Native American Equity- Group 1 by Terra Cahill

Art plays a role in community connections and gives a sense of shared humanity.

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American Indians of the Southwest began making functional pottery at least 2,000 years ago. The skills needed to make these vessels passed from generation to generation, a continuing tradition.

1856-1942

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Hopi Tribal Pottery

2005

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Diego Romero
This bowl shows imagery of the strong political injustice. Natives still feel it is relevant to portray in their artwork.

Yup'ik Mask.

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Bridging the Gap

Video: Caitlin Mahony consults with Chuna McIntyre, a Yup'ik dancer, on her approach to the conservation.

Shanti Parks Interview

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Her recored experience after visiting basket exhibit.

https://www.saatchiart.com/shantiparks

Helen Hardin

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Artist Helen Hardin of Santa Clara Pueblo in New Mexico (Tewa name: Tsa-sah-wee-eh, or “Little Standing Spruce,” 1943–1984) emerged in the 70s & 80s as a trailblazing example for Native American artists wishing to break from tradition.
Throughout her life, Hardin was faced with cultural challenges created by having a mixed-race background, and she often felt the dualism of living in both worlds.

According to the laws and traditions of that time, Hardin was rejected by the Santa Clara Pueblo elders and forbidden to partake in the traditions of her mother’s culture. She also experienced art-world opposition to the fact that she was both a Native artist and a woman.

Cultural Influence

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The artwork produced traditionally was for a function, such as Baskets, blankets, clothing. In the mid 1900's art Native American was being produced for the sole purpose of having expressional artwork. The elders of the tribes frowned upon this new movement and many artists were discouraged and shunned for their personal independence outside their cultural and religious beliefs. These artists had a late start in the art world as we imagine it today. Many Native artists find it is easier to find space for their artwork at a gallery that is for Native American art as a whole, rather than as an artist.

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References

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Urban, W., Wagoner, J. and Gaither, M., 2019. American Education. 6th ed. New York: Routledge.

Romero, D., 2005. A True Tale. [Ceramic].

Hardin. H. 1980. The Messenger From the Sun. [Etching].

Parks, S., 2021. Current Exhibitions | Crocker Art Museum. [online] Crocker Art Museum. Available at: [Accessed 21 May 2021].

https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nagpra/index.htm

Colwell, C., 2021. Native American Art Hasn’t changed, But Museums Have. Apollo, [online] Available at: [Accessed 28 May 2021].

https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2018/art-of-native-america-diker-collection

Helen Hardin - 1980

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hmkruse — 2021-05-27 11:21:29 UTC

Native American children received their education early on at home. Children had to master certain skills and gain specific understanding before they could be accepted as mature members of the tribal society.

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Native American children must have knowledge of the land and knowledge of the tribal traditions to be mature members of the tribal society. They learned these through daily life and also through deliberate teachings.

Teachers

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The immediate family, extended family, and the entire tribe served as teachers. Knowledge was passed from generation to generation. Education was not separate from life. Education was life.

Storytelling

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Traditions were learned from storytelling. Mature members of the tribal society told stories that were passed on for generations.

1819 Mission Schools

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The Indian Civilization Act was passed. This authorized funds to groups who were willing to live among and teach the Indians. This led many to found mission schools. Some still operate today.

Carlisle Indian Industrial School 1879

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The Carlisle Indian Industrial School was the first off-reservation boarding school. The boarding schools offered half day academics and half day vocational programs. They were often run like military schools.

Army Capt. Richard Henry Pratt

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Richard Henry Pratt was the Carlisle School's founder. His goal was to civilize them through total cultural assimilation. In a speech he said "Kill the Indian in him, and save the man."

Children outside the Carlisle School right after arriving

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The same children four months later

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The Indian New Deal 1934

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This law was developed to help conserve and develop land as well as extend the right to form business and other organizations.

The Johnson O'Malley Act 1934

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This act subsidized education, medical attention, and other services provided by states or territories with Native Americans living within their borders.

