History of SPED by Heidi Rakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj by Heidi Rakas en-us 2018-11-28 22:12:50 UTC 2024-10-24 06:14:43 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Alarmclock.png Overview heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309073743 There have been a number of events that have shaped our special education system as we know it today. Here are a few events that have done that. The first advocacy groups for SPED services started advocating for their children as far back as 1933, however the majority of larger movements began in the 1950's,

]]> 2018-11-28 22:19:26 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309073743 heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309076333 2018-11-28 22:31:19 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309076333 Timeline heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309076816 1950’s The ARC (1950)
Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)
1960’s Association for Children with Learning Disabilities
1970’s
•Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Public Law)
•Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975)
1980’s
Amendments of Education of the Handicapped Children (1986)
1990’s
•Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)
•IDEA (1990)
•Expanded in 1997
2000’s
•No Child Left Behind 
•IDEA Reauthorized (2004)
•RTI
•American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
  • Universal Design for Learning (UDL)
2010’s
•Every Student Succeeds Act (2015)
•Response to Intervention
]]> 2018-11-28 22:33:16 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309076816 heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309077377 2018-11-28 22:35:47 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309077377 Significant Changes heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309078275 Prior to the movements for equal rights, student with disabilities often did not have access to a free, public education. Parents and other advocates gave students a "voice" at the local, state, and federal level that continue to influence policy makers to create change. ]]> 2018-11-28 22:39:49 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309078275 Defined "learning disability" heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309079306 The LDA created a working definition of "learning disability" into federal law (LDA History, 2018)
One of the first education specific movements was the Learning Disabilities Association (LDA) of America (formed in 1963). The LDA defined the need for education for children with diverse needs who were often denied eduction.

Federal Legislation Passed!
The Children with Specific Learning Disabilities Act of 1969

]]> 2018-11-28 22:44:12 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309079306 Public Law: Rehabilitation Act of 1973 heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309080725 This was a huge breakthrough in SPED history. This law prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities (Section 504). With this law, if schools receive federal financial assistance, it required students with disabilities to have access to schools.]]> 2018-11-28 22:50:09 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309080725 Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975) heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309081666 •Least restrictive environment allows maximum opportunity
•Individualized education program introduced
]]> 2018-11-28 22:54:45 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309081666 Rehabilitation Act of 1973 heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309081899 Students with disabilities now have access to schools. To what extent though? 

This impacted curriculum, program access, building access, and access to activities. Meaning, students with disabilities must  be able to physically access the school, and take part in activities.

"Close to 95 percent of students with disabilities are being educated in local general education schools, and 75 percent receive either full inclusion or a combination of inclusive and pull-out resource-room services" (U.S. Department of Education, 2006). ]]> 2018-11-28 22:55:59 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309081899 Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975) heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309082450 Children with disabilities were given specific rights to an education

Children with mild disabilities were mainstreamed due to parent advocacy (Causton & Tracy Bronson, 2015).]]> 2018-11-28 22:58:35 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309082450 IDEA (1990) heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309083604 Prior to IDEA, over 4 million children with disabilities were denied appropriate access to public education; many  were denied entry into public school altogether, while others were placed in segregated classrooms, or in regular classrooms without adequate support for their special needs. (Katsiyannis, Yell, Bradley, 2001; Martin, Martin, Terman, 1996; U.S. Department of Education, 2010).
  • Focused on parental rights to be involved
  • Elaborated on inclusion of children with disabilities
2007 Reauthorization
  • School-to-work transition planning gained traction
  • Assist states to determine appropriate outcomes for students
]]> 2018-11-28 23:04:06 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309083604 IDEA's Impact on Student/Learning Outcomes heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309084224
  • Students now had access to transition services
  • Parents are required to know their rights for their students, and involved in the IEP planning process.
    • 2007 Reauthorization
    • Supports for students to follow general curriculum
    • Expectations for students was raised
    • Focus on academic outcomes & school-to-work programs for students to ensure their success after graduation was emphasized

    ]]>     2018-11-28 23:07:04 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309084224     2000's & Beyond heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309088224 Further strides are being made every day to ensure students with disabilities get the best education possible, and the best future outcome!

    IDEA Reauthorization  (2004)
    • Reiterates that special education should be designed to meet student’s “unique needs”
    • Access to general education to maximum extent possible

    Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) (2015)
    • Gives more control to states and districts to determine testing standards of students (Green, 2017). 
    • Emphasis on reducing bullying

    ]]>     2018-11-28 23:26:18 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309088224     ESSA heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309088782
  • Students with disabilities are required to be included on state/district tests--only 1% are excused from testing (Samuels, 2016)
  • Protection for students against bullying

    • ]]>     2018-11-28 23:29:07 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309088782     Response to Intervention (RTI) heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309090405 A multi-tiered system of supports for students--began gaining traction in 2004]]> 2018-11-28 23:38:14 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309090405 Change is Inevitable heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309090633 Knowing the history of SPED helps classroom teachers understand "why" certain laws are in place, and ensure they can give their students the best education possible. 
    Historically, students who receive SPED services have received their education in a self-contained classroom. Classroom teachers everywhere will need to know the laws and requirements when they have students on and IEP or 504 in their classroom. 


