coordinating many reflexes and contains reflex arcs that can independently control reflexes. It is also the location of groups of spinal interneurons that make up the neural circuits known as central pattern generators. These circuits are responsible for controlling motor instructions for rhythmic movements such as walking.

Lee Xin Dian 5S2 (Spinal Cord)

2020-04-25 17:10:50 UTC

JASON CHEW JIAN REN 5S2 (spinal cord)

2020-04-26 01:50:22 UTC

Spinal cord. The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS).

2020-04-26 04:37:17 UTC

chew jay yang (5s6)

Lew Jian Heng 5S2 (Spinal Cord ) The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid.The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS).The spinal cord is made up of white matter on the outside and gray matter on the inside.

2020-04-26 09:29:50 UTC

2020-04-26 14:21:48 UTC

Tan Shi Hui
5S6
Human spinal cord is made up of 33 bones and place below medulla oblongata ,made up of white matter outside n inside there is grey matter .
The function of spinal cord is processes certain type of sensory information and send out the information through afferent neuron and efferent neuron .It also act as a minor integrating centre in producing simple reflex.

Chong Yee Chen 5s6

2020-04-27 02:05:40 UTC

(spinal cord)
The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid.

Isaac Kong Zhak Yu 5S6

2020-04-27 05:04:01 UTC

The spinal cord lies below the brain. It is enclosed within the vertebral column and protected by it. The spinal cord is made up of white matter on the outside and grey matter on the inside. Along each side of the spinal cord are 31 pairs of projections called roots. Each pair consists of a dorsal root.The roots unite to form a spinal nerve. The spinal cord carries out two main functions. The first function is that is connects the peripheral nervous system to the brain.the second function is that it acts as a minor integrating centre in producing simple reflex responses such as the withdrawal of hand from a hot object.

2020-04-27 05:13:25 UTC

THE SPINAL CORD

1. The spinal cord is contained within the vertebral column.
2. The spinal cord is surrounded by celebrospinal fluid which acts as a shock absober and provides the spinal cord with nutrients.
3. It consists of white matter and grey matter.
(a) In cross section, the grey matter looks like a butterfly of the letter H.
(b) The grey matter consists mainly of cell bodies of neurones.
(c) The grey matter is surrounded by the white matter.
(d) The white matter comprises myelin-coated axons of nuerones that extend the whole length of the spinal cord.
4. The spinal cord：
(a) processes certain type of sensory information and sends out responses via the efferent neurones.
(b) contains neurones that convey signals to and from the brain.
(c) contains the neural pathway for reflexes.

( Khoo Yong Kit 5S4 )

Suhanna Kaur 5S6

2020-04-28 05:03:39 UTC

The spinal cord transmits information to and from the brain, integrating information, locomotion, and reflexes. The regions of the spinal cord are named based on their relative location to the vertebral column. The spinal cord is made of ascending and descending tracts where motor signals are sent toward and away from the brain. These tracts are gray matter that is surrounded by white matter as well as the roots of spinal nerves that branch out from the spinal cord. White matter is made up of axons covered with myelin. It appears white because of the high lipid content of myelin. Gray matter consists of cell bodies that have no myelin covering and appears gray. The gray matter has several projections: the dorsal (or posterior) horn, lateral horn, and ventral (or anterior) horn. Each horn has a unique function. The dorsal horn contains neurons that transmit sensory information to the brain. The ventral horn contains the cell bodies of neurons that connect to skeletal muscle. The lateral horn includes cell bodies of neurons involved in controlling cardiac and smooth muscle.

Spinal cord

2020-04-29 16:10:09 UTC

The spinal cord acts as the body's telephone system, relaying information from the brain to the rest of the body, and sending signals about the rest of the body to the brain. The spinal cord is the body's central processing center, receiving information from the brain and sending it to branching nerves that connect with every other area of the body. It also receives signals from the body, sending those signals to the brain to allow you to appropriately react to everything from cold weather to intense anxiety.The spinal cord also coordinates most reflexive responses, allowing you to quickly respond to changing stimuli without consciously becoming aware of the change.
(Wu Kuan Ding 5s4)

Nervous System

g08218903 — 2020-04-30 12:56:48 UTC

The nervous system is made up of millions of nerve cells called neurones. There are three types of neurones. Please state the function of each part of a neurone. Then, compare and contrast (similarity and difference) these three types of neurones with the help of diagram. Please answer the question in Microsoft Word and upload on Padlet.

2020-04-30 14:52:36 UTC

TEH KUN WEI 5s6
The nervous system is a complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body. It is essentially the body's electrical wiring. The nervous system has two components: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory neurons, ganglia (clusters of neurons) and nerves that connect to one another and to the central nervous system. Functionally, the nervous system has two main subdivisions: the somatic, or voluntary, component; and the autonomic, or involuntary, component. The autonomic nervous system regulates certain body processes, such as blood pressure and the rate of breathing, that work without conscious effort, according to Merck Manuals. The somatic system consists of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with muscles and sensory receptors in the skin.

Nervous System

m2174329 — 2020-04-30 15:49:42 UTC

Cheong Zhi Xuen ( 5S2 )

Nervous system

m2166777 — 2020-04-30 17:26:09 UTC

Jackie Goh JiaYi 5S2

Nervous System

2020-04-30 18:26:17 UTC

Evonne Tan Wei Ni 5S2

Tan Yan Khai 5S2

2020-05-01 01:50:41 UTC

Nervous System

2020-05-01 02:31:18 UTC

Koay Yu Zhe 5S2

Nervous System

2020-05-01 02:39:48 UTC

Ooi Yin Shi 5S2

Lim Kai Keat 5S4

2020-05-01 03:28:24 UTC

Nervous system

Nervous System

m2163800 — 2020-05-01 04:16:35 UTC

Darrel Ong Sin Yang 5S4

Khoo Chun Quan 5S2

2020-05-01 04:35:24 UTC

Nervous system

2020-05-01 05:11:22 UTC

Ong Wen Jing Suvian 5S2

Nervous system

2020-05-01 05:33:26 UTC

Ding Xuen Ling 5S6

Nervous system

2020-05-01 05:56:03 UTC

Lee Yi Guan 5S4

Nervous System

2020-05-01 06:02:05 UTC

Khor Yoong En 5S6

m2167842 — 2020-05-01 06:12:54 UTC

Nervous System
Lee Xin Mei 5S2

Nervous System

2020-05-01 06:36:01 UTC

Eric Lee Shen Yi 5S4

Teoh Zheng Yang 5S2

2020-05-01 06:36:39 UTC

Nervous System

m2174230 — 2020-05-01 07:04:48 UTC

Yeoh Loo Aun 5S4

Dominic Gee Jiun Wei (5S6)

2020-05-01 07:23:17 UTC

Spinal cord
The spinal cord is a long,thin,
tubular stucture made up of nervous tissue which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the
lumbar region of the vetebral
column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid.

Nervous system

2020-05-01 07:32:34 UTC

Chong Yee Chen 5s6

Nervous System

2020-05-01 07:57:30 UTC

Tang Hui Chin 5S2

2020-05-01 08:03:47 UTC

Ooi Wei Hong 5S4

2020-05-01 08:14:25 UTC

2020-05-01 09:01:00 UTC

Ch'ng Ooi Yang 5S4

Thum Yu Zhe 5S6

2020-05-01 09:14:44 UTC

Tan Peng Joe 5S4

2020-05-01 09:26:25 UTC

Amy Chan Hui Khoon 5S4

2020-05-01 10:03:55 UTC

TAN SWEE YANG 5S2

2020-05-01 12:34:17 UTC

Kelvin Kan Zhi Hao 5S4

2020-05-01 13:01:43 UTC

The Nervous System

Chew Xiu Wen Vanessa 5S4

2020-05-01 14:22:26 UTC

Er Pei Han 5S2

2020-05-01 16:16:30 UTC

Tan Wan Ying 5S4

2020-05-02 02:13:52 UTC

Chan Xiao Tong 5S4

2020-05-02 03:42:02 UTC

Janet Po Xin Yee 5S2

2020-05-02 08:31:16 UTC

Yeap Shi Ning 5S4

2020-05-02 08:32:40 UTC

Beh Yong Qing 5S2

2020-05-02 10:19:52 UTC

Goh Jing Rou 5S4

2020-05-02 10:37:35 UTC

Nervous System

m2177611 — 2020-05-02 11:46:31 UTC

Suhanna Kaur

Loh Chia Hoay 5S2

2020-05-02 12:50:25 UTC

Lee Yuan Feng 5S4

2020-05-02 13:58:35 UTC

Wong Kher Ming 5S4

2020-05-02 16:14:03 UTC

2020-05-02 16:16:14 UTC

Ooi Sze Hann 5S4

2020-05-02 16:56:55 UTC

The central nervous system includes the brain and the spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system includes nerves and ganglion.

The central and peripheral nervous systems

The nervous system is comprised of two major parts, or subdivisions, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the body’s “control center.” The CNS has various centers located within it that carry out the sensory, motor and integration of data. These centers can be subdivided to Lower Centers (including the spinal cord and brain stem) and Higher centers communicating with the brain via effectors.

The PNS is a vast network of spinal and cranial nerves that are linked to the brain and the spinal cord. It contains sensory receptors which help in processing changes in the internal and external environment. This information is sent to the CNS via afferent sensory nerves. The PNS is then subdivided into the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system. The autonomic has involuntary control of internal organs, blood vessels, smooth and cardiac muscles. The somatic has voluntary control of skin, bones, joints, and skeletal muscle. The two systems function together, by way of nerves from the PNS entering and becoming part of the CNS, and vice versa.

Tan Yong Zhen 5s2

Wu Kuan Ding 5s4

2020-05-02 19:09:33 UTC

2020-05-03 01:51:46 UTC

The nervous system is a complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body. It is essentially the body's electrical wiring. Structurally, the nervous system has two components: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. According to the National Institutes of Health, the central nervous system is made up of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory neurons, ganglia (clusters of neurons) and nerves that connect to one another and to the central nervous system.Functionally, the nervous system has two main subdivisions: the somatic, or voluntary, component; and the autonomic, or involuntary, component. The autonomic nervous system regulates certain body processes, such as blood pressure and the rate of breathing, that work without conscious effort, according to Merck Manuals. The somatic system consists of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with muscles and sensory receptors in the skin.

2020-05-03 04:15:14 UTC

Khoo YI Xuan 5S6

Ong Zhee Hsuen 5S2

2020-05-03 04:22:06 UTC

Ng Hao Yin 5S6

2020-05-03 06:27:03 UTC

The nervous system is a complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body. It is essentially the body's electrical wiring.

Structurally, the nervous system has two components: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. According to the National Institutes of Health, the central nervous system is made up of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory neurons, ganglia (clusters of neurons) and nerves that connect to one another and to the central nervous system.

Functionally, the nervous system has two main subdivisions: the somatic, or voluntary, component; and the autonomic, or involuntary, component. The autonomic nervous system regulates certain body processes, such as blood pressure and the rate of breathing, that work without conscious effort, according to Merck Manuals. The somatic system consists of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with muscles and sensory receptors in the skin.

Isaac Kong Zhak Yu 5S6

2020-05-03 06:35:54 UTC

Teh Wen Hooi 5S2

2020-05-03 06:50:47 UTC

Tan Ting Ern 5S2

2020-05-03 07:16:57 UTC

Lee Yit Tung 5S2

2020-05-03 07:20:20 UTC

nervous system is the human organ system that coordinates all of the body’s voluntary and involuntary actions by transmitting electrical signals to and from different parts of the body. Specifically, the nervous system extracts information from the internal and external environments using sensory receptors. It then usually sends signals encoding this information to the brain, which processes the information to determine an appropriate response. Finally, the brain sends signals to muscles, organs, or glands to bring about the response. In the example above, your eyes detected the boy, the information traveled to your brain, and your brain instructed your body to act so as to avoid a collision.

2020-05-03 10:03:23 UTC

Raicy koay 5S6

The nervous system is a complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body. It is essentially the body's electrical wiring.

The brain lies within the skull and is shaped like a mushroom. The brain consists of four principal parts:
• the brain stem
• the cerebrum
• the cerebellum
• the diencephalon

Other parts of the brain include the midbrain and the pons:
• the midbrain provides conduction pathways to and from higher and lower centers
• the pons acts as a pathway to higher structures; it contains conduction pathways between the medulla and higher brain centers

The nervous system has two main parts:
• The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
• The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.

The nervous system also includes non-neuron cells, called glia (pronounced GLEE-uh). Glia perform many important functions that keep the nervous system working properly. For example, glia:
• Help support and hold neurons in place
• Protect neurons
• Create insulation called myelin, which helps move nerve impulses
• Repair neurons and help restore neuron function
• Trim out dead neurons
• Regulate neurotransmitters

There are three different parts of the neuron:
• the cell body
• dendrites
• axon

The Peripheral nervous system is made up of two parts:
• Somatic nervous system
• Autonomic nervous system

Another part of the nervous system is the Autonomic Nervous System. It has three parts:
• the sympathetic nervous system
• the parasympathetic nervous system
• the enteric nervous system

2020-05-03 10:27:57 UTC

Alvin Choong 5S6

Joanne Tan Jia Xin 5S6

2020-05-03 12:26:53 UTC

The nervous system is a complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body. It is essentially the body's electrical wiring. Structurally, the nervous system has two components: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. According to the National Institutes of Health, the central nervous system is made up of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory neurons, ganglia (clusters of neurons) and nerves that connect to one another and to the central nervous system.
Functionally, the nervous system has two main subdivisions: the somatic, or voluntary, component; and the autonomic, or involuntary, component. The autonomic nervous system regulates certain body processes, such as blood pressure and the rate of breathing, that work without conscious effort, according to Merck Manuals. The somatic system consists of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with muscles and sensory receptors in the skin.