Rough Rock Demonstration School

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This school opened in 1966 in the Navajo Nation in Arizona as the first Indian-controlled school in modern times.

Navajo Community College

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In 1968 the first tribal college was founded.

Language Revitalization Act 1990

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Congress passed this act declaring a federal policy to preserve, protect, and promote the rights and freedoms of Native Americans to use, practice, and develop their language.

BIE Schools Today

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Bureau of Indian Education schools still run today in the United States. As of 2013 there were 183 BIE schools.

References

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Urban, W., Wagoner, J. and Gaither, M. 2019. American Education. 6th ed. New York: Routledge

1776-1926: Native American Education History - Partnership With Native Americans. 1776-1926 | Native American Education History - Partnership With Native Americans. (n.d.). http://www.nativepartnership.org/site/PageServer?pagename=PWNA_native_history_1776.

1819-2013: A History of American Indian Education. Education Week. (2020, November 23). https://www.edweek.org/leadership/1819-2013-a-history-of-american-indian-education/2013/12.

Brianna Schemehorn : Overview

petranekr — 2021-05-27 20:59:36 UTC

Brianna, or Bri for short, is a friend of mine from when I was serving tables back in high school! She has been a huge part of my life, influencing me to challenge perspectives in more way than one. Mother of 2, Bri is 80% Native American, with her parents being of Cherokee decent.
I wanted to share some highlights that Bri shared with me about our current educational system and her perspectives and experiences.

Bri and I :

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Here's a picture of Bri and I when we first became friends back in 2014!

Native American Students: Are They Invisible?

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- The school system has failed the Native American student of today
- An article in the New York Times goes into detail about a specific school in Wolf Point Montana.
- Ruth Fourstar is a student at the local high school and has experienced a lot of neglect regarding her individualized education plan.
- Her plan was designed to help her keep up and prepare for college, but instead, it was just a discipline plan.
- Native American youth experience neglect throughout US schools. When looking at the achievement gap for education, Native American youth is often overlooked.
- In result of this neglect, Native American youth have the highest rate of suicide compared to white youth, with a rate of 23 per 10,000 as compared to 15 per 10,000 for white students.
- Obama even declared Native American Youths to be in a "state of emergency"
- Then, in 2017, The Tribal Executive Board of Fork Peck filed a civil rights complaint, and asked the board to investigate the tribe neat West Point, Montana, and the school's discrimination of Native students
- The tribes' civil rights complaint states: “The district not only demonstrates indifference to but actually inflames Native students’ vulnerability to self-harm."
- Rob Osborne, the superintendent, wants no involvement with the Native American population at his school.
“I’m not going to get into this Native American thing,” he said. “All I’m trying to do is make sure all our kids have a quality education. And is there some discontent up there? Yeah, probably.” ~ Rob Osborne
- Osborne is like many others in our country, neglecting the rights of the Native American Youth and their needs and accommodations in the classroom.

The Statistics:

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- White students are twice as likely as Native American students to take an Advanced Placement class
- Native American youths are over twice as likely to be suspended
- Native Americans score lower on all national demographic tests
- And only 72% of Native American youths are likely to graduate. The lowest of any demographic group!

The Interview with Bri:

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References:

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Green, E. L., Waldman, A., & Flanagan, A. (2018, December 28). 'I Feel Invisible': Native Students Languish in Public Schools. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/28/us/native-american-education.html.

The Issue of Native American Education System Failure. The Red Road. (n.d.). https://theredroad.org/issues/native-american-education/.

telesurenglish. (2016, October 13). How The US Suppressed Native American Identity. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFAQBUCNEtg.