    ]]>     2018-11-28 23:39:26 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309090633     Push for Inclusion heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309098690 As we progress as a society, there is a push for equality and inclusion. Teachers need to understand the requirements of inclusion, and work to make their classrooms as accessible as possible. 

    When a student does not receive education services with the general population, teachers must now explain "why" and justify their choices (Esteves & Rao, 2008). ]]>     2018-11-29 00:33:48 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309098690     Teachers as Advocates for Change heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309098802 Teachers are innovative and can be an advocate for change at the local, state, and federal level. They have first hand knowledge about what works, and what does not work in the field of education, and special education. ]]> 2018-11-29 00:34:39 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309098802 heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309099145 Burney, D. (2015). The impact of reforms and interventions on K-12 education (Educational psychology collection).

    Cook, B., Landrum, T., Tankersle, B., Bateman, M., Tankersle, Melody, & Bateman, Barbara. (2014). Special education past, present, and future : Perspectives from the field (First ed., Advances in Learning and Behavioral Disabilities).
    Giordano, G. (2007). American special education : A history of early political advocacy. New York: P. Lang.

    Esteves, K. & Rao, S. (2008) https://www.naesp.org/sites/default/files/resources/1/Principal/2008/N-Oweb2.pdf
    Green, Erica L (July 7, 2017). "DeVos's Hard Line on New Education Law Surprises States". The New York Times.

    Hanauer, A. (2017). No Child Left Behind. (2017, January 31). UWIRE Text, p. 1

    Heward, W. L., Alber-Morgan, S. R., & Konrad, M. (2017). Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education (11th ed.). Boston: Pearson.

    Katsiyannis, A., Yell, M., & Bradley, R. (2001). Reflections on the 25th anniversary of the individuals with disabilities education act. Remedial and Special Education, 22, 324-334.

    Learning Disabilities Association of America (2018). History. Retrieved from https://ldaamerica.org/about-us/history/

    Martin, E., Martin, R., & Terman, D. (1996). The legislative and litigation history of special education. The Future of Children, 6, 25-39.

    Mission & Values. (2018). The ARC for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Retrieved from https://www.thearc.org/who-we-are/mission-and-values

    Sailor, W. (2009). Making RTI work : How smart schools are reforming education through schoolwide response-to-intervention (1st ed.). San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass.

    U.S. Department of Education. (2010). Thirty-five Years of Progress in Educating Children With Disabilities Through IDEA. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/osers/idea35/history/idea-35-history.pdf

    What is the Americans with Disabilities Act? (n.d.). ADA National Network. Retrieved from https://adata.org/learn-about-ada

    Samuels, Christina A. (January 6, 2016). "Special Education Community Gears Up for Advocacy". Education Week. 35: 21 – via EBSCO Host.

    ]]>     2018-11-29 00:37:09 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309099145     Response to Intervention heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309099266 A more recent change in history, has been RTI, which gained traction in 2004. 

    An overarching idea of RTI is that students begin in general education, before they receive special education services]]>     2018-11-29 00:38:02 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309099266     Universal Design for Learning heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309099299 Another change in education and special education is the UDL. The UDL helps to ensure that all students are being challenged in a way that is appropriate for them. Teachers need to understand how to implement the UDL, which is now the expected of teachers. ]]> 2018-11-29 00:38:13 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309099299 heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309100817 2018-11-29 00:46:27 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309100817 Brief History heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309100982 This link goes into more details about the history of SPED
    https://www.alleducationschools.com/blog/history-of-special-education/]]>     2018-11-29 00:47:17 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309100982     What can we learn from the history of special education? heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309101535 2018-11-29 00:49:35 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309101535 Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309103104 Equal rights for students of color. It helped to lead the way to for our understanding that everyone--no matter their race, gender, or ability level, had the right to a public education (Esteves & Rao, 2008). ]]> 2018-11-29 00:57:10 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309103104 UDL heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309103941 This is a great website that goes into more detail about creating a universal design for learning. This is the direction that our education system is heading, so teachers everywhere need to know how to make learning accessible and appropriate for everyone.
    http://www.cast.org/our-work/about-udl.html#.W_86gpNKgdU]]>     2018-11-29 01:02:14 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309103941     heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309104330 2018-11-29 01:04:32 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309104330 RTI heidirakas https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309104591 This is a great overlook of RTI, and could help teachers unfamiliar with the process understand the requirements.
    https://www.specialeducationguide.com/pre-k-12/response-to-intervention/]]>     2018-11-29 01:06:07 UTC https://padlet.com/heidirakas/9y97vucup5gj/wish/309104591