Loh quan sheng 5S2

m2171570 — 2020-05-03 12:28:56 UTC

Tay Jinson 5S6

2020-05-03 13:22:47 UTC

The nervous system is a highly specialized network whose principal components are nerves called neurons. Neurons are interconnected to each other in complex arrangements, and have the property of conducting, using electrochemical signals, a great variety of stimuli both within the nervous tissue as well as from and towards most of the other tissues. Thus, neurons coordinate multiple functions in organisms. Nervous systems are found in many multicellular animals but differ greatly in complexity between species.
The human nervous system can be observed both with gross anatomy, (which describes the parts that are large enough to be seen with the plain eye,) and microanatomy, (which describes the system at a cellular level.) At gross anatomy, the nervous system can be grouped in distinct organs, these being actually stations which the neural pathways cross through. Thus, with a didactical purpose, these organs, according to their ubication, can be divided in two parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

Tan Jin Rong 5S6

2020-05-03 13:24:04 UTC

The nervous system is a highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. The nervous system detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem with the endocrine system to respond to such events.^[1] Nervous tissue first arose in wormlike organisms about 550 to 600 million years ago. In vertebrates it consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons, that connect the CNS to every other part of the body.

2020-05-03 13:33:12 UTC

Ewe Jeannie 5S2

Lee Xin Dian (5S2)

2020-05-03 14:15:00 UTC

The nervous system is a complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body. It is essentially the body's electrical wiring.

Saw Wei Li 5S4

2020-05-03 15:34:55 UTC

2020-05-03 15:58:20 UTC

Teoh Yee Yioun 5S6

2020-05-04 03:12:31 UTC

JASON CHEW JIAN REN 5S2
NERVOUS SYSTEM

Lew Jian Heng 5S2

2020-05-04 03:44:30 UTC

Nervous System

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1HI0l8PyLagl4FcegT2da6UxpjPRuAEa9h5FjZTj7RXA/edit?usp=sharing

Chin Wey Sheng 5S2

2020-05-04 08:07:55 UTC

Nervous System

nervous system(LIM QING BIN-5S2)

2020-05-04 08:15:10 UTC

The nervous system or the neural system is a complex network of neurons specialized to carry messages. The complexity of the nervous system increases as we move towards higher animals.

For instance, cnidarians such as jellyfish have relatively simple nerve nets spread throughout their body. Crabs have a more complicated nervous system in the form of 2 nerve centers called dorsal ganglion and ventral ganglion.

As we move further up the ladder, higher organisms such as vertebrates have developed the brain. Moreover, it is one of the most complicated structures in the animal kingdom, containing billions of neurons, all intricately connected.

In the human body, the neural system integrates the activities of organs based on the stimuli, which the neurons detect and transmit. They transmit messages in the form of electrical impulses and convey messages to and from the sense organs. Thus, the nervous coordination involves the participation of the sense organs, nerves, spinal cord, and brain.

Iris Ng Wen Jing 5S4

2020-05-05 06:33:01 UTC

Nervous system

Chew jay yang 5s6

2020-05-05 07:45:28 UTC

Nervous system

Ooi Wei Jun 5S4

2020-05-05 11:08:05 UTC

The nervous system is a complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body. It is essentially the body's electrical wiring.

Ooi Wei Jun 5S4

2020-05-05 11:10:00 UTC

Spinal cord is a part of the central nervous system. The function of spinal-cord is to control reflex action and to control nerve impulses into and out of brain. It is surrounded by cerebrospinal spinal fluid . The cerebrospinal fluid is used to absorb shock and to provide nutrients. The spinal-cord consists of
dorsal root , dorsal root ganglion , central canal , interneurone , afferent neurone ,efferent neurone , grey matter , white matter and ventral root

Jermyn lee kai yan 5s4

m2170476 — 2020-05-06 04:10:29 UTC

spinal cord is a

Nervous System (Neurons)

g08218903 — 2020-05-06 09:40:40 UTC

There are 3 types of neurons which are the sensory neuron(afferent), motor neuron(efferent) and relay neuron(interneuron). Pls explain how nerve impulse are transmitted from the receptor to effector through these neurons in a voluntary action. Pls answer this question in Microsoft Word with the help of diagram and upload it on Padlet.

2020-05-06 10:28:30 UTC

TehKunWei 5S6

Cells within the nervous system, called neurons, communicate with each other in unique ways. The neuron is the basic working unit of the brain, a specialized cell designed to transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or 🤬 cells.Neurons are cells within the nervous system that transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or 🤬 cells. Most neurons have a cell body, an axon, and dendrites. The cell body contains the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Nervous System(Neurons)

m2177703 — 2020-05-06 11:14:21 UTC

Ong Wei Chin ,5S6
The neuron is the basic working unit of the brain, a specialized cell designed to transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or 🤬 cells. Neurons are cells within the nervous system that transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or 🤬 cells. Most neurons have a cell body, an axon, and dendrites.

2020-05-06 11:23:06 UTC

The nervous system is a highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. The nervous system detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem with the endocrine system to respond to such events.

Nervous System (Neurons)

2020-05-06 12:23:17 UTC

Tang Hui Chin 5S2

Nervous System (Neurons)

2020-05-06 12:47:39 UTC

Chan Xiao Tong 5S4

2020-05-06 12:57:54 UTC

Lee Yi Guan 5S4

Lim Kai Keat 5S4

2020-05-06 13:00:30 UTC

Darrel Ong Sin Yang 5S4

m2163800 — 2020-05-06 13:03:14 UTC

m2175402 — 2020-05-06 13:15:03 UTC

The nervous system is the major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in the body. It is the center of all mental activity including thought, learning, and memory. Together with the endocrine system, the nervous system is responsible for regulating and maintaining homeostasis.

Assignment

m2175402 — 2020-05-06 13:18:41 UTC

The nervous system contains a specialised network of cells called neurons and coordinates the actions of complex organisms via the transmission of electrochemical signals

The nervous system can be divided into two main parts:

Central Nervous System (CNS): Made up of the brain and the spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Made of peripheral nerves which link the CNS with the body's receptors and effectors

Due to word limit I will just touch by, for further infoemation, please ask the profession nearby for example your dear biology form 5 teacher

Tan Peng Joe 5S4

2020-05-06 13:57:37 UTC

m2177611 — 2020-05-06 14:05:31 UTC

Suhanna Kaur 5S6

TAN YAN KHAI 5S2

2020-05-06 14:32:08 UTC

Wu Kuan Ding 5s4

2020-05-06 15:31:10 UTC

Brain

2020-05-06 16:55:34 UTC

The human brain is more complex than any other known structure in the universe. Weighing in at three pounds, on average, this spongy mass of fat and protein is made up of two overarching types of cells—called glia and neurons—and it contains many billions of each. Neurons are notable for their branch-like projections called axons and dendrites, which gather and transmit electrochemical signals. Different types of glial cells provide physical protection to neurons and help keep them, and the brain, healthy.

4 Major Part Of Brain :
- CEREBRUM
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, accounting for 85 percent of the organ's weight. The distinctive, deeply wrinkled outer surface is the cerebral cortex. It's the cerebrum that makes the human brain—and therefore humans—so formidable. Animals such as elephants, dolphins, and whales actually have larger brains, but humans have the most developed cerebrum. It's packed to capacity inside our skulls, with deep folds that cleverly maximize the total surface area of the cortex.

The cerebrum has two halves, or hemispheres, that are further divided into four regions, or lobes. The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are involved with speech, thought, learning, emotion, and movement. Behind them are the parietal lobes, which process sensory information such as touch, temperature, and pain. At the rear of the brain are the occipital lobes, dealing with vision. Lastly, there are the temporal lobes, near the temples, which are involved with hearing and memory.

- CEREBELLUM
The second-largest part of the brain is the cerebellum, which sits beneath the back of the cerebrum. It plays an important role in coordinating movement, posture, and balance.

- DIECEPHALON
The third-largest part is the diencephalon, located in the core of the brain. A complex of structures roughly the size of an apricot, its two major sections are the thalamus and hypothalamus. The thalamus acts as a relay station for incoming nerve impulses from around the body that are then forwarded to the appropriate brain region for processing. The hypothalamus controls hormone secretions from the nearby pituitary . These hormones govern growth and instinctual behaviors, such as when a new mother starts to lactate. The hypothalamus is also important for keeping bodily processes like temperature, hunger, and thirst balanced.

- BRAIN STEM
Seated at the organ's base, the brain stem controls reflexes and basic life functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. It also regulates when you feel sleepy or awake and connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord.

*The brain is extremely sensitive and delicate, and so it requires maximum protection, which is provided by the hard bone of the skull and three tough membranes called meninges. The spaces between these membranes are filled with fluid that cushions the brain and keeps it from being damaged by contact with the inside of the skull. (Khoo Shu Zhe 5S6)

Spinal Cord

2020-05-06 17:05:42 UTC

The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS). In humans, the spinal cord begins at the occipital bone, passing through the foramen magnum and entering the spinal canal at the beginning of the cervical vertebrae. The spinal cord extends down to between the first and second lumbar vertebrae, where it ends. The enclosing bony vertebral column protects the relatively shorter spinal cord. It is around 45 cm in men and around 43 cm long in women. The diameter of the spinal cord ranges from 13 mm in the cervical and lumbar regions to 6.4 mm in the thoracic area.

The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body, and from the afferent fibers of the sensory neurons to the sensory cortex. It is also a center for coordinating many reflexes and contains reflex arcs that can independently control reflexes. It is also the location of groups of spinal interneurons that make up the neural circuits known as central pattern generators. These circuits are responsible for controlling motor instructions for rhythmic movements such as walking.
(Khoo Shu Zhe 5S6)

Ch'ng Ooi Yang 5S4

2020-05-06 17:23:42 UTC

Iris Ng Wen Jing 5S4

2020-05-06 19:02:15 UTC

Nervous system (neurones)

Koay Yu Zhe 5S2

2020-05-07 00:58:56 UTC

Nervous System (Neurones)

2020-05-07 01:18:34 UTC

Lee Xin Mei 5S2
Nervous System (Neurones)

Nervous System (Neurones)

2020-05-07 01:30:56 UTC

Ooi Yin 🤬 5S2 (31)

Ong Wen Jing Suvian 5S2

2020-05-07 02:18:01 UTC

Nervous system ( Neuorones )

Nervous System (Neurons)

m2174329 — 2020-05-07 02:58:47 UTC

Cheong Zhi Xuen (5S2)

Tan Wan Yinv 5s4

2020-05-07 03:19:19 UTC

Nervous System(Neurons)

2020-05-07 04:02:11 UTC

Teh Wen Hooi 5S2

nervous system(neurons)

m2170476 — 2020-05-07 04:05:07 UTC

Jermyn lee kai yan (5s4)

Nervous System (Neurons)

m2174230 — 2020-05-07 04:49:24 UTC

Yeoh Loo Aun (5S4)

Nervous System(Neurons)

2020-05-07 05:31:04 UTC

Ooi Wei Hong (5S4)

Loh Chia Hoay 5S2

2020-05-07 06:49:35 UTC

TAN SWEE YANG 5S2

2020-05-07 07:06:24 UTC

Nervous System(Neurons)

2020-05-07 07:07:01 UTC

Lee Yuan Feng (5S4)

2020-05-07 10:41:37 UTC

There are three classes of neurons: motor neurons, sensory neurons and interneurons.

Sensory neurons carry information from tissues and organs into the central nervous system.
Motor neurons transport signals from the central nervous system to the effector cells.
Interneurons connect neurons within the central nervous system.
Sensory neurons carry signals from sense organs to the spinal cord and brain.
Relay neurons carry messages between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system
Motor neurons carry signals from the CNS to muscles, motor neurons are connected to the relay neurons. The signal passes between the neurons via synapses. Synapses are microscopic voids between cells where chemicals are released from the axon terminal of one cell to specialized chemical receptors on the dendrite of the receiving cell.

Nervous System (Neurons)

2020-05-07 10:52:46 UTC

Evonne Tan Wei Ni (5S2)

Nervous System(Neurons)

2020-05-07 14:35:55 UTC

Ooi Sze Hann 5S4

2020-05-07 17:40:14 UTC

NERVOUS SYSTEM:NEURONS
Cells within the nervous system, called neurons, communicate with each other in unique ways. The neuron is the basic working unit of the brain, a specialized cell designed to transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or 🤬 cells.
Cells of the nervous system, called nerve cells or neurons, are specialized to carry "messages" through an electrochemical process. The human brain has approximately 86 billion neurons. Neurons (also known as neurones, nerve cells and nerve fibers) are electrically excitable cells in the nervous system that function to process and transmit information. In vertebrate animals, neurons are the core components of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.Neurons are responsible for carrying information throughout the human body. Using electrical and chemical signals, they help coordinate all of the necessary functions of life.