The Major Issues:

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- Native American schools are not run by the tribe, they are run by the federal government. Therefore, these schools are teaching deficit curriculum about Native language, history, art, and more.
- For students who attend public schools, their culture is overlooked, and many times, these students are misunderstood in their culture, receiving racist comments and harsh bullying
- There is a lack of skilled teachers to teach at an all Native school
- Lack of funding, which affects native and public schools alike
- Lack of updated technology : 60% of Native Americans lag behind our 21st century standards of technology
- Native schools are in disarray and in need of desperate repairs

Video On The Native American Suppression

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Introduction:

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- Terra Cahill

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The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act passed in 1990

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This act is considered to be one of the most important legislations in the history of the relationship between Native Americans and the US federal government. This provides Native American people and tribes with the right to recover and exercise control over
various cultural items. This is a huge advancement between the Native Americans and museums that held artifacts as their own.

NAGPRA & Art Museums

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Although the law is not perfect, it led museums to acknowledge the necessity of consultation with Native communities. That in turn 28 resulted in increased collaborations for other purposes, such as increased inclusion of indigenous perspective in exhibits and collaborations between mainstream museums and an increasing number of tribal museums and cultural centers. Many Native American Nations now have their own museums to present their views of their culture and history. Many of these tribal museums also function as educational centers for Native American youth.
Museums are now presenting collections very differently. Some museums focus on celebrating the extensive history of the Native Americans and the living Native cultures of today. The communities represented in its exhibits are given control over how the artwork and exhibitions are portrayed.

Native American art hasn’t changed, but museums have - Chip Colwell

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"Native Americans have made art for millennia, even if the Euro-American intelligentsia could not understand it as such. The Native repertoire includes representational expressions that parallel Western traditions – 15,000 years of rock art, figurines in clay, wood, and stone. Native Americans have also developed aesthetic frameworks that suffuse every part of their societies: fashion, song, story, poetry, history, ceremony, dance, cuisine, gardening, body language, and more. Today, Native Americans know and embrace their ancient traditions. They don’t need museum curators to designate objects as beautiful and meaningful, to pronounce cultural products as Art." - Chip Colwell

This was a quote about how museums are shifting the focus from Native American Art as 'primitive' and placing art next to other western and European artwork. In many cases before, Native artwork was shown downstairs, in hallways, or stairways leading to other shows. The placement of art can be just as important as the art itself. This is significant because it shows the audience world the museums have finally started to deem Native artists equal to Euro-American artists.

Beverly Blacksheep

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Beverly is a Navajo artist and author from Window Rock, Arizona, which is located in the heart of Navajo nation. Through her stories and works, she promotes the culture and beauty of the Navajo people.

Birth - Preschool Books

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Baby Learns About Colors (By: Beverly Blacksheep)

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Baby plays outside with members of her family and learns the names of the colors around her.

Julie Fleet

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Is a Cree-Metis author, illustrator, and artist. She has won several awards for her work. She centers her work around the life and culture of Indigenous Canadians.

Wild Berries (By: Julie Fleet)

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Spend the day picking wild blueberries with Clarence and his grandmother. Meet ant, spider, and fox in a beautiful woodland landscape, the ancestral home of author and illustrator Julie Flett. This book is written in both English and Cree, in particular the n-dialect, also known as Swampy Cree from the Cumberland House area

Boozhoo: Come Play With Us (By: Deanna Himango)

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A bilingual (Ojibwe and English) book full of photographs of Fond du Lac toddlers at play. It features a classroom decorated in tribal specific works of the Chippewa culture.

Sweetest Kulu (By: Celina Kalluk)

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A bedtime poem describing the gifts given to a newborn baby by all the animals of the artic. It teaches love and respect of the land and all its animals inhabitants. Kulu is a term of endearment given to Inukitut babies and children.

Celina Kalluk

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Is a Inuktitut Language Specialist and Cultural Arts High School teacher. She is also an author, artist, and Inuit throat singer.

Early Elementary Books

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Johnny's Pheasant (By: Cheryl Minnema)

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Johnny, a Native American boy, and his grandma encounter a pheasant (which may or may not be sleeping) on their walk. This book takes a surprising turn in a series of events.

Cheryl Minnema

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She was born and raised on the Mille Lacs Reservation in Minnesota. She is an author of children's literature and poetry, and also creates Ojibwe floral beadwork and nature photography.

