My smart padlet by shauna https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6 en-us 2022-09-21 08:27:31 UTC 2022-10-13 18:30:42 UTC hello@padlet.com no explicit mention of money - it could be reward by other means tebbutts1 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306434746 2022-09-21 08:35:18 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306434746 Abuse of power for personal gain hussainm91 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306434798 2022-09-21 08:35:20 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306434798 definition had to mention individual, groups of police or institutional corruption tebbutts1 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306435427 2022-09-21 08:35:51 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306435427 abuse of their special trust franbailey2209 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306435429 2022-09-21 08:35:51 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306435429 abuse of police's power and breach of their role kerre31 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306438748 2022-09-21 08:36:17 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306438748 can mention that the lack of enforcing power is just as corrupt as abusing and overusing powers tebbutts1 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306439194 2022-09-21 08:36:37 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306439194 either personal or material gains kerre31 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306440869 2022-09-21 08:37:50 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306440869 challenges public trust hussainm91 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306441963 2022-09-21 08:38:34 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306441963 work with bias for or against certain groups of people eg: bias against black people, favour white people tebbutts1 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306442016 2022-09-21 08:38:36 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306442016 corruption definition: corruption can be defined as an individual, a group or an institution of people who have the special trust of the public through certain control powers granted to them, who abuse this trust through over or underuse of these powers, have biases for or against certain groups and commit such acts either for material, monetary, personal gain or otherwise tebbutts1 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306448815 2022-09-21 08:42:34 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306448815 corruption includes lack of funding, education, accountability and supervision within departments https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306457007 2022-09-21 08:48:08 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306457007 Sarah Everard case study - mentions of police corruption tebbutts1 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306535871
-       Couzens used his warrant card and handcuffs to get Sarah into his car
-       Possibly used COVID restrictions for ‘arrest’
-       Most likely that ‘he used his position as a police officer to coerce her on a wholly false pretext’
-       Significant planning and premeditation
-       Couzens was responsible for ‘significant mental and physical suffering’ of sarah before she died 
-       ‘he abused his trust’
-       ‘the police have the powers of coercion and control that are in an exceptional category’
]]> 2022-09-21 09:47:47 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306535871 Sarah Everard case study - theories tebbutts1 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306536861 -       Police culture: possibly felt empowered by and justified his means through the group chat he had with other officers that it was okay to abuse women – police have a culture of only sharing certain aspects of their lives, mental states, beliefs etc with other officers who ‘will understand what its like’ because they see and think similar things 
-       He had previous history of indecent exposure and was know by colleagues to be attracted to ‘violent sexual pornography’ – kidnapping, raping and killing sarah may have been a type of fantasy or fetish for him 
-       Self-fulfilling prophecy – ex-colleagues called him ‘the rapist’ 
]]> 2022-09-21 09:48:29 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306536861 stanleyc24 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306537823 the “few bad apples” are damaging to the reputation of those they work with as well as harmful to the trust that people have in police officers ]]> 2022-09-21 09:49:18 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306537823 Sarah Everard kerre31 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306538361 ·      Used his warrant card and handcuffs to get her into his car 
·      This crime has eroded faith in the police 
·      Abuse of his position to commit his crime 
·      Telling her she breached the restrictions of the pandemic 
·      He was responsible for significant mental and physical suffering
·      Police have powers of coercion and control which are in an exceptional category 
·      Meant to act in public interest, anything less is risking trust in law and order
]]> 2022-09-21 09:49:48 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306538361 Differential Association kerre31 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306541796 Learnt behaviour & what is expect of him partly because of the culture and the social norms between him and his friends. ]]> 2022-09-21 09:52:02 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306541796 stanleyc24 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306545904 Police culture within the met
- Reports of homophobic/racist/misogynistic comments being made by groups of officers - even though not everyone was involved in these group chats no one came forward to report it either 
- IOPC investigation found these comments to be justified as ‘jokes’ or ‘misunderstandings’
- Met Police Commissioner doesn’t mention any future reformations within the force after the Sarah Everard case - e.g officers not needing permission to take home equipment and instead it being up to “personal decision” ]]> 2022-09-21 09:55:25 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306545904 Routine Activity Theory kerre31 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306546306 Suitable Victim - In his eyes she was a woman who 'deserved' this type of abuse (conversation with his friends)
Likely Offender - Due to his role he thought he would be able to get away with the crime
Absent Guardian - She was walking home alone from her friends house ]]> 2022-09-21 09:55:46 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306546306 Sarah Everard - theories franbailey2209 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306549916 differential association (learnt behaviours) due to prolonged exposure to crime and criminals Couzens may have believe these behaviours aren't as horrific as they truly are and caused him to realise he wanted to partake in these behaviours. the group chat he was a part of which continually degraded women may have helped him disassociate that Sarah was an actual person]]> 2022-09-21 09:58:47 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306549916 Solutions kerre31 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306554246 Extensive research into people's backgrounds & personality tests
Challenge the police stereotype of 'snitches get stitches' as people were too scared to come forward before hand ]]> 2022-09-21 10:02:27 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306554246 Solutions: hussainm91 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306558131 Need of more concise vetting when first hiring a police officer
Need of longer periods of supervision in probationary periods
Need further methods of a police officers to build back trust of civilians by stopping singular police stops and more rigorous methods to prove their identification.  ]]> 2022-09-21 10:06:05 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306558131 solutions franbailey2209 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306558372 when the group chat was first discovered the people involved should have been more thoroughly looked into and checked up on regularly and made to go into mandatory therapy sessions to try and change their negative views on women. ]]> 2022-09-21 10:06:20 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306558372 Solutions: tebbutts1 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306569646
-       Extensive and thorough research into the backgrounds of recruits
-       Recruits are required to admit previous cautions and arrests, but this doesn’t always mean their removal or denial into the force – this must be changed so that no one with previous criminal charges or severe cautions can be accepted into the police
-       ‘Name and shame’ of officers who are corrupt, have abused their powers etc
-       Mandatory mental health checks of police officers, perhaps bi-monthly 
-       Better access to Whistle-blower resources 
]]> 2022-09-21 10:16:47 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306569646 Summary of points: tebbutts1 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306614105  
 