Cell body or Soma – this contains the nucleus, the neuron’s intracellular organelles (such as the mitochondria and golgi apparatus) and it is the location for cellular metabolism. It is also contains the Nissl Substance. These are granules containing rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes, making it the site of protein synthesis.
Dendrites – these originate from the soma and extend outwards. They transmit signals they receive from other neurons tothe soma.
Axon – It arises from the soma from an area called the axon
hillock, where action potentials are initiated. The action potentials are conducted through the axon to the axon terminal.
Schwann cells – These insulate the axon which aids with rapid transmission of action potentials through the axon.
Axon terminal – Distally the axon branches to form axon terminals. These make synaptic connection with other neurons. They contain various neurotransmitters which is released into the synapse to allow signals to be transmitted from one neuron to the next.
The cell body contains the nucleus and cytoplasm. The axon extends from the cell body and often gives rise to many smaller branches before ending at nerve terminals.Dendrites extend from the neuron cell body and receive messages from other neurons. Synapses are the contact points where one neuron communicates with another. The dendrites are covered with synapses formed by the ends of axons from other neurons.
When neurons receive or send messages, they transmit electrical impulses along their axons, which can range in length from a tiny fraction of an inch (or centimeter) to three feet (about one meter) or more. Many axons are covered with a layered myelin sheath, which accelerates the transmission of electrical signals along the axon. This sheath is made by specialized cells called glia. In the brain, the glia that make the sheath are called oligodendrocytes, and in the peripheral nervous system, they are known as Schwann cells.
The brain contains at least ten times more glia than neurons. Glia perform many jobs. Researchers have known for a while that glia transport nutrients to neurons, clean up brain debris, digest parts of dead neurons, and help hold neurons in place. Current research is uncovering important new roles for glia in brain function.
Raicy koay,5S6

Nervous System : Neurons

2020-05-08 02:24:18 UTC

Nervous System : Neurons

2020-05-08 02:31:21 UTC

Khoo Chun Quan (5S2)

Nervous System :Neurons

2020-05-08 05:03:40 UTC

Neurons are cells. There are two cells in the body that are not round. Nerve cells and muscle cells are long and skinny and that’s why they are called nerve fibers and muscle fibers. Both of them have the general characteristic of excitability and conductibility (ability to conduct that electrical impulse along that length). Nerve and muscle cells are highly specialized cells in the body. All nerve cells are thinner than a nylon thread and sometimes they are four feet long. The more specialized a cell is, the less often it divides. Nobody worries when you cut your skin because it will grow back just fine. However, nerve and muscle cells are permanent irreplaceable losses and much more serious. What about body builders? They don’t create more muscle cells, their muscle cells hypertrophy (the opposite of atrophy, the muscle cells increase in volume).

Tech Yee Yioun 5S6

Nervous System : Neurons

2020-05-08 05:54:29 UTC

Amy Chan Hui Khoon ( 5S4 )

Nervous System : Neurons

2020-05-08 07:04:04 UTC

Janet Po Xin Yee 5S2

Nervous System :neurons

2020-05-08 07:19:01 UTC

Ooi jia Qing 5s6

Nervous system (neurons)

m2171570 — 2020-05-08 07:28:30 UTC

Loh quan sheng 5S2

Nervous system (neurons)

2020-05-08 07:35:37 UTC

Tan Ting Ern 5S2

Nervous System(Neurons)

2020-05-08 08:03:14 UTC

Beh Yong Qing 5S2

Kelvin Kan Zhi Hao 5S4

2020-05-08 08:27:49 UTC

The Nervous System

2020-05-08 09:21:19 UTC

Teoh Zheng Yang 5S2

Nervous System(Neurons)

m2168884 — 2020-05-08 10:25:35 UTC

Julia Ong 5S2

Tay Jinson 5S6

2020-05-08 11:55:45 UTC

The nervous system is a complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body. It is essentially the body's electrical wiring. Structurally, the nervous system has two components: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

The neuron is the basic working unit of the brain, a specialized cell designed to transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or glan.d cells. Neurons are cells within the nervous system that transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or glan.d cells. Most neurons have a cell body, an axon, and dendrites. The human brain has approximately 86 billion neurons.

There are three major types of neurons: sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons. All three have different functions, but the brain needs all of them to communicate effectively with the rest of the body.

2020-05-08 12:03:08 UTC

The basic unit of the nervous system is neurone.There are three types of neurone : sensory neurone, interneurone and motor neurone.
In sensory neurone cell body situated on one side .Afferent neurone is connected to the receptors.It also has long dendron and short axon .While the cell body is located in dorsal root ganglion.
Efferent neurone has short dendron ,long axon .The fell body is located in grey matter of spinal cord .Cell body is situated at the end of the neurone. Efferent neurone is connected to the effector .
There 7main structures of neurone:
Cell body -contain nucleus ,mitochondrion
Myelin sheath -protect and insulate axon ,supply nutrients to axon ,speed up nerve impulses
Synaptic terminals/knobs -transmit impulse to muscle cells ,🤬 cells
Nodes of ranvier -speed up transmission of nerve impulse along axon
Axon -transmit nerve impulse away from the cell body to synaptic terminals
Dendron -to transmit nerve impulse from dendrites to the cell body
Dendrites-to detect stimulus
Tan Yong Zhen 5S2

Joanne Tan Jia Xin 5S6

2020-05-08 12:06:20 UTC

A neuron is a nerve cell that is the basic building block of the nervous system. Neurons are similar to other cells in the human body in a number of ways, but there is one key difference between neurons and other cells. Neurons are specialized to transmit information throughout the body.These highly specialized nerve cells are responsible for communicating information in both chemical and electrical forms. There are also several different types of neurons responsible for different tasks in the human body.Sensory neurons carry information from the sensory receptor cells throughout the body to the brain. Motor neurons transmit information from the brain to the muscles of the body.
Interneurons are responsible for communicating information between different neurons in the body.There are three major types of neurons: sensory neurons,motor neurons,and interneurons.

Thum Yu Zhe 5S6

2020-05-08 12:59:48 UTC

Lew Jian Heng 5S2

2020-05-08 13:12:06 UTC

Chew Xiu Wen Vanessa 5S4

2020-05-08 15:22:03 UTC

2020-05-08 15:37:18 UTC

Tan JinRong 5s6

2020-05-09 04:46:17 UTC

Neurons (also called neurones or nerve cells) are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, the cells responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world, for sending motor commands to our muscles, and for transforming and relaying the electrical signals at every step in between. More than that, their interactions define who we are as people. Having said that, our roughly 100 billion neurons do interact closely with other cell types, broadly classified as glia (these may actually outnumber neurons, although it’s not really known).

The creation of new neurons in the brain is called neurogenesis, and this can happen even in adults.

LIM QING BIN 5S2

2020-05-09 07:28:03 UTC

These highly specialized nerve cells are responsible for communicating information in both chemical and electrical forms. There are also several different types of neurons responsible for different tasks in the human body.

Sensory neurons carry information from the sensory receptor cells throughout the body to the brain. Motor neurons transmit information from the brain to the muscles of the body. Interneurons are responsible for communicating information between different neurons in the body.

Er Pei Han 5S2

2020-05-09 07:54:37 UTC

Goh Jing Rou 5S4

2020-05-10 06:19:48 UTC

Yeap 🤬 Ning 5S4

2020-05-10 14:06:25 UTC

Chin Wey Sheng

2020-05-11 10:07:20 UTC

Nervous System (Neurones)

Chong Yee Chen 5S6

2020-05-12 04:17:20 UTC

The neuron is the basic working unit of the brain, a specialized cell designed to transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells. Neurons are cells within the nervous system that transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells. Most neurons have a cell body, an axon, and dendrites.

Jeremy Ng Kang Zheng 5S4

2020-05-12 06:08:53 UTC

The neurons system is made up of millions of nerve cell called neurones. Neurones transmit nerve impulses to other nerve cells, glands or muscles. There are three types of neurones that is afferent neurones, efferent neurones and interneurones.
The afferent neurones is also called as sensory neurons. It is use to send nerve impulses from receptor cells to the brain and spinal cord.
The efferent neurones is also known as motor neurones. It is used to send impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the effectors, that is the muscles or endocrine glands.
Interneurones acts as a transmit nerve impulses between the various part of the brain and spinal cord.

Dominic Gee Jiun Wei 5S6

2020-05-12 06:39:52 UTC

The human nervous system consists of a giant network of nerve cells or neurons ,and nerve tissues which pass information between the sensory receptors,organs and effectors . It is divided into central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.The central nervous system concists of the brain and spinal cord.The cranial nerves send nerve impulses to and from the brain while the spinal nerves send nerve impulses to and from the spinal cord.

Wong Kher Ming 5S4

2020-05-12 15:46:12 UTC

Nervous System (SYNAPSE)

g08218903 — 2020-05-15 04:32:53 UTC

Explain what is synapse and DESCRIBE how impulse is transmitted across the synapse WITH THE HELP OF THE DIAGRAM. Please type your answer in the MICROSOFT WORD AND UPLOAD ON PADLET.

Lee Huey Shan 5s2

2020-05-15 05:19:25 UTC

nervous system is a highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. The nervous system detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem with the endocrine system to respond to such eventse

Yeoh Loo Aun 5S4

m2174230 — 2020-05-15 05:50:32 UTC

Nervous System (SYNAPSE)

JACKIE GOH JIAYI 5S2-Nervous System (Synapse)

2020-05-15 05:52:40 UTC

nervous system (Synapse)

Ong Wei Chin 5S6

m2177703 — 2020-05-15 05:55:42 UTC

In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell.
Mechanism. When nerve impulse reaches the pre-synaptic knob, it depolarized the presynaptic membrane and causes the opening of voltage gated calcium channel. ... Some of the released neurotransmitter binds with the protein receptor present on the post synaptic membrane of another neuron and change the membrane potential.

In the nervous system, a synapse[2] is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell.

2020-05-15 06:28:10 UTC

Khoo Yi Xuan
5S6

Ong Wen Jing Suvian 5S2

2020-05-15 06:30:36 UTC

Nervous system (Synapse)

2020-05-15 07:36:10 UTC

Teh Kun Wei 5s6

Synapses are essential to neuronal function: neurons are cells that are specialized to pass signals to individual target cells, and synapses are the means by which they do so. At a synapse, the plasma membrane of the signal-passing neuron (the presynaptic neuron) comes into close apposition with the membrane of the target (postsynaptic) cell. Both the presynaptic and postsynaptic sites contain extensive arrays of molecular machinery that link the two membranes together and carry out the signaling process. In many synapses, the presynaptic part is located on an axon and the postsynaptic part is located on a dendrite or soma. Astrocytes also exchange information with the synaptic neurons, responding to synaptic activity and, in turn, regulating neurotransmission.[8] Synapses (at least chemical synapses) are stabilized in position by synaptic adhesion molecules (SAMs) projecting from both the pre- and post-synaptic neuron and sticking together where they overlap; SAMs may also assist in the generation and functioning of synapses.[9]

Lee Yi Guan 5S4

2020-05-15 07:36:44 UTC

Ooi Yin 🤬 31/5S2

2020-05-15 07:40:13 UTC

Nervous system (Synapse)

Ding Xuen Ling 5S6

2020-05-15 07:44:02 UTC

Nervous system (synapse)

Chew Xiu Wen Vanessa 5S4

2020-05-15 08:00:58 UTC

nervous system (synapse)

Lim Kai Keat 5S4

2020-05-15 08:09:10 UTC

Darrel Ong Sin Yang 5S4

m2163800 — 2020-05-15 08:22:17 UTC

TAN YAN KHAI 5S2

2020-05-15 08:22:29 UTC

Transmission of nerve impulses across a synapse

Teoh Zheng Yang 5S2

2020-05-15 08:53:09 UTC

Nervous System (SYNAPSE)

2020-05-15 08:55:00 UTC

Cheong Zhi Xuen (3/5S2)

Chan Xiao Tong 5S4

2020-05-15 09:21:33 UTC

Nervous System (SYNAPSE)

2020-05-15 09:34:42 UTC

Ch'ng Ooi Yang 5S4

Nervous System (Synapse)

2020-05-15 10:03:12 UTC

Tang Hui Chin 5S2

Loh Chia Hoay 5S2

2020-05-15 10:13:05 UTC

Amy Chan Hui Khoon 5S4

2020-05-15 10:35:15 UTC

Nervous System (SYNAPSE )

Eric Lee Shen Yi 5s4

2020-05-15 12:17:54 UTC

Nervous System (Synapse)

Lee Yuan Feng 5S4

2020-05-15 12:56:59 UTC

Nervous System (Synapse)

Tan Yong Zhen 5S2

2020-05-15 14:22:37 UTC

Nervous system (Synapse)
Synapse is a site (narrow gap ) where two neurones or a neurone and an effector cell communicate . Synapse can be found in the grey matter of spinal cord .
Synapse is important to allow nerve impulses to be transmitted in one direction only and to control and integrate the nerve impulse that are transmitted by stimulated receptors .
Transmission of information across synapse
1.An electrical impulse reaches the presynaptic membrane .
2.Electrical impulse triggers the synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft .
3.Mitochondrion produces energy in the form of ATP for transmission of impulse across the synapse .
4.Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and bind to the receptors of postsynaptic membrane .
5.The binding of neurotransmitter to the receptors generates a new electric impulse .
6.Transmission of nerve impulse across the synaptic cleft involves conversion of electrical impulse into chemical impulse ,and then reconversion of chemical impulse into electrical impulse again .

