6.10 by NEALA M ROONEY

The Expanding Middle Class

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Middle Class workers were salaried workers who's jobs did not entail physical labor. These everyday Americans were the middle management, they coordinated work between CEO's and the factory workers.

The Gospel of Wealth

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The Gospel of Wealth, a belief originated from Andrew Carnegie, claimed the wealthy were responsible to participate in civil philanthropy efforts benefiting society.

Working Women

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Working women continued to be uncommon in the Gilded Age. Only 5% of married women held jobs outside of their households. The common belief was women should be at home raising children. However, those with opportunities for higher education became doctors, lawyers, and college teachers. The less fortunate worked in textile, garment, and food factories.

Impact of Income on Urban Development

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Wealthy and middle-class Americans moved to suburbs rather than unsanitary cites. Disease, crime, waste, water and air pollution, began to rot cities. These factors encouraged migration to newly forming suburbs.

Changes in Education

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Educational improvements ranged from public education to college level. Compulsory education laws that required children to attend school caused the 90% literacy rate in America by 1900. College education also became more accessible, the Morrill Acts of 1862+1890 gave states land to establish colleges. State colleges were affordable for middle class Americans and increased the number of enrolled students to over 600,000 by 1920.

Growth in Popular Culture

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Amusement shows, music, and sports grew in popularity due to middle class Americans increased leisure time. Barnum and Bailey's traveling circus used railroads to move various acts and animals across the country. Spectator Sports including baseball, football, and basketball gained popularity.

Philanthropy

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An idea made popular by Andrew Carnegie, a charitable act of giving that improves the well-being of others. This was commonly in the form of donating money.

"City Beautiful" movement

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The 1890s movement planning to remake urban America with tree lined streets, public parks, and public cultural attractions. This movement was a solution for the growing problems of disease, crime, waste, water and air pollution in the cities.

W.E.B. Du Bois

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Used statistics to analyze crime in urban neighborhoods. He was the first African American from Harvard to receive a doctorate. Du Bois used his platform to advocate for racial equality, integration of schools, and access to higher education.

Clarence Darrow

217570_5 — 2024-02-09 18:54:35 UTC

A lawyer who argued criminal behavior could be provoked based on a person's environment, living in poverty, facing neglect, and abuse. This belief contradicts the old belief that people are born as criminals or chose to become one.

Spectator Sports

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Originating in the late 1900s, spectator sports such as baseball, football, and basketball grew popular. Spectator sports appealed to middle class Americans, and traditions such as the first presidential pitch of the season began to form.

Andrew Carnegie

217570_5 — 2024-02-12 01:24:51 UTC

Andrew Carnegie was well known for his wealth in the steel industry. However, Carnegie believed in philanthropy, spreading the wealth to better society. His "Gospel of Wealth" was a unique idea of his time.

John D. Rockefeller

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Rockefeller was the wealthy founder of Standard Oil. He used his wealth to start the University of Chicago and other acts of philanthropy.

Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890

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The Morrill Acts were a series of land grants to states to establish colleges. State run colleges formed by the grants were affordable to the middle class and were used for important research.

Wild West Show

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The Wild West show by William Cody became a highlight of American entertainment. The show headlined personalities such as Sitting Bull and Annie Oakley.

Joseph Pulitzer

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Pulitzer was well known for "New York World" the first newspaper to exceed a million papers in circulation. His newspaper stories ranged from crimes and disasters to political and economic corruption.

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1890s- "City Beautiful" Movement

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1900- 1 of 5 women were in the labor force

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1920- College education grew from 50,000 to 600,000 students

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1920s- professional sport leagues such as football, baseball and basketball were organized

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1900- 71% of colleges accepted women, who made up more than 1/3 of college students.

Primary Source 1

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William T. Sherman on the Western Railroads- This discusses a letter form General William Tecumseh Sherman to David Douty Colton in September 1878. Sherman talks about the construction of a "first class steel railroad across the Great Desert" this enhanced trade and relations with Mexico, and served as a "great civilizer."

Primary Source 2

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The struggle for married women's rights, circa 1880s- The letter explains the mistreatment of married women, highlighting societal norms allowing men to abuse women with impunity. This shows concerns about the struggles for women's rights within marriages.

Primary Source 3

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Anti-Corporate Cartoon, ca. 1900