Theories & causes: 
-       Routine activity theory 
-       Police culture
-       Differential accociation
 
Solutions:
-       Vetting of recruits
-       Mental health checks of officers 
-       ‘Name and shame’
-       Whistle-blower resources 
]]> 2022-09-21 10:54:47 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2306614105 Causes of police corruption ( Abramson & Denenberg, 2021) https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2317097683 - police departments may fail to provide adequate institutionalized training to avoid police corruption, misconduct, and brutality
- lack of prosecution and accountability;
- the stress of the job and entitlement;
- individuals do not have the right to bring a lawsuit against the government;
- private litigation between police officers ]]> 2022-09-28 08:45:36 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2317097683 Causes of police corruption (Singh, 2022) https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2317100690 * Weak accountability - if officers are investigated and punished accordingly for misconduct then corruption can be reduced 
* Bribery 
* Pay dissatisfaction 
* Nepotism

ref: Singh, D. (2022) The Causes of Police Corruption and Working towards Prevention in Conflict-Stricken States. Laws, 11(5)]]> 2022-09-28 08:47:32 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2317100690 Theories to explain police corruption (Albrecht, 2017) https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2317131147 1. Drift/Neutralisation theory (Matza & Sykes) - Officers will use justifications in order to neutralise their misconduct

2. Rational choice theory (Becker)

3. Social Learning theory 

4. Trait theory - individual biological or psychological factors can predispose officers to specific misconduct (e.g. excessive use of force)

ref: Albrecht, J. F. (2017) Criminological Explanations for Police Deviance. Police Brutality, Misconduct and Corruption. 27-34.