2020-05-15 16:27:18 UTC

Raicy koay 5S6

2020-05-15 16:32:21 UTC

Synapse, also called neuronal junction, the site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells (neurons) or between a neuron and a gland or muscle cell (effector). A synaptic connection between a neuron and a muscle cell is called a neuromuscular junction.In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell. In many synapses, the presynaptic part is located on an axon and the postsynaptic part is located on a dendrite or soma.The definition of a synapse is the junction between two neurons or nerve cells where there is a small gap that neurotransmitters help nerve impulses to cross.Nerve cells are responsible for carrying all external and internal signals to a specific target.
Signals are transmitted from one nerve cell (neuron) to another. Between these cells there is a small gap called the synapse. The synapse comprises:
* the ending of one neuron (axon)
* the gap
* the receiving end of the next neuron (dendrite)
Axons and dendrites carry electrical signals , formed by the flow of potassium and sodium ions. Such an electrical signal can't cross the gap. So, at the synapse, the electrical signal is converted to a chemical signal.The electrical signal triggers release of messenger molecules called neurotransmitters at the end of the sending neuron. These neurotransmitters diffuse across the gap of the synapse and bind to specific receptors on the dendrite of the receiving neuron. There the chemical signal is converted back to an electrical signal.Synapses are the junctions between neurons in the nervous system. A neurotransmitter is released there - a chemical that allows one neuron to talk to the next neuron and continue sending the impulse. Why are they important? They make sure that the flow of impulses is in one direction only.tThen,chemical synapses have two important advantages over electric ones in the transmission of impulses from a presynaptic cell. The first is signal amplification, which is common at nerve- muscle synapses.Synapses are also present in the spinal cord. Additionally, many peripheral nerves synapse on muscles, endocrine cells (adrenals, etc.) and other structures.Brain contains billions of nerve cells arranged in patterns that coordinate thought, emotion, behavior, movement and sensation. A complicated highway system of nerves connects your brain to the rest of your body, so communication can occur in split second.

Beh Yong Qing 5S2

2020-05-16 04:09:36 UTC

Nervous System (Synapse)

Evonne Tan Wei Ni 5S2

2020-05-16 04:53:42 UTC

Nervous System ( Syanape )

Tan Ting Ern 5S2

2020-05-16 06:14:20 UTC

Nervous system (Synapse)

TAN SWEE YANG 5S2

2020-05-16 06:42:00 UTC

2020-05-16 07:13:30 UTC

Goh Jing Rou 5S4
Nervous system (Synapse)

Tan Wan Ying 5S4

2020-05-16 07:24:20 UTC

Nervous system (synapse)

Thum Yu Zhe 5S6

2020-05-16 10:02:50 UTC

nervous system (synapse)

Yeap 🤬 Ning 5S4

2020-05-16 14:11:07 UTC

Nervous system (Synapse)

Iris Ng Wen Jing 5S4

2020-05-16 15:04:55 UTC

Nervous system (synapse)

CH'NG JING WEI(5S2)

2020-05-16 16:33:22 UTC

Nervous system(synapse)

Tan Peng Joe 5S4

2020-05-16 22:24:19 UTC

Nervous System (Synapse)

Jeremy Ng Kang Zheng 5S4

2020-05-17 01:13:25 UTC

Nervous System (Synapse)

2020-05-17 01:21:45 UTC

Synapse, also called neuronal junction, the site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells (neurons) or between a neuron and a gland or muscle cell (effector). A synaptic connection between a neuron and a muscle cell is called a neuromuscular junction
Tan yan zhang 5s

2020-05-17 01:23:48 UTC

Koay Yu Zhe 5S2

2020-05-17 01:35:36 UTC

Nervous System (Synapses)

Khor Yoong En 5S6

2020-05-17 03:17:08 UTC

Nervous System (SYNAPSE)

Khoo Chun Quan

2020-05-17 03:21:34 UTC

Nervous System (synapses)

Neoh Hui Lin 5S2

2020-05-17 04:12:51 UTC

Nervous System （synapse）

2020-05-17 07:26:04 UTC

Lim Hong An 5S2
Nervous System ( Synapse)

Lim Hong An 5S2

2020-05-17 07:27:31 UTC

Nervous System (Neuron)

Lim Hong An 5S2

2020-05-17 07:32:34 UTC

Nervous System

Lim Hong An 5S2

2020-05-17 07:33:21 UTC

Spinal Cord

Lim Hong An 5S2

2020-05-17 07:34:14 UTC

Brain Coordination

Lee Ming Jie

2020-05-17 07:59:28 UTC

Nervous system (synapse)

Ooi Jia Qing

2020-05-17 09:03:13 UTC

synapse

Teh Wen Hooi 5S2

2020-05-17 09:15:08 UTC

Nervous System (Synapse)

Tan Chun Keat 5S4

m2175402 — 2020-05-17 09:58:34 UTC

Synapse, also called neuronal junction, the site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells (neurons) or between a neuron and a gland or muscle cell (effector). A synaptic connection between a neuron and a muscle cell is called a neuromuscular junction.

Nervous System (Synapse)

2020-05-17 10:34:43 UTC

Khoo Yong Kit 5S4

Lew JIan Heng 5S2

2020-05-17 10:56:07 UTC

Nervous System ( Synapse )

Loh quan sheng (5S2)

m2171570 — 2020-05-17 11:40:35 UTC

synapse

Ong Zhee Hsuen 5S2

2020-05-17 13:37:02 UTC

Nervous system (synapse)

Jason Chew Jian Ren 5S2

2020-05-17 13:51:26 UTC

Synapse

Er Pei Han 5S2

2020-05-17 14:22:33 UTC

Janet Po Xin Yee 5S2

2020-05-17 14:54:05 UTC

Ch'ng Jing Wei (5S2)

2020-05-17 15:17:30 UTC

Body coordination:Brain

Tay Jinson 5S6

2020-05-17 15:53:46 UTC

Ch'ng Jing Wei(5S2)

2020-05-17 16:00:38 UTC

Body coordination:spinal cord

Joanne Tan Jia Xin 5S6

2020-05-17 16:24:34 UTC

Neurons communicate with one another at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, one neuron sends a message to a target neuron—another cell. Most synapses are chemical; these synapses communicate using chemical messengers. Other synapses are electrical; in these synapses, ions flow directly between cells.At a chemical synapse, an action potential triggers the presynaptic neuron to release neurotransmitters. These molecules bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell and make it more or less likely to fire an action potential.

Ch'ng Jing Wei (5s2)

2020-05-17 17:44:23 UTC

Nervous System

Lee Xin Mei (5S2)

2020-05-17 18:15:38 UTC

Nervous System ( Synapse )

Ch'ng Jing Wei(5s2)

2020-05-17 18:36:43 UTC

Nervous system(Neurons)

Kang Zhi Ping (5S4)

2020-05-18 01:31:59 UTC

Nervous System( Synapse)

Wong Kher Ming (5S4)

2020-05-18 01:48:18 UTC

Ooi Sze Hann (5S4)

2020-05-18 03:50:39 UTC

Nervous system (SYNAPSE)

Isaac Kong Zhak Yu (5S6)

2020-05-18 03:54:55 UTC

Ooi Wei Hong(5S4)

2020-05-18 04:55:12 UTC

Nervous System (Synapse)

Chew jay yang (5s6)

2020-05-18 06:36:25 UTC

Nervous System (Synapse )

2020-05-18 08:06:55 UTC

TAN SHI HUI 5S6

An axon terminal can either make contact with other neurone dendrites ,a muscle cell or gland cell.At the junction of contact, there is a narrow gap called a synapse.The axon terminal has a swollen part called as synaptic knob.Within each synaptic knob,there are numerous synaptic vesicles .The synaptic vesicles contain chemicals called neutrontransmitter.Synapse enables the nerve impulses from one neurone to be transmitted to another neurone.Synapses ensure one-way transmission.Synapses allow intergration of impulses.Synapses allows a neuron to have connection with many other neurons.This make us more sensitive to stimuli and produces multiple responses.Synapses are involved in memory and learning.

Mechanism of impulses transmission between neurones

An electrical impulses reaches the synaptic knob .Synaptic vesicles are stimulated and move to the presynaotic membrane .Synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane and secrete neutransmitters into the synapse.The neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse.The neutrotransmitters bind to the receptor proteins on the dendrite of the receiving (postsynapse )neurone .The binding of the neurotransmitters to the receptors stimulates the initiation of next electrical impulse.The electrical impulses is transmitted through the neurone

julia ong 5s2

m2168884 — 2020-05-18 10:17:08 UTC

TanJinRong 5s6

2020-05-18 12:27:17 UTC

In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell.

Spermatogenesis vs Oogenesis

m847521 — 2020-05-18 13:18:39 UTC

Spermatogenesis
The production of sperms from spermatogonia is known as spermatogenesis

Occurs in 🤬

a continuous process

Produces motile gametes

Equal cytokinesis occurs during the spermatogenesis producing four sperms

Oogenesis

The production of eggs from oogonia is known as oogenesis

Occurs inside the ovary

The major part of oogenesis occurs inside the ovary. The last few stages occur in the oviduct.

It is a discontinuous process. The early stages take place in the foetus and the rest in later stages of life.

Produces non-motile gametes

Unequal cytokinesis occurs during oogenesis ultimately producing one ovum and four polar bodies

5S2 VOON KAI WEN

Body Coordination (Brain)

m847521 — 2020-05-18 13:29:23 UTC

The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system. The brain consists of the cerebrum , cerebellum , medulla oblongata ,piluitary ,gland , thalamus and hypothalamus. It controls most of the activities of the body, processing, integrating, and coordinating the information it receives from the sense organs, and making decisions as to the instructions sent to the rest of the body. The brain is contained in, and protected by, the skull bones of the head.

Voon Kai Wen (5S2)

Lee Xin Dian 5S2

2020-05-18 13:34:44 UTC

Neurons are cells within the nervous system that transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells. Most neurons have a cell body, an axon, and dendrites. The cell body contains the nucleus and cytoplasm. The axon extends from the cell body and often gives rise to many smaller branches before ending at nerve terminals. Dendrites extend from the neuron cell body and receive messages from other neurons. Synapses are the contact points where one neuron communicates with another. The dendrites are covered with synapses formed by the ends of axons from other neurons.

Lee Xin Dian 5S2

2020-05-18 13:37:10 UTC

Synapse, also called neuronal junction, the site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells (neurons) or between a neuron and a gland or muscle cell (effector). A synaptic connection between a neuron and a muscle cell is called a neuromuscular junction.

Ewe Jeannie 5S2

2020-05-18 14:51:53 UTC

A synapse is a neural junction used for communication between neurons.It is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell.

Spinal Cord

m847521 — 2020-05-18 15:03:00 UTC

Nervous System : Neurons

m847521 — 2020-05-18 15:25:56 UTC

Neurons are specialized cells that transmit chemical and electrical signals to facilitate communication between the brain and the body.

they transmit chemical and electrical signals in the brain; they are the basic building blocks of the central nervous system.

There are three primary types of neuron: sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.

Sensory neurons are neurons responsible for converting external stimuli from the environment into corresponding internal stimuli.
Motor neurons are neurons located in the central nervous system (CNS); they project their axons outside of the CNS to directly or indirectly control muscles.
Interneurons act as the “middle men” between sensory and motor neurons, which convert external stimuli to internal stimuli and control muscle movement, respectively.

Kelvin Kan Zhi Hao 5S4

2020-05-19 03:50:10 UTC

Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

2020-05-19 05:53:23 UTC

Sexual reproduction is the production of new individuals involving 🤬 cells or gametes while asexual reproduction does not involve the 🤬 cells.

Gametes are formed by meiotic division in sexual reproduction but the process relies entirely on mitotic division in asexual reproduction.

Sexual reproduction involves two parents while asexual reproduction involves only a single parent.

Sexual reproduction occurs in humans, other mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and flowering plants but asexual reproduction occurs in simple organisms like Amoeba sp., Hydra sp., yeast and plants such as mosses and potatoes.

New individuals inherit genes from both parents through the fusion of male and female gametes in sexual reproduction but new individuals get their genes from one parent without the fusion of an egg and sperm in asexual reproduction.

Toh Shao Xuan 5s4

Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

2020-05-19 06:12:34 UTC

Spermatogenesis occurs in the 🤬 while oogenesis occurs in the ovaries.

Spermatogenesis is a lifelong process but oogenesis stops at menopause.

Spermatogenesis begins after males reach puberty but oogenesis begins during the foetal stage.

The germinal epithelial cell divides to produce spermatogonia while germinal epithelial cell divides to produce oogonia.

Toh Shao Xuan 5s4

Dominic Gee 5S6

2020-05-19 06:39:49 UTC

(Neurons)
Neurons are cells within the nervous system that transmit information to other nerve cells,muscle,or gland cells.Most neurons have a cell body, an axon, and dendrites. The cell body contains the nucleus and cytoplasm.The axon extends from the body and often gives rise to many smaller branches before ending at nerve terminals.Dendrites extend from the neuron cell body and receive messages from the other neurons. Synapses are the the contact points where one neuron communicates with another.The dendrites are covered with synapses formed by the ends of axon from other neurons

The Brain Structure

2020-05-19 07:09:13 UTC

Cerebrum: The largest and most complex part of the brain. The cerebrum receives the sensory input and carries out integrative functions before initiating appropriate motor responses. It is also responsible for many mental abilities such as learning, memorizing, reasoning and many others.