Hungry Johnny (By: Cheryl Minnema)

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As Johnny learns from Grandma the ways of the American Indian culture, the readers gets a deeper look inside the Ojibwe experience, the importance of multigenerational relationships, and the concept of community. This books strongly supports and SEL curriculum and the ABAR movement.

Hiawatha and the Peacemaker (By: Robbie Robertson)

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An educational and inspirational story of Hiawatha, a strong and articulate Mohawk who was chosen to translate the Peacemakers message about unity for the five warring Iroquois nations during the 14th century. This book offers insight into how the tribes unified, governed themselves, and inspired other nations to do the same.

Robbie Robertson

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Born of Cayuga and Mohawk descent, he is a musical icon turned storyteller. As part of the Iroquois oral tradition, he learned the story of Hiawatha and the Peacemaker. He now shares this same story with readers of all ages.

Greg Rodgers

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He was a Choctaw storyteller and oral performer from Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. He celebrated his Native American heritage and was a proud member of the Choctaw Nation. Majoring in and graduating with a degree in Native American studies, he went on to write three books, including the popular children's book, Chukfi Rabbit's Big Bad Bellyache.

Chukfi Rabbit's Big Bad Bellyache (By: Greg Rodgers)

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A book recognized by the AICL, is full of Choctaw heritage and culture. This children's picture book will tell the tale of Chukfi, a lazy rabbit who avoids helping his friends with a task, but still manages to enjoy the benefits of it when complete. It includes Choctaw words, Choctaw apparel, and visual clues of Choctaw story.

Cynthia Leitich Smith

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She is "a best-selling, award-winning children’s-YA writer, writing teacher, and the author-curator of the Native-centered Heartdrum imprint at HarperCollins Children’s Books." She belongs to the Muscogee Nation and lives in Austin, Texas, which is ancestral land of the Jumanos, Comanche, Sana, and Tonkawa.

Upper Elementary - Middle School Books

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Joseph Bruchac

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A native of the northeastern American Indians, he stays firmly rooted in his Native American ancestry through storytelling and writing adult and children's literature. His stories share traditional tales of the Adirondacks and the Native peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands. He and his family are actively trying to preserve the Abenaki language, culture, and traditional Native skills.

Hidden Roots (By: Joseph Bruchac)

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Through this historical fiction tale of eleven-year-old Sonny discovering his hidden roots of Native American ancestry and his family's secrets about the unjust treatment of his people in the 1930's. Through this book we learn factual information about the life and treatment of Native Americans near Vermont during the 1950’s and the forced sterilization of the Abenaki and Mohican Indian population that occurred in the 1930’s.

Michael LaCapa

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He was raised on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation in Whiteriver, Arizona. He has ethnic roots from the Tewa, Hopi, and Apache tribes. He held a Bachelor and Masters degree in Secondary Art Education and Printmaking. He used his talents to teach at the local schools, and to help develop a multicultural educational curricula for native school-aged children. He went on to become a well-known author and illustrator of numerous children's books about Native American culture and folktales.

Less Than Half, More Than Whole

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In this fictional tale about Tony, a multicultural boy, being teased by his friends that he is "not all Indian" and "less than half", Tony sets out on a quest to find meaning in who he is. Through his grandfather and an ear of Indian corn, Tony finds his answers.

Unstoppable: How Jim Thorpe and the Carlisle Indian School Defeated the Army (By: Art Coulson)

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In this nonfiction story, we hear the story of an intense football game between the Carlisle Indian Industrial School and the West Point Cadets. The Carlisle Indian's are playing on the field of "the U.S. Military Academy, home to the bigger, stronger, and better-equipped West Points Cadets. Sportswriters billed the game as a sort of rematch, pitting against each other the descendants of U.S. soldiers and American Indians who fought on the battlefield only 20 years earlier. But for lightning-fast Jim Thorpe and the other Carlisle players, that day’s game was about skill, strategy, and determination. Known for unusual formations and innovative plays, the Carlisle squad was out to prove just one thing—that it was the best football team in all the land.”

