https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u Made with a stroke of good luck en-us 2017-09-28 05:23:09 UTC 2017-09-28 05:46:31 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191933886 Antibiotics product antibodies that inhibit the reproduction of bacteria

After several generations the bacteria may develop mutations that prevent the antibodies from inhibiting the reproduction and begin to reproduce at an exponential rate due to no competition for the needs for survival


]]> 2017-09-28 05:24:54 UTC https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191933886 nee_shiva https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191933887 a. antibiotics (are chemicals) used to treat bacterial diseases;
 b. within populations, bacteria vary in their (genetic) resistance to antibiotics/fitness;
 c. resistance arises by (random) gene mutation;
 d. when antibiotics are used antibiotic-sensitive bacteria are killed;
 e. (natural) selection favours those with resistance;
 f. resistant bacteria survive, reproduce and spread the gene / increase allele frequency of resistant bacteria;
 g. the more an antibiotic is used, the more bacterial resistance/the larger the population of antibiotic-resistant bacteria;
 h. genes can be transferred to other bacteria by plasmids;
 i. doctors/vets use different antibiotics but resistance develops to these as well;
 j. multiple-antibiotic resistant bacteria evolve/it becomes difficult to treat some infections; ]]> 2017-09-28 05:24:55 UTC https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191933887 rheanna_sampayo https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191933901 Bacteria have antigens present on their surface. Their reproduction is inhibited by antibodies. Through genetic mutations, various strains of bacteria are produced. Due to the human body' immune system, antibodies are created to destroy the antigens produced by these bacteria. However, the antibodies may not be able to kill certain bacteria that may be given the advantage to reproduce and infect the body cells. Since the other strains of bacteria were destroyed, these new mutated bacteria strains have no competition for space or food or mating, allowing them to be naturally selected to pass on the gene. Over the generation of bacteria, they develop a resistance to the bacteria and reproduce. Through medical development, doctors are able to create new antibiotics that can kill these bacteria however through mutation, certain bacteria can resist]]> 2017-09-28 05:25:05 UTC https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191933901 https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191933907 - antibiotics inhibit bacterial reproduction by producing antibodies that bind to antigens on bacteria
- however, when bacteria reproduces, there is a chance of mutation. 
- the mutated bacteria develops a resistance to the antibiotic and survives and reproduces.]]> 2017-09-28 05:25:06 UTC https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191933907 ddavina400 https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191933908 - Antibiotic resistance is a type of drug resistance, in which antibiotics serves to prevent bacteria production 
- The antibiotic resistance is the ability of the bacteria and other microorganisms to resist the effects of antibiotics to which they were once sensitive to ]]> 2017-09-28 05:25:06 UTC https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191933908 tiffanytanwt0215 https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191933911 - antibiotics inhibit the growth of bacteria by producing antibodies
- natural selection
- same type of bacteria at the start
- mutation occurs which causes one bacterium to be resistant to antibiotics
- survival of the fittest
- the antibiotic resistant bacteria have a higher chance to survive and those who do not die
- those antibiotic resistant bacteria reproduce and more antibiotic resistant bacteria
- ]]> 2017-09-28 05:25:10 UTC https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191933911 https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191933916 the purpose of antibiotics is to protect the cells in a body by producing antibodies to inhibit the reproduction of bacteria.
the bacteria that are resistant to the specific antibodies are now better able to survive and reproduce from the decreased competition as the other bacteria that is not resistant are now eliminated. 
these bacteria are naturally selected and will multiply at an exponential rate. over long periods of time, some bacteria]]> 2017-09-28 05:25:12 UTC https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191933916 https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191933929 Bacteria initially produce antigens which can be inhibited by the antibodies on the lymphocytes and phagocytes. However, when there are much more bacterial cells than immune cells, immunity is required from antibiotics. Antibiotics resists bacteria and inhibits its growth in most cases.