Cerebellum: It is located beneath the cerebrum and above the medulla oblongata. The cerebellum is the coordinating centre for body movements. It controls and coordinates muscles to produce coordinated movements.

Medulla oblongata: It controls involuntary actions and regulates the internal body processes that do not require conscious effort. It is also the reflex centre for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping and swallowing.

Toh Shao Xuan 5s4

Spinal Cord

2020-05-19 07:20:49 UTC

The spinal cord is located within the vertebral column. It is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid which acts as a shock absorber and provides the spinal cord with nutrients.

The functions of the spinal cord:

(a) Processes certain types of sensory information and sends out responses via the different neurones.

(b) Contains neurones that convey signals to and from the brain.

Neurons

2020-05-19 07:35:09 UTC

Toh Shao Xuan 5s4

Nervous System (Synapse)

2020-05-19 07:54:19 UTC

Toh Shao Xuan 5s4

Nervous System (Synapse)

m2178020 — 2020-05-19 12:11:35 UTC

Tan Jia Jin 5S2

Nervous System (Synapse)

2020-05-19 13:09:48 UTC

Wu Kuan Ding 5s4

2020-05-19 17:38:43 UTC

Nervous System (Voluntary vs Involuntary Action)

g08218903 — 2020-05-20 06:58:05 UTC

State the differences between VOLUNTARY, INVOLUNTARY AND REFLEX ACTIONS with an EXAMPLE in SPM Format (table form).

Lee Huey Shan 5s2

2020-05-20 07:08:36 UTC

Voluntary actions are those actions on which you have control. These actions can be controlled by you willfully. For eg - snapping of fingers, walking, punching, engaging in sexual activities. Involuntary actions are those actions which you cannot control.

Yeoh Loo Aun 5S4

m2174230 — 2020-05-20 07:22:21 UTC

Nervous System (Voluntary vs Involuntary Action)

2020-05-20 07:58:17 UTC

Ch'ng Ooi Yang 5S4

JACKIE GOH JIAYI 5S2——Nervous System (Voluntary vs Involuntary Action)

2020-05-20 08:31:04 UTC

Darrel Ong Sin Yang 5S4

m2163800 — 2020-05-20 08:56:42 UTC

Nervous System- Voluntary vs Involuntary Action

2020-05-20 09:00:19 UTC

Nervous System (Voluntary vs Involuntary Action)

2020-05-20 09:06:07 UTC

Raicy koay (5S6)
The PNS can be broken down into two systems: the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary actions such as breathing and digestion, and the somatic nervous system, which governs voluntary action and body reflexes.What does Voluntary action involve ?It involves actions like walking, eating, jumping and running. These actions are produced consciously. Both spinal cord and brain are involved and these coordinate with PNS to generate necessary movements.What is involuntary action?Involuntary Actions is which take place without consciousness or willingness of an individual are called the involuntary action. Digestion, heart beating, sneezing, etc are few examples of involuntary actions.Both involuntary and voluntary actions are controlled by same parts of the brain. Hindbrain and midbrain control the involuntary actions like salivation, vomiting, etc. All the body’s voluntary actions are controlled by the motor cortex in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS controls the voluntary actions of the body, as well as some involuntary actions, such as reflexes.Both the central and peripheral nervous systems have voluntary and involuntary parts. However, whereas these two parts are closely linked in the central nervous system, they are usually separate in other areas of the body.

Lee Yi Guan 5S4

2020-05-20 09:44:28 UTC

Suhanna Kaur 5S6

m2177611 — 2020-05-20 09:48:27 UTC

Suhanna Kaur 5S6

m2177611 — 2020-05-20 09:49:12 UTC

Chin Wey Sheng 5S2

2020-05-20 09:51:30 UTC

Nervous System (Synapse)

TAN YAN KHAI 5S2

2020-05-20 10:04:41 UTC

Lim Kai Keat 5S4

2020-05-20 11:41:15 UTC

Nervous System (Voluntary vs Involuntary Action)

2020-05-20 13:09:46 UTC

Ding Xuen Ling 5S6
Voluntary actions are actions under the conscious control of the brain (cerebral cortex of the cerebrum) and are carried out according to one's wishes. Examples of voluntary actions involving skeletal muscles include walking, dancing and choosing the best fruits to buy.While the involuntary actions are actions that cannot be controlled, are automatic, does not involve any thinking and does not involve the cerebrum but the medulla oblongata or the spinal cord. Response to stimuli without thinking are also known as reflex action.The pathway of the transmission of impulses in a reflex action is called reflex arc. Most reflex actions involve the spinal cord (spinal reflex) ; however some involve the brain (cranial reflex) like the blinking of the eye.Reflex hep us to withdraw from dangerous stimuli and coordinate rapid automatic responses without instructions from the brain.

Chan Xiao Tong 5S4

2020-05-20 13:20:25 UTC

Nervous System (Voluntary vs Involuntary Action)

Lew Jian Heng 5S2

2020-05-20 13:33:30 UTC

Ooi Yin Shi 31/5S2

2020-05-20 13:41:53 UTC

Nervous System (Voluntary vs Involuntary Action)

2020-05-20 14:22:10 UTC

Cheong Zhi Xuen (3/5S2)

2020-05-20 16:41:53 UTC

Teh Kun Wei 5s6

Voluntary action:When an action is produced with the involvement of thoughts, they are called the voluntary action. It involves actions like walking, eating, jumping and running. These actions are produced consciously. Both spinal cord and brain are involved and these coordinate with PNS to generate necessary movements.Involuntary action:

Actions which take place without consciousness or willingness of an individual are called the involuntary action. Digestion, heart beating, sneezing, etc are few examples of involuntary actions.Both involuntary and voluntary actions are controlled by same parts of the brain. Hindbrain and midbrain control the involuntary actions like salivation, vomiting, etc. All the body’s voluntary actions are controlled by the motor cortex in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum.

Tan Peng Joe 5S4

2020-05-21 02:41:54 UTC

Involuntary action and Voluntary action

2020-05-21 02:54:46 UTC

(Tan Yong Zhen 5S2 )
Voluntary actions are conscious actions.It involves skeletal muscles and is controlled by the cerebrum (cerebral cortex)
Examples of involuntary action are walking and writing .

Pathway : stimuli ->receptors -> brain (interneurone )
->effectors -> response
Involuntary actions (unconscious actions )
that involves skeletal muscles are controlled by the spinal cord .It involve reflex actions .For instance ,pulling the hand from a hot object and knee jerk .
Pathway : stimuli ->receptors -> Spinal cord

->effectors -> response
Involuntary actions that involve smooth muscles ,cardiac muscles ,cardiac muscles and glands are controlled by the medulla oblongata .As an example, heartbeat ,peristalsis and breathing
Pathway: stimuli ->receptors -> medulla oblongata

->effectors -> response

Ong Zhee Hsuen (5S2)

2020-05-21 03:24:28 UTC

Lee Xin Mei (5S2)

2020-05-21 04:18:00 UTC

Nervous System (Voluntary vs Involuntary Action)

Beh Yong Qing (5S2)

2020-05-21 05:23:21 UTC

Nervous System (Voluntary Vs Involuntary Action)

Nervous System (Voluntary vs Involuntary Action)

2020-05-21 05:38:51 UTC

Tang Hui Chin 5S2

Choo zheng wu 5s4

2020-05-21 07:30:10 UTC

Teoh Zheng Yang 5S2

2020-05-21 09:14:21 UTC

Chew Xiu Wen Vanessa 5S4

2020-05-21 10:07:46 UTC

Evonne Tan Wei Ni (5S2)

2020-05-21 18:44:32 UTC

Thum Yu Zhe (5S6)

2020-05-22 07:32:18 UTC

Nervous system (voluntary and involuntary actions)

TAN SWEE YANG (5S2)

2020-05-22 11:09:21 UTC

Ch'ng Jing Wei(5s2)

2020-05-22 12:45:55 UTC

NERVOUS SYSTEM(VOLUNTARY VS INVOLUNTARY)&REFLEX ACTION

Lee Yuan Feng (5S4)

2020-05-22 14:41:06 UTC

Nervous system (Voluntary Actions vs Involuntary Actions)

VOON KAI WEN (5S2)

m847521 — 2020-05-24 04:40:35 UTC

VOLUNTARY, INVOLUNTARY AND REFLEX ACTIONS

Both actions involve stimuli, an impulse, neurons and effectors. However they are differents.

Involuntary Actions (Reflex Actions):
Involuntary actions as their name suggest, are total opposites of voluntary actions, a reflex action is not under the control of the will. In this case, your spinal cord takes total control, without your own conscious. Reflex actions controlled by the spinal cord, example scratching, are called spinal reflexes. There are also cranial reflexes, example blinking, that are controlled by the brain but not by the cerebral cortex. Brushing, sneezing and salivation are also reflex actions however, salivation is also known a conditioned reflex action.

VOON KAI WEN (5S2)

Isaac Kong Zhak Yu(5S6)

2020-05-24 10:04:38 UTC

Voluntary Actions:
A voluntary action is basically an action which you yourself initiate by your own conscious. Your cerebral cortex (brain) sends impulses from it to the effectors (muscles or glands) via the spinal cord with relay neurons and finally a motor neurons. This action is under the control of the will thus is known as a voluntary action.

Involuntary Actions :
Involuntary actions as their name suggest, are total opposites of voluntary actions, a reflex action is not under the control of the will. In this case, your spinal cord takes total control, without your own conscious. Reflex actions controlled by the spinal cord, example scratching, are called spinal reflexes. There are also cranial reflexes, example blinking, that are controlled by the brain but not by the cerebral cortex. Brushing, sneezing and salivation are also reflex actions however, salivation is also known a conditioned reflex action.

Kelvin Kan Zhi Hao 5S4

2020-05-24 12:47:28 UTC

Chong Yee Chen 5s6

2020-05-26 02:44:17 UTC

Voluntary action:

When an action is produced with the involvement of thoughts, they are called the voluntary action. It involves actions like walking, eating, jumping and running. These actions are produced consciously. Both spinal cord and brain are involved and these coordinate with PNS to generate necessary movements.
Involuntary action:

Actions which take place without consciousness or willingness of an individual are called the involuntary action. Digestion, heart beating, sneezing, etc are few examples of involuntary actions.

Both involuntary and voluntary actions are controlled by same parts of the brain. Hindbrain and midbrain control the involuntary actions like salivation, vomiting, etc. All the body’s voluntary actions are controlled by the motor cortex in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum.

Tan Chun Keat 5S4

m2175402 — 2020-05-26 11:11:56 UTC

What is the difference between involuntary and voluntary?

Involuntary muscle is under unconscious control while voluntary muscle is under conscious control. ... Voluntary muscles include skeletal muscle that attaches to bone and skin. Involuntary muscle includes smooth muscle that lines organs, and cardiac muscle of the heart.

Ewe Jeannie 5S2

2020-05-27 06:43:12 UTC

Voluntary action:
When an action is produced with the involvement of thoughts, they are called the voluntary action. It involves actions like walking, eating, jumping and running. These actions are produced consciously. Both spinal cord and brain are involved and these coordinate with PNS to generate necessary movements.

Involuntary action:
Actions which take place without consciousness or willingness of an individual are called the involuntary action. Digestion, heart beating, sneezing, etc are few examples of involuntary actions.

Both involuntary and voluntary actions are controlled by same parts of the brain. Hindbrain and midbrain control the involuntary actions like salivation, vomiting,and else. All the body’s voluntary actions are controlled by the motor cortex in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum.

Er Pei Han 5S2

2020-05-27 08:54:45 UTC

Tan Ting Ern 5S2

2020-05-28 04:36:35 UTC

Yeap Shi Ning 5S4

2020-05-30 14:52:49 UTC

Amy Chan Hui Khoon 5S4

2020-05-31 11:57:25 UTC

Koay Yu Zhe 5S2

2020-06-01 01:21:12 UTC

Nervous System (Voluntary Action VS Involuntary Action)

Eric Lee Shen Yi 5S4

2020-06-01 10:20:09 UTC

Nervous system (Voluntary action and invountary action and reflex action )

Reflex Arc

g08218903 — 2020-06-01 15:30:44 UTC

EXPLAIN a REFLEX ARC by giving an example with the help of a diagram. Please type your answers in the MICROSOFT WORD and upload on Padlet.

Lim Kai Keat 5S4

2020-06-02 03:38:17 UTC

Darrel Ong Sin Yang 5S4

m2163800 — 2020-06-02 04:22:23 UTC

Reflex arc

Beh Yong Qing 5S2

2020-06-02 04:26:58 UTC

Nervous System (Reflex Arc)

Ong Wei Chin 5S6

m2177703 — 2020-06-02 04:53:50 UTC

Voluntary Action
A voluntary action is basically an action which initiates by our own conscious. The brain sends impulses from it to the effectors (muscles or glands) via the spinal cord with neurons and finally a motor neurons. This action is under the control of the will thus is known as a voluntary action. For example- Breathing.
Involuntary Action
Involuntary action is the set of muscle movement which do not require thinking. But it is controlled by brain for example beating of heart beat. While on the other hand, the reflex action is rapid and spontaneous action in response to any stimulus which doesn't involve brain.

