1. Penetrating TBI - "an object pierces the skull...and enters the brain tissue." "Typically damages only part of the brain."

2. Non-penetrating TBI - "an external force strong enough to move the brain within the skull. Causes include falls, motor vehicle crashes, sports injuries, etc."

   * Some injuries can cause both penetrating and non-penetrating TBI for an individual

   https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/traumatic-brain-injury-tbi

Individualized Education Plan (IEP) - A plan that is made to help support and the needs of qualifying students to make their education more accessible. This is often done by providing accommodations for the student.

Physical:

• Dizziness

• Headache

• Fatigue

• Blurred Vision

• Insomnia

Cognitive:

• Short-term memory problems

• Long-term memory problems

• Attention deficits

• Disorganization

• Non-sequential thinking

Social/Emotional:

• Mood swings or irritability

• Anxiety

• Depression

• Restlessness

• Lack of motivation

Educational:

• Difficulty with multistep tasks

• Problems remembering routines or schedules

• Distractibility

• Difficulty with long assignments

• Difficulty with learning skills

Severe Cases -

• Balance problems

• Difficulty with gross motor skills

• May lose speech and walking abilities

https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/traumatic-brain-injury-what-know-about-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment#:~:text=A%20medical%20exam%20is%20the,scans%2C%20cannot%20detect%20all%20TBIs.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542595/#:~:text=Typical%20approaches%20to%20determining%20severity,the%20Glasgow%20Coma%20Scale%20score.

*Students with TBI typically use a general education plan with added personal accommodations.

*Students may have an IEP in order to provide them with their necessary accommodations.

https://spedsupport.tea.texas.gov/resource-library/understanding-traumatic-brain-injury/accommodations-and-strategies

https://www.cde.state.co.us/cdesped/accommodationsmanual_table_m#:~:text=Use%20pictures%2C%20photographs%2C%20visuals%20and,%E2%80%A2

The Brain Injury Association of America provides a resource center that allows individuals to select the category that they are affiliated with or would like to learn more about. One specific category is called "Being a Caregiver". This specific section of the website provides articles from other caregivers, and general articles about providing care to individuals with TBI.

https://www.biausa.org/public-affairs/media?category[]=Being%20a%20Caregiver

Resource 2: State Level

The North Carolina Department of Public Instruction provides resources for teachers to learn more about TBI and how students are supported throughout the school systems. It informs educators about the NC DPI School-Based Practice Advisory Council, which is made to supply teachers with necessary resources and individuals to reach out to in case they have questions or are looking for more information to support a student of theirs.

https://ncschoolpsychology.med.unc.edu/index.php/nctbi/

Resource 3: Local Level

Wake Med Cary Hospital provides support groups for Individuals with TBI and supports anybody, including educators, who also want to attend. People can share their personal stories and hear from others. This allows individuals to feel supported and have people to ask questions and learn information from.

https://www.wakemed.org/care-and-services/rehab-and-physical-therapy/support-groups/brain-injury-support-group

The Brain Injury Association of America provides a toll-free number called the "National Brain Injury Information Center". It allows individuals to call and ask questions and receive necessary information. This can allow parents to ask their questions and receive the support they need.

https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/directory/brain-injury-association-america#:~:text=BIAA%20offers%20a%20toll%2Dfree,injury%20and%20local%20resources%20available.

Resource 2: State Level

The Brain Injury Association of North Carolina provides parents with educational articles/resources in addition to providing locations and information of support groups all over North Carolina.

https://www.bianc.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Support-Group-List-9.16.2024.pdf

Resource 3: Local Level

Wake Med Cary Hospital provides support groups for Individuals with TBI and supports any family members who also want to attend. People can share their personal stories and hear from others. This allows individuals to feel supported and have people to ask questions and learn information from.

https://www.wakemed.org/care-and-services/rehab-and-physical-therapy/support-groups/brain-injury-support-group

Brain Injury Association of America . (2024, September 24). Brain Injury Association of America. https://www.biausa.org/

Brain Injury Association of North Carolina . (n.d.). Support Group list 7.15.2024. http://www.bianc.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Support-Group-List-7.15.2024.pdf

Brain Injury Support Group. WakeMed. (n.d.). https://www.wakemed.org/care-and-services/rehab-and-physical-therapy/support-groups/brain-injury-support-group

Commissioner, O. of the. (n.d.). Traumatic brain injury: What to know. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/traumatic-brain-injury-what-know-about-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment#:~:text=A%20medical%20exam%20is%20the,scans%2C%20cannot%20detect%20all%20TBIs.

Department of Education, C. (Ed.). (2015). Instructional accommodations for a student with a disability. CDE. https://www.cde.state.co.us/cdesped/accommodations

Makor, L. K. (Ed.). (n.d.). Traumatic Brain Injury . Psychological services in NC public schools. https://ncschoolpsychology.med.unc.edu/index.php/nctbi/

Sciences, N. A. of, Engineering, & and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Health Care Services; Committee on the Review of the Department of Veterans Affairs Examinations for Traumatic Brain Injury. (2019, April 10). Diagnosis and assessment of Traumatic Brain Injury. Evaluation of the Disability Determination Process for Traumatic Brain Injury in Veterans. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542595/#:~:text=Typical%20approaches%20to%20determining%20severity,the%20Glasgow%20Coma%20Scale%20score.

Smith, D. D., Tyler, N. C., & Skow, K. G. (n.d.). Introduction to Contemporary Special Education New Horizons (2nd ed.). Pearson .