Establishment of the Danelaw

Promotion of scholarship, monastries

Unable to organise resistance against the Danes --> that is where the nickname came from

Defeated by Sweyn Forkbeard

King of England, Norway and Denmark

Son of Sweyn Forkbeard

3rd son of Henry II

He was the leading Christian commander during the Third Crusade

4th child of Henry II

Magna Carta (reinstated rights of his subjects)

Defeat of Llewelyn ap Gruffyd (Welsh chieftains)

Created son --> the Prince of Wales

Defeat of William Wallace (Guardian of Scotland)

Scotorum Malleus = Hammer of the Scots

His ambition plunged England into the Hundred Years War (1337 - 1453)

Takes the French throne as well

His son Edward, was called the Black Prince, wins major victories

Son of the Black Prince

Deposed by Henry IV

House of Lancaster

Marries Elizabeth (York) --> unites houses

Economic prosperity and stability

Writes a tract against Lutheranism --> is granted the title of Fidei Defensor by the Pope

Appoints Cardinal Thomas Wolsey as Lord Chancellor

Spends money and energy on expensive foreign campaigns to regain France

Had 6 wives

• “Divorced, Beheaded, Died: Divorced, Beheaded, Survived”

Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour

Ascends throne at 9

Lord Protector: (1) the Duke of Somerset; (2) the Duke of Northumberland

Protestant

Introduces the Book of Common Prayer instead of Latin mass

Dies from a respiratory infection at the age of 15

Nominates Lady Jane Grey, who reigned for 9 days, his successor to avoid Catholic succession

Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon

Rebels and takes the throne

Executes Lady Jane Grey as well as the Duke of Northumberland

Reintroduces Catholicism as the state religion

Burns 300 Protestants, including Thomas Cranmer; earns the nickname of ‘Bloody Mary’

Marries Philip II of Spain

Ovary cancer, phantom pregnancy --> fails to bear living children

Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn

Executes Mary Queen of Scots (r. 1542 - 1567) after 18 years imprisonment

Return to moderate Protestantism

Period of relative stability

Supported protestant rebels --> The Spanish Armada

Elizabeth gives a speech at Tilbury (1588)

Sir Walter Raleigh: favourite of the Queen

Son of Mary Stuart Queen of Scots

1603: The personal union of the English and Scottish crowns

The Gunpowder Plot (5 November 1605) --> plot to blow up Parliament when the King was there

• Guy Fawkes is burned every year

Issued the Authorized Version of the Bible (KJV, 1611)

Ruled without Parliament between 1610 and 1621

Rebuild Inigo Jones's Banqueting House, Whitehall (neoclassical style)

3 children

• Henry, Prince of Wales (Died of illness at 18)

• Elizabeth Stuart, Electress of the Palatinate and Queen of Bohemia

• Charles I, King of England, Scotland and Ireland 

Son of James I

Rules without Parliament for more than a decade, 1629 - 1640

Tolerates Catholics

Associated with Arminianism

Pleases no-one

Tries to impose the Common Book of Prayer on the Scots causing riots in 1640

Disagreements with Parliamentarians -->Charles marches into the House of Commons in to arrest opponents --> they flee to safety (1642)

Imprisoned after losing the First Civil War (1642 – 1646) --> charged with high treason (negotiated with the Scots) --> beheaded in front of Banqueting House (symbol father's power)

Defeats the Scottish-Royalist alliance, during Second Civil War, at the Battle of Preston (August 1648)

Declared Britain a republic "The Commonwealth"

Religious freedom is guaranteed, but theatres

remain closed

Dies in 1658

Son of Charles I

Asked to come back from France by the Parliament

14 children yet no legitimate heir

3 Catastrophes during his reign:

• The Great Plague in 1665

• The Great Fire of London in 1666

• The Second Anglo-Dutch War 1665-1668

1679-81: Parliamentary attempts to ‘exclude’ brother James from crown

Charles’s response --> to dissolve parliament

Younger brother of Charles II

Fear of ‘popery’ and absolute Catholic monarchs such as

Louis XIV, King of France

Actively championed the right of Catholics to hold public

office and serve as officers in the military

Surrounded himself with Catholic advisors

Has a son -->James Edward Stuart 1688

'Loses' The Glorious Revolution --> flees to France

William was married to Mary, James II’s Protestant daughter

Lead the Glorious Revolution

The Bill of Rights (1689) gives Parliament

supreme power in matters of taxation,

excludes Catholics from ascending to the

English throne

Mary II dies in 1694

2nd daughter of James II

The War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1714)

• Various French and Spanish colonial territories acquired by the British

Acts of Union (1707) establish the Kingdom of Great Britain

No surviving children (Sophia died before Anne) --> under the Act of Settlement the throne passes to George I, Prince-Elector of Hanover (Son of Sophia)

Son of Sophia (great-grandson of James I)

‘Georgian’ --> an elegant style of architecture and decorations strongly influenced by the buildings of the ancient Romans and Greeks

Only son of George I

Was fairly content to leave the government largely in the hands of his ministers

Tried to still rule as much as he could, now that the monarch’s powers were greatly reduced

He tried to rule through the ‘King’s friends’, but that soon led him into difficulties

Died in 1820 after suffering from mental illness

Took over in 1811 as a regent --> due to George III not being fully mentally fit to reign

Only fully gained the throne after George III’s death in 1820

Big supporter of the arts in architecture, literature and paintings.

Commissioned John Nash to build Buckingham Palace, but it was only finished long after king George IV was dead

Brother of George IV

Riots about working conditions (e.g. strong punishments for breaking down the machines)

Father is 4th son of George III

Does not inherit the Hanoverian throne because of Salic law

Tutored by the Whig Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne

Marries Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (her first cousin)

Becomes a paragon of family virtues

Her reign of 63 years and seven months was longer than that of any previous British monarch

Was granted the title of Empress of India (1877)

Though Queen Victoria started reigning only in 1837, the entire 19^th century is often called “the Victorian Era”

Eldest son of Queen Victoria