Ding Xuen Ling 5S6

2020-06-02 04:58:12 UTC

Reflex Arc

Ong Wei Chin 5S6

m2177703 — 2020-06-02 04:58:38 UTC

Reflex Arc

Eric Lee Shen Yi 5s4

2020-06-02 05:23:19 UTC

Reflex Arc

Ch'ng J ing W ei (5s2)

m2171492 — 2020-06-02 06:58:30 UTC

Reflex action

TAN YAN KHAI 5S2

2020-06-02 09:39:58 UTC

Reflex Arc

2020-06-02 12:17:38 UTC

Teh Kun Wei 5S6

A reflex, or reflex action, is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus.A reflex is made possible by neural pathways called reflex arcs which can act on an impulse before that impulse reaches the brain. The reflex is then an automatic response to a stimulus that does not receive or need conscious thought.

Koay Yu Zhe 5S2

2020-06-02 14:32:00 UTC

Reflex Arc

Jermyn lee kai yan 5s4

m2170476 — 2020-06-03 04:47:08 UTC

REFLEX ARC

Reflex Arc

2020-06-03 04:47:44 UTC

Tang Hui Chin 5S2

Yeoh Loo Aun 5S4

m2174230 — 2020-06-03 05:23:39 UTC

REFLEX ARC

Chan Xiao Tong 5S4

2020-06-03 06:24:36 UTC

Reflex Arc

Nervous System(Voluntary vs In Voluntary action)

m2179420 — 2020-06-03 06:57:16 UTC

Tan Shou Sheng 5S2

Tan Wan Ying 5S4

2020-06-03 07:43:11 UTC

Reflex arc

nervous system(voluntary vs involuntary action

2020-06-03 07:46:43 UTC

Ooi Jia Qing5s6

Thum Yu Zhe 5S6

2020-06-03 07:51:27 UTC

Reflex arc

Er Pei Han 5S2

2020-06-03 08:01:09 UTC

Reflex arc

2020-06-03 08:05:47 UTC

Ooi jia qing 5s6

Reflex arc

2020-06-03 09:35:21 UTC

Lee Xin Mei 5S2

Reflex arc

2020-06-03 12:06:26 UTC

Ooi Yin Shi 5S2

Reflex arc

2020-06-03 16:16:45 UTC

Tan Yong Zhen 5s2
Reflex arc is the pathway for the impulse to travel from receptor to a factor in a reflex action.
There are two types of reflection:
1)Pulling away the finger from a sharp needle
2) Knee-jerk

TAN SWEE YANG 5S2

2020-06-03 22:44:26 UTC

Reflex Arc

2020-06-04 07:35:00 UTC

Tan Ting Ern 5S2

Reflex Arc

2020-06-04 08:37:32 UTC

Ch'ng Ooi Yang 5S4

Reflex Arc

2020-06-04 09:26:21 UTC

Isaac Kong Zhak Yu 5s6

Reflex Arc

m2174329 — 2020-06-04 10:44:00 UTC

Cheong Zhi Xuen 5S2

JACKIE GOH JIAYI 5S2

2020-06-04 13:59:51 UTC

REFLEX ARC

Loh quan sheng 5S2

m2171570 — 2020-06-04 14:04:01 UTC

VOLUNTARY, INVOLUNTARY AND REFLEX ACTIONS

Loh quan sheng 5S2

m2171570 — 2020-06-04 14:09:05 UTC

Reflex arc

Lee Yi Guan 5S4

2020-06-05 04:32:48 UTC

Neoh Hui Lin 5S2

2020-06-05 05:26:37 UTC

Reflex arc

Neoh Hui Lin 5S2

2020-06-05 05:42:33 UTC

Voluntary vs Involuntary actions

Suhanna Kaur 5S6

m2177611 — 2020-06-05 14:07:03 UTC

Reflex Arc

Lim Hong An 5S2

2020-06-05 16:08:50 UTC

Voluntary & involuntary action

Lim Hong An 5S2

2020-06-05 16:10:38 UTC

Reflex Arc

Chong Yee Chen 5s6

2020-06-06 03:15:46 UTC

A reflex, or reflex action, is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus. A reflex is made possible by neural pathways called reflex arcs which can act on an impulse before that impulse reaches the brain.

Iris Ng Wen Jing 5S4

2020-06-06 08:54:09 UTC

Nervous system (voluntary vs involuntary action)

Iris Ng Wen Jing 5S4

2020-06-06 08:56:28 UTC

Reflex arc

Ong Wen Jing Suvian 5S2

2020-06-06 10:34:47 UTC

Differences between voluntary action, involuntary action ans reflex action

Ong Wen Jing Suvian 5S2

2020-06-06 10:54:56 UTC

Reflex arc

Teh Wen Hooi 5S2

2020-06-06 11:54:22 UTC

Nervous system(Voluntary vs Involuntary action)

Teh Wen Hooi 5S2

2020-06-06 12:04:08 UTC

Reflex arc

Yeap Shi Ning 5S4

2020-06-06 12:36:20 UTC

Reflex Arc

Lew Jian Heng 5S2

2020-06-06 13:42:15 UTC

Evonne Tan Wei Ni 5S2

2020-06-06 15:44:04 UTC

Reflex Arc

Raicy koay 5S6

2020-06-06 16:12:28 UTC

A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex. In vertebrates, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This allows for faster reflex actions to occur by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain. The brain will receive the sensory input while the reflex is being carried out and the analysis of the signal takes place after the reflex action.

The pathway can be described as a ‘reflex arc’ which is made up of 5 components:

* A receptor – muscle spindle

* An afferent fibre – muscle spindle afferent

* An integration centre – lamina IX of spinal cord

* An efferent fibre – α-motoneurones

* An effector – muscle

the reflex arc consists of these five steps in order-sensor, sensory neuron, control center, motor neuron, and muscle. These five parts work as a relay team to take information up from the sensor to the spinal cord or brain and back down to the muscles. Importances of neurones and synapses in the reflex arc. The reflex arc is essential in producing a quick involuntary response aimed to prevent injury in an individual.The electrical impulse is then relayed to the motor neuron via another synapse between the relay neuron and the motor neuron.

Wu Kuan Ding 5s4

2020-06-06 16:50:20 UTC

Wu Kuan Ding 5s4

2020-06-06 16:52:37 UTC

Reflex arc

Ewe Jeannie 5S2

2020-06-07 02:12:31 UTC

A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex. In vertebrates, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This allows for faster reflex actions to occur by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain. The brain will receive the sensory input while the reflex is being carried out and the analysis of the signal takes place after the reflex action.

Tay Jinson 5S6

2020-06-07 03:56:25 UTC

Voluntary action and Involuntary action

Tay Jinson 5S6

2020-06-07 04:13:17 UTC

Reflex Arc

Janet Po Xin Yee 5S2

2020-06-07 04:40:20 UTC

Janet Po Xin Yee 5S2

2020-06-07 04:57:42 UTC

Nervous System (Voluntary vs Involuntary Action)Lim Qing Bin5S2

2020-06-07 07:42:46 UTC

Involuntary muscle is under unconscious control while voluntary muscle is under conscious control.

Voluntary muscle is under the control of the autonomic nervous system while the involuntary muscle is under the control of the somatosensory nervous system.

Voluntary muscles include skeletal muscle that attaches to bone and skin.

Involuntary muscle includes smooth muscle that lines organs, and cardiac muscle of the heart.

While some involuntary muscles (e.g. cardiac muscles) contract in a constant rhythmic cycle, voluntary muscles do not.

Voluntary muscle contains multinucleated cells, while involuntary muscle is uninucleated.

Voluntary muscle nuclei are located on the edges of the cell while those of involuntary muscle are located in the center of the cell.

Voluntary muscle cells are very long while involuntary muscle cells are short.

Voluntary muscle cells have sarcomeres while involuntary muscle cells do not have sarcomeres.

Some involuntary muscle cells are joined by an intercalated disc, while voluntary muscle cells join at a Z disc.

Troponin is present in all voluntary muscle but is present only in some involuntary muscle (cardiac).

Voluntary muscle tires easily while involuntary muscle does not tire out (cardiac) or tires out very slowly (smooth).

Nervous System (SYNAPSE)Lim Qing Bin 5S2

2020-06-07 07:45:57 UTC

When a nerve signal reaches the end of the neuron, it cannot simply continue to the next cell. Instead, it must trigger the release of neurotransmitters which can then carry the impulse across the synapse to the next neuron.

Once a nerve impulse has triggered the release of neurotransmitters, these chemical messengers cross the tiny synaptic gap and are taken up by receptors on the surface of the next cell. These receptors act much like a lock, while the neurotransmitters function much like keys. Neurotransmitters may excite the neuron they bind to or inhibit it.

(Relex Arc)Lim Qing Bin5S2

2020-06-07 07:54:22 UTC

2020-06-07 08:39:13 UTC

Nervous System (Voluntary VS Involuntary Action)— Khoo Yong Kit 5S4

Kelvin Kan Zhi Hao 5S4

2020-06-07 08:54:59 UTC

Relex Arc

2020-06-07 09:13:18 UTC

Reflex Arc—Khoo Yong Kit 5S4

Loh Chia Hoay 5S2

2020-06-07 10:08:48 UTC

Jeremy Ng Kang Zheng 5S4

2020-06-07 10:21:43 UTC

Reflex Arc

Jeremy Ng Kang Zheng 5S4

2020-06-07 10:42:36 UTC

Loh Chia Hoay 5S2

2020-06-07 11:09:16 UTC

Reflex Arc

2020-06-07 12:54:27 UTC

Jason Chew Jian Ren 5S2

Nervous System -Voluntary Vs Involuntary System

2020-06-07 12:55:05 UTC

Jason Chew Jian Ren 5S2

Ong Zhee Hsuen 5S2

2020-06-07 13:10:30 UTC

Amy Chan Hui Khoon 5S4

2020-06-07 13:40:36 UTC

Reflex Arc

Chew Xiu Wen Vanessa 5S4

2020-06-07 14:04:28 UTC

Lee Yuan Feng 5S4

2020-06-07 16:38:58 UTC

Reflex Arc

Voon Kai Wen 5S2

m847521 — 2020-06-08 04:12:54 UTC

Lee Yit Tung 5S2

2020-06-08 05:10:02 UTC

A voluntary action is basically an action which you yourself initiate by your own conscious. Your cerebral cortex (brain) sends impulses from it to the effectors (muscles or glands) via the spinal cord with relay neurons and finally a motor neurons. This action is under the control of the will thus is known as a voluntary action.
nvoluntary actions as their name suggest, are total opposites of voluntary actions, a reflex action is not under the control of the will. In this case, your spinal cord takes total control, without your own conscious. Reflex actions controlled by the spinal cord, example scratching, are called spinal reflexes. There are also cranial reflexes, example blinking, that are controlled by the brain but not by the cerebral cortex. Brushing, sneezing and salivation are also reflex actions however, salivation is also known a conditioned reflex action.

Lee Yit Tung 5S2

2020-06-08 05:14:22 UTC

A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex. In vertebrates, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This allows for faster reflex actions to occur by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain. The brain will receive the sensory input while the reflex is being carried out and the analysis of the signal takes place after the reflex action.

Goh Jing Rou 5S4

2020-06-08 05:21:53 UTC

Goh Jing Rou 5S4

2020-06-08 05:27:39 UTC

Joanne Tan Jia Xin 5S6

2020-06-08 07:57:42 UTC

Reflex arc, neurological and sensory mechanism that controls a reflex, an immediate response to a particular stimulus. The primary components of the reflex arc are the sensory neurons (or receptors) that receive stimulation and in turn connect to other nerve cells that activate muscle cells (or effectors), which perform the reflex action.There are three main types of neuron: sensory, motor and relay.

These different types of neurons work together in a reflex action. A reflex action is an automatic (involuntary) and rapid response to a stimulus, which minimises any damage to the body from potentially harmful conditions, such as touching something hot. Reflex actions are therefore essential to the survival of many organisms.

Joanne Tan Jia Xin 5S6

2020-06-08 08:07:09 UTC

Voluntary action:

Involuntary action:

Actions which take place without consciousness or willingness of an individual are called the involuntary action. Digestion, heart beating, sneezing, etc are few examples of involuntary actions.

Reflex arc

m2179420 — 2020-06-08 12:20:17 UTC

Tan Shou Sheng 5s2

Lee Xin Dian 5S2

2020-06-08 23:16:56 UTC

Teoh Zheng Yang 5S2

2020-06-09 03:36:41 UTC

Ooi Wei Hong 5S4

2020-06-09 03:59:08 UTC

Reflex arc

2020-06-09 10:40:16 UTC

Tan Shi Hui 5S6 Reflex arc

Reflex action is a rapid and automatic response to stimulus without conscious control .Reflex action is an involuntary action that involves spinal cord and contraction of skeletal muscles . Reflex arc is a pathway of transmission of nerve impulse which produces a effect action .The impulse travels from the after end neurone to the spinal cord , then to the efferent neurone.

