Relevance to English Language Learners: The comprehension of syntax is critical for ESL learners because it helps them comprehend and construct grammatically correct sentences (Cummins, 2001). It allows them to express their ideas in a way that is understandable and efficient while also allowing them to understand the structure of research texts.

Sentence Analysis: Pick appropriate academic material for students and have them analyze its sentence structures. Recognizing the parts of each sentence, like subject, verb, object, and modifier, is something that students can do. By providing lower proficiency students with sentence structure charts or frames, their ability to differentiate can be improved.

Website Link: Storybird Explanation: The Storybird website allows students to craft compelling digital stories with varied sentence structures and choose from existing sentence templates provided by the website or craft one's original sentences that cater well to ELLs at various stages in learning. Providing a visually engaging and interactive platform for practicing syntax helps ELLs with language development. Link: https://storybird.com/

Relevance to English Language Learners: With a solid understanding of semantics by ELLs, they may be able to comprehend language and use vocabulary with accuracy (Alsayed, 2020). Academic learning and effective communication require understanding the meaning of words within their contexts.

Semantic Mapping: Students will develop better learning comprehension by building a semantic map based on their content area topic selection. Additionally, it may be necessary to simplify differentiation for less proficient students by offering them sentence frames or word banks.

Website Link: Sentence Shift: With the help of the Sentence Shift page, students can investigate word meanings and their relationships; entering a word or text enables the website to generate a visual display of related words, which supports semantic understanding. Facilitating the association of words and expanding vocabularies are ways in which this activity supports ELLs. Link: https://magoosh.com/toefl/sentence-shift-for-esl-students-part-3-shifts-in-meaning/#:~:text=Sentence%20shift%20happens%20when%20there,to%20the%20GRE%20Verbal%20section.

Relevance to English Language Learners: Understanding pragmatics plays a significant role in developing practical communication skills and social cue recognition for ELLs (Firas, 2015). Being able to interpret and produce language fittingly according to the context helps advance one's capacity for academic learning and linguistic development.

Discussion Circles: Engage pupils in structured group conversations on different themes while directing them towards employing appropriate language and considering the social context. Additionally, providing sentence frames and visual prompts can support the learning of lower-proficiency students.

Website Link: Culture Crossing Explanation: The Culture Crossing site is where you can find details about navigating different cultures' communication practices and social norms, and by exploring this website's content, ELLs can discover the influence of cultural context on linguistic patterns. This activity aims to aid ELLs in grasping the importance of using pragmatics to communicate effectively. Link: https://www.onestopenglish.com/methodology-the-world-of-elt/crossing-cultures/155771.article

Resource: "Vocabulary, Semantics and Language Education" by Evelyn Hatch and Cheryl Brown

Resource: "Pragmatics in Language Teaching" by Kenneth R. Rose

Resource: "Developing Academic Literacy Skills in ELLs" (video) by Colorín Colorado

Resource: "Supporting ELLs in the Mainstream Classroom: Reading Instruction" by Portland Public Schools.