Art Coulson

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Formerly a writer and editor for newspapers and magazines across the United States, Art has since become an author of multiple children's books. Born in Honolulu as a Navy brat, he moved cross-continentally throughout his school career. However, he never lost site of his Cherokee heritage by way of his extended family members who reside on the Cherokee Nation Indian territory in Oklahoma. He still actively participates in some of the rituals and pastimes of the Cherokee Nation, though he and his family live in Minnesota.

Joseph Marshall III

marinellie — 2021-05-29 20:54:20 UTC

Born in South Dakota on the Rosebud Sioux Indian Reservation, he is an enrolled member of the Sicangu Lakota tribe. Raised traditionally by his maternal grandparents, he is skilled in the arts of storytelling and handcrafting bows and arrows. He is wilderness specialist, as well. Joseph is a former high school and college instructor, but now writes full-time. He has many published works, in the forms of novels, short stories, plays, essays, and more. He has also dabbled his feet in television documentaries and media productions.

In the Footsteps of Crazy Horse

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Set in present-day on the Rosebud Sioux Reservation, Jimmy McClean, a Lakota boy, learns about his Lakota heritage while on a trip with his grandfather, Nyles High Eagle. He learns about Crazy Horse, a prominent figure of Lakota and American History.

High School Books

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If I Ever Get Out of Here (By: Eric Gansworth)

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Lewis Blake, a gifted Native American student who attends a predominantly white high school, befriends a new student named George. The two bond over rock-and-roll music by Queen and The Beatles. The story depicts their friendship, his life on the reservation, and the challenges he faces at school. Lewis wonders if there will ever be life beyond the reservation.

Eric Gansworth

marinellie — 2021-05-30 02:56:34 UTC

He is a writer and visual artist who was raised on the Tuscarora Nation near Niagara Falls, New York. Now, an enrolled member of the Onondaga Nation, he is a professor of English and a published author of a dozen books depicting popular culture and current indigenous life. He has earned many awards and recognition for his works of art and literature.

The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-time Indian (By: Sherman Alexie)

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In this first person narrative of Sherman's own personal experiences, the main character Arnold Spirit Jr., as known as, Junior, tell of his life growing up on the Spokane Indian Reservation outside of Spokane, Washington. He decides to leave the reservation to attend and all white pubic high school where the only other Indian is the school mascot. He is determined to break away from the life he was destined to live.

Sherman Alexie

marinellie — 2021-05-30 03:31:38 UTC

He is a Native American writer and author born to Salish Indians on the Spokane Indian Reservation, just outside of Spokane, Washington. He has published numerous novels, poetry, short stories, and films on the lives of American Indians. His books spend time examining life on the reservation and the issues faced by Native Americans.

House of Purple Cedar (By: Tim Tingle)

marinellie — 2021-05-30 03:48:57 UTC

Back in time when the rural community of Skullyville in Eastern Oklahoma was the capital of Choctaw nation, 11-year-old Rose's life takes a terrifying turn. First, she escapes a fire when her boarding school for Choctaw girls, New Hope Academy, is burned. Then, she grandfather, Amafo, is assaulted by the drunken, white marshal while at a nearby train station in front of the entire city. This only deepens the division between the white settlers, Nahullos, and the Choctaw tribe. Other small town happenings and mystical realism take the community, and the reader, on a ride as they learn the art of forgiveness, love, patience, and resilience.

Tim Tingle

marinellie — 2021-05-30 03:50:22 UTC

An Oklahoma Choctaw storyteller and an award-winning author, shares compelling stories of his family's heart-wrenching history. From his grandfather's experience of walking the Trail of Tears, to his grandmother being forced to attend Indian boarding schools in the 1900's, we learn how his homeland and tribal elders were impacted then and some of the effects that still remain today.

Dreaming in Indian: Contemporary Native American Voices

marinellie — 2021-05-30 04:09:37 UTC

A collection of articles and art from emerging and established Native artists, writers, photographers, and graphic designers that share thoughtful and heartfelt pieces on their experiences of growing up Indigenous. We learn more about the effect of residential schools, bullies, and uniformity on their lives, yet also hear their hopes and dreams for the future.