The important of reflex action
• Reflex actions produce spontaneous reactions without waiting for instruction from the brain
• This can protect a person from injury
• This is because additional time that is needed by the brain to analyse information before triggering a response can lead to serious injury
• Since reflex action involve only the spinal cord ,the brain can focus on higher level thinking

Dominic Gee 5S6

2020-06-10 05:20:50 UTC

Actions which are controlled by the cerebrum are called voluntary actions.These actions are slow actions which can regulate by muscles of the body.Walking and running is an example of voluntary actions.
Actions that are controlled by the Hind brain and the spinal cor are called involuntary actions.These actions are fast and not regulate by muscles of our body.Choking is a type of involuntary actions.

Nervous System(Voluntary vs Involuntary Action)

2020-06-11 02:20:11 UTC

Ooi Sze Hann (5S4)

Reflex Arc

2020-06-11 02:21:37 UTC

Ooi Sze Hann (5S4)

Endocrine System

g08218903 — 2020-06-11 03:49:12 UTC

Endocrine system is also another system which is responsible in human coordination and response. The endocrine system is made up of endocrine glands. STATE the FUNCTION for EACH of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS in the endocrine system.

Joanne Tan Jia Xin 5S6

2020-06-11 04:40:37 UTC

The endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.
Function
The endocrine system is made up of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (in females) and (in males), according to the Mayo Clinic.Although the hormones circulate throughout the body, each type of hormone is targeted toward certain organs and tissues, the Merck Manual notes. The endocrine system gets some help from organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads, which have secondary endocrine functions. The kidney, for example, secretes hormones such as erythropoietin and renin. The endocrine glands belong to the body's control system. The hormones which they produce help to regulate the functions of cells and tissues throughout the body. Endocrine organs are activated to release their hormones by humoral, neural or hormonal stimuli.

Koay Yu Zhe 5S2 Endocrine system

2020-06-11 04:48:01 UTC

The endocrine System involves chemical signals and eight types of endocrine glands which can secretes hormone in the body. Hormones are chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands. The endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the interstitial fluid and subsequently into the bloodstream. The circulating blood then delivers the hormones through the body and they affect with influence only specific target cells. Once the hormones binds with the target cell will causes the cell to respond in a specific manner. The endocrine play important roles in maintaining homeostasis. The endocrine system usually complements the nervous system. There are eight endocrine glands:
1. Anterior pituitary gland -
TSH stimulates the throid gland.
FSH stimulates the development of the follicles in the ovaries.
LH stimulates ovulation.
ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to releases hormones.
GH stimulates growth, protein synthesis and fat metabolicm.
PRL stimulates milk synthesis and secretion from the mammary glands.
2. Posterior pituitary gland -
ADH stimulates water reabsorption.
Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of the uterine muscles during childhood.
3. Thyroid gland -
Thyroxine Increses the metabolic rates of body cells.
4. Adrenal medulla -
Adrenaline and noradrenaline increses the level of sugar and fatty acid.
5. Adrenal cortex -
Aldosterone increses the reabsorption of mineral salts.
6. Pancreas -
Insulin decreases blood glucose levels.
Glucagen increses blood glucose levels.
7. Ovaries -
Oestrogen stimulates the development of female secondary sexual characteristics and maturation of the ova.
Progesterone stimulates the development of the uterine lining and the formation of the placenta.
8. 🤬 -
Androgen stimulates the development of male secondary sexual characteristics and spermatogenesis.

Ooi Yin Shi 5S2

2020-06-11 05:09:31 UTC

Endocrine system
The endocrine system is a series of glands that produce and secrete hormones that the body uses for a wide range of functions. These control many different bodily functions. The main hormone-producing are hypothalamus which is responsible for body temperature, hunger, moods and the release of hormones from other glands; and also controls thirst, sleep and drive. Pituitary considered the "master control gland," the pituitary gland controls other glands and makes the hormones that trigger growth. Parathyroid which is the gland controls the amount of calcium in the body. Pancreas is the gland produces the insulin that helps control blood sugar levels. Thyroid produces hormones associated with calorie burning and heart rate.Adrenal glands produce the hormones that control drive and cortisol, the stress hormone. Ovaries only in women, the ovaries secrete estrogen, testosterone and progesterone, the female hormones. 🤬 only in men, the 🤬 produce the male 🤬 hormone, testosterone, and produce sperm.

Lim Kai Keat 5S4

2020-06-11 06:36:02 UTC

Ong Wen Jing Suvian (5S2)

2020-06-11 06:49:14 UTC

Endocrine system

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

2020-06-11 06:55:27 UTC

Cheong Zhi Xuen 5S2 Endocrine System

m2174329 — 2020-06-11 07:08:55 UTC

Many glands make up the endocrine system. The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland are in your brain. The thyroid and parathyroid glands are in your neck. The thymus is between your lungs, the adrenals are on top of your kidneys, and the pancreas is behind your stomach. Your ovaries (if you're a woman) or 🤬 (if you're a man) are in your pelvic region.
Hypothalamus. This organ connects your endocrine system with your nervous system. Its main job is to tell your pituitary gland to start or stop making hormones.
Pituitary gland. This is your endocrine system’s master gland. It uses information it gets from your brain to tell other glands in your body what to do. It makes many important hormones, including growth hormone; prolactin, which helps breastfeeding moms make milk; and luteinizing hormone, which manages estrogen in women and testosterone in men.
Thyroid gland. This gland makes thyroid hormone, which controls your metabolism. If this gland doesn't make enough (a condition called hypothyroidism), everything happens more slowly. Your heart rate might slow down. You could get constipated. And you might gain weight. If it makes too much (hyperthyroidism), everything speeds up. Your heart might race. You could have diarrhea. And you might lose weight without trying.
Parathyroid. This is a set of four small glands behind your thyroid. They play a role in bone health. The glands control your levels of calcium and phosphorus.
Thymus. This gland makes white blood cells called T-lymphocytes that fight infection and are crucial as a child's immune system develops. The thymus starts to shrink after puberty.
Pancreas. This organ is part of both your digestive and endocrine systems. It makes digestive enzymes that break down food. It also makes the hormones insulin and glucagon. These ensure you have the right amount of sugar in your bloodstream and your cells.
Ovaries. In women, these organs make estrogen and progesterone. These hormones help develop breasts at puberty, regulate the menstrual cycle, and support a pregnancy.
🤬. In men, the 🤬 make testosterone. It helps them grow facial and body hair at puberty. It also tells the 🤬 to grow larger and plays a role in making sperm.

Cheong Zhi Xuen (3/5S2)

m2174329 — 2020-06-11 07:16:36 UTC

Endocrine System

Tan Yan Khai 5S2

2020-06-11 07:27:55 UTC

Endocrine System

Yeoh Loo Aun 5S4

m2174230 — 2020-06-11 07:37:34 UTC

Endocrine System

Tan Wan Ying 5s4

2020-06-11 08:06:04 UTC

Loh quan sheng (5S2)

m2171570 — 2020-06-11 08:46:37 UTC

endocrine system

JACKIE GOH JIAYI 5S2

m2166777 — 2020-06-11 09:18:10 UTC

Endocrine System

DARREL ONG SIN YANG 5S4

m2163800 — 2020-06-11 10:18:42 UTC

Endocrine System

Chan Xiao Tong 5S4

2020-06-11 10:43:50 UTC

Endocrine System

2020-06-11 11:37:20 UTC

Teh Kun Wei 5s6

The endocrine system is a chemical messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In humans, the major endocrine glands are the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems. The study of the endocrine system and its disorders is known as endocrinology. Endocrinology is a branch of internal medicine.A number of glands that signal each other in sequence are usually referred to as an axis, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In addition to the specialized endocrine organs mentioned above, many other organs that are part of other body systems have secondary endocrine functions, including bone, kidneys, liver, heart and gonads. For example, the kidney secretes the endocrine hormone erythropoietin. Hormones can be amino acid complexes, steroids, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, or prostaglandins.

Yeap Shi Ning 5S4

2020-06-11 14:21:18 UTC

Endocrine System

Ong Zhee HSuen 5S2

2020-06-11 14:28:49 UTC

Wu Kuan Ding 5s4

2020-06-11 16:03:21 UTC

Endocrine System

Ch'ng Jing Wei 5S2

2020-06-11 17:54:08 UTC

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

2020-06-12 00:57:45 UTC

Raicy koay 5S6

2020-06-12 01:03:16 UTC

The endocrine system is a chemical messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In humans, the major endocrine glands are the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems. The study of the endocrine system and its disorders is known as endocrinology. Endocrinology is a branch of internal medicine. The endocrine system is made up of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (in females) and 🤬 (in males).The word endocrine derives from the Greek words "endo," meaning within, and "crinis," meaning to secrete, according to Health Mentor Online. In general, a gland selects and removes materials from the blood, processes them and secretes the finished chemical product for use somewhere in the body. The endocrine system affects almost every organ and cell in the body.

Tan Yong Zhen 5S2

2020-06-12 01:42:17 UTC

The human endocrine system
The human endocrine system is made up of endocrine glands which are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream which are then carried by blood to the targeted organs .
Hypothalamus controls pituitary gland and receives information form nervous systems .
Pituitary gland (master gland )control all activities of other endocrine glands .
: secretes thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) that stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroxine
:follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)stimulates growth of follicle in ovary in females while stimulates spermatogenesis in males .
:luteinising hormone (LH) stimulates ovulation and the secretion of oestrogen and progesterone in females while stimulates secretion of testosterone in males .
:Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates water reabsorbtion
by kidneys
:Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of uterine muscles during childbirth in females and causes sperm ejection in males
:Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulates adrenal cortex to release hormones
: Prolactin stimulates milk production from mammary gland

Thyroid gland screwed thyroxine to control body’s metabolic rate
Pancreas secretes insulin to decrease blood glucose level and to convert excess glucose to glycogen .It also secretes glucagon to increase blood glucose level and convert glycogen to glucose .
Adrenal gland secretes aldosterone to increase salt reabsorption by kidneys .It also secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline to prepare the body for ‘fight or flight ‘ situations, increases body’s metabolic rate and constricts some blood vessels.
Testis secretes testosterone ti stimulates the development of Secondary sexual characteristics and stimulates spermatogenesis
Ovary secretes oestrogen to stimulates the development of Secondary sexual characteristics and promotes repair of uterine lining .while progesterone stimulates the development of uterine lining and stimulates the formation of placenta

Er Pei Han 5S2

2020-06-12 02:02:46 UTC

Lee Xin Mei 5S2

2020-06-12 02:14:03 UTC

Endocrine System

2020-06-12 03:25:38 UTC

Tang Hui Chin 5S2

Ong Wei Chin 5S6

m2177703 — 2020-06-12 03:57:00 UTC

Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream. This lets the hormones travel to cells in other parts of the body. The endocrine hormones help control mood, growth and development, the way our organs work, metabolism , and reproduction. The endocrine system regulates how much of each hormone is released.

Beh Yong Qing 5S2

2020-06-12 03:58:34 UTC

Endocrine System

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

2020-06-12 05:12:58 UTC

TAN SWEE YANG 5S2

Tan Ting Ern 5S2

2020-06-12 05:19:22 UTC

Endocrine System

Teh Wen Hooi 5S2

2020-06-12 05:32:48 UTC

Endocrine System
The human endocrine system
The human endocrine system is made up of endocrine glands which are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream which are then carried by blood to the targeted organs .
Hypothalamus controls pituitary gland and receives information form nervous systems .
Pituitary gland (master gland )control all activities of other endocrine glands .
: secretes thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) that stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroxine
:follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)stimulates growth of follicle in ovary in females while stimulates spermatogenesis in males .
:luteinising hormone (LH) stimulates ovulation and the secretion of oestrogen and progesterone in females while stimulates secretion of testosterone in males .
:Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates water reabsorbtion
by kidneys
:Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of uterine muscles during childbirth in females and causes sperm ejection in males
:Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulates adrenal cortex to release hormones
: Prolactin stimulates milk production from mammary gland

Thyroid gland screwed thyroxine to control body’s metabolic rate
Pancreas secretes insulin to decrease blood glucose level and to convert excess glucose to glycogen .It also secretes glucagon to increase blood glucose level and convert glycogen to glucose .
Adrenal gland secretes aldosterone to increase salt reabsorption by kidneys .It also secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline to prepare the body for ‘fight or flight ‘ situations, increases body’s metabolic rate and constricts some blood vessels.
Testis secretes testosterone ti stimulates the development of Secondary sexual characteristics and stimulates spermatogenesis
Ovary secretes oestrogen to stimulates the development of Secondary sexual characteristics and promotes repair of uterine lining .while progesterone stimulates the development of uterine lining and stimulates the formation of placenta

Lee Yit Tung 5S2

2020-06-12 05:34:41 UTC

The endocrine system is made up of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (in females) and 🤬 (in males), according to the Mayo Clinic.

The word endocrine derives from the Greek words "endo," meaning within, and "crinis," meaning to secrete, according to Health Mentor Online. In general, a gland selects and removes materials from the blood, processes them and secretes the finished chemical product for use somewhere in the body. The endocrine system affects almost every organ and cell in the body, according to the Merck Manual.

Although the hormones circulate throughout the body, each type of hormone is targeted toward certain organs and tissues, the Merck Manual notes. The endocrine system gets some help from organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads, which have secondary endocrine functions. The kidney, for example, secretes hormones such as erythropoietin and renin.