]]> 2022-09-28 09:10:45 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2317131147 Solutions https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2317132831 - promoting professional standards of ethical integrity, human resource management, administration and accountability across the institution.
- it is important to establish a robust and transparent merit-based promotion system, based on fairness, openness, ability and performance. Policies should also be implemented to ensure regular staff rotation in high risk positions.]]> 2022-09-28 09:12:00 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2317132831 solutions - strengths tebbutts1 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2317135691 -       Government created the ‘UK anti-corruption plan’ in 2014, highlighting a 4 P’s method (pursue, prevent, protect and prepare) which aims to disrupt and prosecute people involved in corruption, prevent people engaging in it, increase general protection against it and reduce the impact of corruption 
 
- -       economic affluence means that their civil servants are adequately paid to discourage them from accepting bribes (Quah 2017). 

-       Political will is only a necessary, not a sufficient, condition; without sufficient state capacity to support political will, the latter will make little impression in the struggle to improve police behaviour (DCAF 2012) 

-       The role of civil society to find more effective ways of contributing to, stimulating and monitoring police anti-corruption efforts” (Transparency International 2012). ]]> 2022-09-28 09:14:18 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2317135691 solutions - weeknesses tebbutts1 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2317138053 While increasing salaries may reduce petty corruption among junior officials it likely does not eliminate grand corruption among senior civil servants and politicians. raising salaries alone is ineffective in solving the problem of corruption if the government lacks the political will to do so, if the anti-corruption agency is ineffective, if corrupt officials are not punished and if opportunities for corruption are not reduced (Quah 2007).

-       Menocal (2015) notes that “there is very little credible evidence regarding the effectiveness of citizen oversight agencies” and there is no evidence to determine whether external accountability mechanisms are more or less effective than internal ones.

External accountability mechanisms – human rights commissions, citizen complaint and review boards, and police auditors – are widely heralded as important instruments of police accountability (Transparency International 2012). ]]> 2022-09-28 09:16:34 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2317138053 Areas to Consider 28.9.22 ae04621 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2317411244 It is really good to see contributions from so many group members on the padlet. Make sure that you continue to discuss your individual findings as a group; other members might have solutions or ideas for things you are unsure about.
 You have come up with a few different theories that could explain Couzens' actions. In particular both the rotten apple and rotten orchard (via police culture) were mentioned. In this case, which do you think was more likely - the offender being a lone actor and an anomaly, or the culture within the police leading to the offender feeling like his actions were acceptable?
 You have also mentioned Routine Activity Theory which is an interesting one to identify. You have appropriately linked the key details of the case to the three main elements of this theory. Think about how the social/legal circumstances at the time of the case can also contribute to these.
 We had really detailed discussions about potential solutions to police corruption, focusing on prevention. One of these was ensuring police officers received mental health checks. If we did these, how often would they be carried out? What warning signs would you look for? And more importantly, how would you deal with potential issues and ensure the officers were actually fit for duty and not simply 'checking boxes'?
 We also discussed reducing the number of lone police officers on duty and potentially paring officers with members of other public services such as paramedics, social workers or volunteers from women's charities. I've included a link to a documentary series which follows the Kent Joint Response Unit, an operation involving police & paramedics working together. Could such an approach work in reducing police corruption not just in our case study, but in others? https://www.channel5.com/show/999-emergency-call-out-132e8959-f6c3-4080-b369-24137947aaa5 ]]> 2022-09-28 12:44:05 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2317411244 ae04621 https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2317444084 Definition: You gave an excellent definition including both police action AND police inaction, as well as mentioning the abuse of power and violation of special trust placed by the public in the police.

Case Study: You drew out some unique links from the case study to police corruption, including how he exploited the confusion caused by pandemic restrictions and utilised the knowledge of London he gained from his role.

Causes: I was really pleased to see you had included references in your work. The theories you applied to the case study, particularly affiliation motivation theory were unmentioned by other groups and showed a lot of effort was put in to your work.

Solutions: You provided some excellent internal solutions to police corruption. Remember to consider external solutions as well. You began to critically analyse some of your solutions. When doing your concept map, try to analyse as many as possible.]]> 2022-09-28 13:02:52 UTC https://padlet.com/tebbutts1/a0paalpoqfnu59h6/wish/2317444084