Lisa Charleyboy

marinellie — 2021-05-30 04:11:54 UTC

She is native to Canada, who comes from a mixed race background of Tsilhqot’in, Mexican, Cherokee and Dutch. She was not raised in her First Nations (Tsilhqot'in) family, but has since embraced her heritage and is learning more about it each day. She is well-known blogger, author, journalist, and advocate of aboriginal rights. She is the Co-founder of a lifestyle magazine dedicated to inspire Indigenous youth. Through her works, we get a firsthand look at current day Native issues, pop-culture, and politics.

The Lesser Blessed (By: Richard Van Camp)

marinellie — 2021-05-30 04:15:24 UTC

In this fictional, coming of age story, Van Camp details the adventures of Larry Sole, a Dogrib teenager, and Johnny Beck, a suave antagonist who disrupts Larry’s world. Johnny and Larry, along with several other teens, revel in outrageous shenanigans in the small town of Fort Simmer, a fictional place that mirrors Van Camp’s real hometown.

Richard VanCamp

marinellie — 2021-05-30 04:16:36 UTC

Born into the Dene Nation from Fort Smith, Northwest Territories in Canada, he is a Dogrib storyteller, writer, and best selling author. He has published numerous short stories, baby books, children's books, comics, and much more.

Resources

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Urban, W., Wagoner, J. and Gaither, M. 2019. American Education. 6th ed. New York: Routledge

Home. Blacksheep Originals. (n.d.). https://www.beverlyblacksheep.com/.

Books. Julie Flett. (n.d.). https://www.julieflett.com/books.

Bratulich, J. (2020, September 3). An interview with local author, Cheryl Minnema. AMAZEworks. https://www.amazeworks.org/an-interview-with-local-author-cheryl-minnema/.

- Cynthia Leitich Smith. Cynthia Leitich Smith. (2021, May 22). https://cynthialeitichsmith.com/.

Joseph Bruchac Home Page: Author biography, published works, performance schedule, multimedia videos, music and poetry. (n.d.). https://www.josephbruchac.com/.

Shuffling Toward the Nightland. (n.d.). https://artcoulson.com/.

Eric Gansworth. ericgansworth. (n.d.). https://www.ericgansworth.com/.

Author. Tim Tingle. (n.d.). http://www.timtingle.com/.

Richard Van Camp. (n.d.). https://richardvancamp.com/.

-Erika Marinelli

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-Erika Marinelli

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Resources

marinellie — 2021-05-30 13:48:18 UTC

Urban, W., Wagoner, J. and Gaither, M. 2019. American Education. 6th ed. New York: Routledge

First Nations Development Institute. (n.d.). Native American Children's Literature Recommended Reading List. https://www.firstnations.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Revised_Book_Insert_Web_Version_March_2018.pdf.

#Ownvoices: Kids Books by Indigenous Authors and Illustrators. The Seattle Public Library. (n.d.). https://seattle.bibliocommons.com/list/share/606674457/725561467.

Colours of Us. (2020, November 20). 75+ Native American Children's Books. Colours of Us. https://coloursofus.com/32-native-american-childrens-books/.

Best Books. American Indians in Children's Literature (AICL). (n.d.). https://americanindiansinchildrensliterature.blogspot.com/p/best-books.html.

Native American Authors and Illustrators: Picture Books. Cynthia Leitich Smith. (2021, May 22). https://cynthialeitichsmith.com/lit-resources/read/diversity/native-am/nat-lit/native_lit_picbooks/.

-Heather Kruse

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-Rachael Petranek

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Museums

tcahill13 — 2021-05-31 01:50:29 UTC

Museums can set the tone for how art is perceived and portrayed for the audience.
Museums are consulting with Natives to know how to preserve and where to put artwork within collections. They are stepping away from the stigma of primitive labeling and recognizing Native American art as beautiful, powerful art without the negative connotations.