Amy Chan Hui Khoon 5S4

2020-06-12 05:42:57 UTC

Endocrine System

2020-06-12 06:05:07 UTC

Ooi Sze Hann (5S4)

Evonne Tan Wei Ni 5S2

2020-06-12 07:02:30 UTC

Endocrine System

Lee Yi Guan 5s4

2020-06-12 07:13:22 UTC

Isaac Kong Zhak Yu 5S6

2020-06-12 07:33:04 UTC

The endocrine system is a network of glands in your body that make the hormones that help cells talk to each other. They’re responsible for almost every cell, organ, and function in your body.Many glands make up the endocrine system. The hypothalamus, pituitary gland is in your brain. The thyroid and parathyroid glands are in your neck. The thymus is between your lungs, the adrenals are on top of your kidneys, and the pancreas is behind your stomach, and 🤬 and ovary are in the pelvic region. Firstly, Hypothalamus. This organ connects your endocrine system with your nervous system. Its main job is to tell your pituitary gland to start or stop making hormones.Pituitary gland. This is your endocrine system’s master gland. It uses information it gets from your brain to tell other glands in your body what to do. Thyroid gland. This gland makes thyroid hormone, which controls your metabolism. If this gland doesn't make enough (a condition called hypothyroidism), everything happens more slowly. Your heart rate might slow down. You could get constipated. And you might gain weight. If it makes too much (hyperthyroidism), everything speeds up. Your heart might race. You could have diarrhea. And you might lose weight without trying.Thymus. This gland makes white blood cells called T-lymphocytes that fight infection and are crucial as a child's immune system develops. The thymus starts to shrink after puberty.Adrenals. Best known for making the "fight or flight" hormone adrenaline (also called epinephrine), these two glands also make hormones called corticosteroids. They affect your metabolism and sexual function, among other things.Pancreas. This organ is part of both your digestive and endocrine systems. It makes digestive enzymes that break down food. It also makes the hormones insulin and glucagon. These ensure you have the right amount of sugar in your bloodstream and your cells.If you don't make insulin, which is the case for people with type 1 diabetes, your blood sugar levels can get dangerously high. In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas usually makes some insulin but not enough.Ovaries. In women, these organs make estrogen and progesterone. These hormones help develop breasts at puberty, regulate the menstrual cycle, and support a pregnancy.🤬. In men, the 🤬 make testosterone. It helps them grow facial and body hair at puberty. It also tells the 🤬 to grow larger and plays a role in making sperm.

Endocrine System

2020-06-12 08:22:05 UTC

Ch'ng Ooi Yang 5S4

Tan Jin Rong 5s6

2020-06-12 09:11:50 UTC

Endocrine System

2020-06-12 10:44:58 UTC

Goh Jing Rou 5S4 The endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.

Julia Ong 5s2 Endocrine System

m2168884 — 2020-06-12 11:21:57 UTC

Neoh Hui Lin 5S2

2020-06-12 11:31:25 UTC

Endocrine System

Loh Chia Hoay 5S2

2020-06-12 11:47:27 UTC

Lim Hong An 5S2

2020-06-12 11:52:01 UTC

Endocrine System

Jeremy Ng Kang Zheng 5S4

2020-06-12 12:12:43 UTC

Endocrine system

Lee Xin Dian 5S2

2020-06-12 12:56:30 UTC

Chew Xiu Wen Vanessa 5S4

2020-06-12 13:15:39 UTC

endocrine system

Dominic Gee Jiun Wei 5S6

2020-06-12 13:28:45 UTC

The endocrine system consists of a number of glands that secrete hormones.Hormones are chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands.The endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the interstitial fluid and subsequently into the bloodstream.The circulating blood then delivers the hormones throughout the body.Hormones binds to the specific receptor molecules on the surface of the plasma membrane of the target cells.Once the hormone binds to its target cell,the hormone causes the cell to respond in a specific manner.

Tan Shi Hui 5S6 Endocrine

2020-06-12 14:18:13 UTC

The endocrine system is a chemical messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In humans, the major endocrine glands are the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems. The study of the endocrine system and its disorders is known as endocrinology. Endocrinology is a branch of internal medicine. The endocrine system can be contrasted to both exocrine glands, which secrete hormones to the outside of the body, and paracrine signalling between cells over a relatively short distance. Endocrine glands have no ducts, are vascular, and commonly have intracellular vacuoles or granules that store their hormones. In contrast, exocrine glands, such as salivary glands, sweat glands, and glands within the gastrointestinal tract, tend to be much less vascular and have ducts or a hollow lumen.

Ding Xuen Ling 5S6

2020-06-12 14:18:14 UTC

Endocrine system
The endocrine system is made up of endocrine glands (ductless glands) which secrete hormones. Hormones are organic chemical compounds (steroids or proteins) secreted in small quantities directly into bloodstream and carried by blood to targeted organs to produce a response. A hormone is secreted in one part of the body and may be used in another part of the body. Physiological processes which require only the endocrine system are maintaining the menstrual cycle and growth and development of secondary sexual characteristics.

Tay Jinson 5S6

2020-06-12 14:45:06 UTC

Endocrine system-
The endocrine system is made up of glands that make hormones. Hormones are the body's chemical messengers. They carry information and instructions from one set of cells to another.The endocrine system influences almost every cell, organ, and function of our bodies.Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream. This lets the hormones travel to cells in other parts of the body.The endocrine hormones help control mood, growth and development, the way our organs work, metabolism, and reproduction.he endocrine system regulates how much of each hormone is released. This can depend on levels of hormones already in the blood, or on levels of other substances in the blood, like calcium. Many things affect hormone levels, such as stress, infection, and changes in the balance of fluid and minerals in blood.

Kelvin Kan Zhi Hao 5S4

2020-06-12 14:51:13 UTC

Endocrine System

Lew Jian Heng 5S2

2020-06-12 14:58:22 UTC

Endocrine System

Teoh Zheng Yang 5S2

2020-06-13 02:19:55 UTC

Ooi Wei Hong 5S4

2020-06-13 04:42:34 UTC

The endocrine system is made up of endocrine glands (ductless glands) which secrete hormones. Hormones are organic chemical compounds (steroids or proteins) secreted in small quantities directly into bloodstream and carried by blood to targeted organs to produce a response. A hormone is secreted in one part of the body and may be used in another part of the body.

Khoo Yong Kit 5S4

2020-06-13 07:19:36 UTC

Endocrine System

Ooi Jia Qing 5s6

2020-06-13 08:18:16 UTC

endocrine system

Lee Yuan Feng (5S4)

2020-06-13 13:26:43 UTC

Endocrine system

Janet Po XIn Yee 5S2

2020-06-13 15:37:25 UTC

Endocrine system

LIM QING BIN 5S2

2020-06-14 03:07:44 UTC

ENDOCRINE SYSTE

The endocrine system is a network of glands in your body that make the hormones that help cells talk to each other. They’re responsible for almost every cell, organ, and function in your body.

If your endocrine system isn't healthy, you might have problems developing during puberty, getting pregnant, or managing stress. You also might gain weight easily, have weak bones, or lack energy because too much sugar stays in your blood instead of moving into your cells where it's needed for energy.

Iris Ng Wen Jing 5S4

2020-06-15 14:09:58 UTC

Endocrine system

E

2020-06-18 11:17:19 UTC

2020-06-18 11:17:31 UTC

Endocrine system The endocrine system is made up of endocrine glands (ductless glands) which secrete hormones. Hormones are organic chemical compounds (steroids or proteins) secreted in small quantities directly into bloodstream and carried by blood to targeted organs to produce a response. A hormone is secreted in one part of the body and may be used in another part of the body. Physiological processes which require only the endocrine system are maintaining the menstrual cycle and growth and development of secondary sexual characteristics.

Tan Boon Leong 5S2

2020-06-25 19:22:54 UTC

1. The spinal cord lines below the medulla oblongata.

2. The spinal cord is made up of white matter on the outside and gray matter on the inside.

1. Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord by two short branches called roots.The dorsal root contains the axons of afferent neurones which conduct impulses to the spinal cord from the sensory receptor. The dorsal root ganglion is composed of cell bodies of afferent neurons.The ventral root contains the axon of efferent neurons which conduct impulses away from the spinal cord from effectors.

2. The functions of spinal cord:

(a) processes certain types of sensory information and sends out response via the efferent neurons

(b) connects the peripheral nervous system to the brain

(c) acts as a minor integrating centre in producing simple reflex responses such as withdrawal of the hand from a hot object

Tan Boon Leong 5S2

2020-06-25 19:31:33 UTC

Nervous System
1. The human nervous system is divided into two main subsystems:

(a) The central nervous system (CNS) consist of brain and spinal cord acts as the control centre for our body activities

(b) The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes all nerve tissues outside the central nervous system links receptors and effectors to CNS consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves (take impulses to and from the brain) and 31 pairs of spinal nerves (take impulses to and from the spinal cord)

2. The nervous system performs three functions:

(a) Sensory involves the sensory receptors which detect stimuli and initiate nerve impulses that carry information to CNS

(b) Integrative CNS processes and integrates the information by analyzing and storing some of it and making decision for appropriate responses.

3. The role of the nervous system

(a) detects changes in external and internal environment

(b) sends impulses to effectors so as to respond appropriately to the changes

Tan Boon Leong 5S2

2020-06-25 19:40:16 UTC

Nervous System (Neurone)
1. A neurone is a bacis unit of a nerve cell. Neurones cannot be replaced if damage.

2. The function of neurones transmit nerve impulses to other nerve cells or to the glands and muscles

3. There are three types of neurons:

(a) afferent neurons or sensory neurones carry sensory information from receptors cells into the brain and spinal cord

(b) efferent neurons or motor neurones carry information from the brain or spinal cord to the effectors, that is muscle or gland cells

(c) interneurones or relay neurones convey nerve impulses between the various parts of the brain and the spinal cord transmit nerve impulses between the afferent neurons and the efferent neurons

1. The structure of a typical neurone. A typical neurone has 4 distinct parts:

(b) Dendrites receive information or signals from other neurons or from the external environment and conduct them towards the cell body

(d) Axon conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body some axons are insulated by a thick coat of material called myelin sheath to protect and insulate the axons and helps to speed up the conduction of nerve impulses

(e) Synaptic terminals located at the far end of each axon transmit nerve impulses to muscle cells, gland cells or the dendrite of another neurone

Tan Boon Leong 5S2

2020-06-25 19:48:29 UTC

Nervous System(Synapse)
1. The transmission of information across a synapse involves the conversion of electrical signals into chemical signals in the form of neurotransmitters it is an active process which requires energy.

2. Examples of neurotransmitters acetylcholine, noradrenaline, serotonin and dopamine

3. The functions of synapses:

(a) controlling and integrating the nerve impulses transmitted by the stimulated receptors

(b) facilitating the transmission of nerve impulses in one direction.

a nerve impulse cannot go backward across a synapse

synaptic vesicles are only present in the synaptic terminals only the presynaptic membrane can discharge neurotransmitters receptors are only present in the postsynaptic membrane.

Tan Boon Leong 5S2

2020-06-25 19:55:24 UTC

Nervous System( Voluntary and involuntary action)
1.The peripheral nervous system (PNS) has two main funtion.
a)it transmits signal to the central nervous system (CNS) for processing.
b)It transmit responses from the CNS to the rest of the body .These responses are either voluntary or involuntary actions.
2.The cerebrum is responsible for all voluntary actions while the medulla oblongata controls involuntary actions.
3.Voluntary actions such as walking and taking are under conscious control , while involuntary actions that involve skeletal muscles allow an immediate action that does not require conscious effort.

Tan Boon Leong 5S2

2020-06-25 20:06:45 UTC

Reflect Arc
The pathway of a transmission of nerve impulse which produces a reflex action is called a reflex arc.

1. Reflex arc in the withdrawal of hand when touching a hot object:

When the hand accidentally touches a hot object, pain receptors in the skin will sense the stimulus and produce a nerve impulse.

The nerve impulse is transmitted via the sensory neurone and then across a synapse to the interneurone in the grey matter of spinal cord.

From the interneurone, the impulse crosses a synapse again to the motor neurone.

The motor neurone sends the impulse to the effector organ, which is the biceps. The biceps contract and the hand withdraw from the hot object.

2. Reflex arc for the knee-jerk response .When the tendon below the kneecap is tapped by a rubber-headed hammer, the quadriceps (thigh muscles) are stretched.The stretching stimulates the stretch receptors in the quadriceps to produce a nerve impulse.The nerve impulse is transmitted via the sensory neurone to the spinal cord.Within the grey matter of spinal cord, the nerve impulse crosses a synapse to the motor neurone. When the impulse arrive at the quadriceps, the quadriceps contract, jerking leg forward

Tan Boon Leong 5S2

2020-06-25 20:12:03 UTC

Endocrine System
The need of the endocrine system.The endocrine system complements the nervous system in maintaining homeostasis.The human endocrine system.The human endocrine system comprises glands that contain hormone-secreting cells.Hormones which are no longer useful are neutralized by the liver and excreted by the kidneys.

Organs which certain hormones act upon are called target organs.A hormone may have a few target organs.

Tan Boon Leong 5S2

2020-06-25 20:18:55 UTC

Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
TYPE OF REPRODUCTION

1. There are two types of reproduction:

(a) Asexual reproduction:

involves only one parent

does not involve gamete
(b) Sexual reproduction,involves two parents from the same species but with different sexes.Both parents produce gametes for fertilisation.