However, few bacterial cells develop a mutation over several generations and numerous stages which has no complementary antibody from antibiotics or the body immune system. This allows the newly mutated bacterial cell to reproduce asexually at an exponential rate, as there are no competitors.

But by the time an antibiotic is developed, another mutation would have occurred, resulting in a new resistant bacteria]]> 2017-09-28 05:25:19 UTC https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191933929 liu_kano0721 https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191933972 New antibiotic invested causes environment change which kills majority of bacterial. some bacteria mutated and antibody can not inhibit those bacteria. Therefore those mutated bacteria survived. As there is no other bacteria compete resources with mutated bacteria, the population of mutated bacteria grows rapidly. when the population of new bacteria becomes the majority, the antibiotic will not work to the bacteria anymore. therefore the bacteria has resistance to the antibiotic.]]> 2017-09-28 05:25:43 UTC https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191933972 https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191933975 - antibiotics act as an inhibitor in the production of bacteria
- It is an example of evolution
- when you eat an antibiotic, only the bacteria that is resistance to the bacteria will be present as they multiply and grow in population 
- thus, only ]]> 2017-09-28 05:25:44 UTC https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191933975 https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191933986 Antibiotic inhibit certain metabolic activity that caused them to die.
Mutation allows bacteria to have variation among individuals and certain few individual will possess the gene that contribute to its antibiotic resistance. 
This will help them survive from antibiotic because they are most adapted to antibiotic environment.
They will rapidly reproduce because there is no longer other bacteria of the same species competing for resources.
The antibiotic resistance, a heritable characteristic will be passed to other bacterias.
When the survived bacteria replicates themselves, the entire population gains bacterial resistance.]]> 2017-09-28 05:25:49 UTC https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191933986 choimjjun https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191933987  antibodies bind to the pathogen and release a chemical to attract the phagocytic cells 

when bacteria reproduce, there is a small chance that they might mutate]]> 2017-09-28 05:25:50 UTC https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191933987 https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191934003 Antibiotics work to treat bacteria
After a while the bacteria may be mutated and developed a resistance from the antibiotics. They then will survive and reproduce more. So we require an even stronger antibiotic to kill off the bacteria]]> 2017-09-28 05:26:08 UTC https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191934003 https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191934009 - Antibiotics Attack foreign bacteria
- The antibiotics produce antibodies which inhibit the cell
- The bacteria starts to mutate and becomes immune, which causes the antibiotics to be ineffective (Natural selection)
- The bacteria will continue to reproduce as it has no need to compete for resources
- Scientists research on the specific mutation in order to produce more antibiotics
- By then, the bacteria has mutated and grown exponentially, again causing the new antibiotics to be ineffective]]> 2017-09-28 05:26:13 UTC https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191934009 https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191934037 Antibiotics produce antibodies that inhibit the antigens of bacteria

At random the bacteria may develop mutations that prevent the antibodies from inhibiting the reproduction and begin to reproduce at an exponential rate due to no competition for the needs for survival.

The bacteria that have the mutation have an advantage over the antibodies and will continue to reproduce exponentially whereas the bacteria that were not able to develop the mutation will die out, due to the previous antibodies inhibiting their reproduction.
Doctors may use different antibiotics in the future but continuous mutations in the bacteria may make several resistant to new antibiotics

]]> 2017-09-28 05:26:32 UTC https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191934037 https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191934055 Antibiotic resistance in bacteria has evolved  due to the fact that the reproduction of bacteria is slowed down. 

Mutation and asexual reproduction allow bacteria to evolve with more antibiotic resistance as generations pass.]]> 2017-09-28 05:26:43 UTC https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191934055 https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191934179 antibiotics produce antibodies that could inhibit the reproduction of bacteria. Antibodies are specific to bacteria which is why once the bacteria change, the antibodies will no longer be able to work on the bacteria. ]]> 2017-09-28 05:28:13 UTC https://padlet.com/nee_shiva/a0twyay6gd9u/wish/191934179