Students with TBI often use assistive technologies such as: Braille and screen readers, personalized keyboards, and motorized wheelchairs depending upon the severity of their condition. 

Smaller technologies are often used alongside cognitive impairment and memory issues, such as: large print calendars, talking clocks, checklists, small recorders, pill alert and boil alert reminders and temperature checkers.

During school, teachers can accommodate students with TBI through scheduled intervention assessment of cognitive skills. The special education department will use Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) to examine any behavioral changes related to increased impulsiveness, inappropriate emotional outbursts, aggression, and inattention. An ABC (Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence) assessment can also be used to asses the events before and after the problematic behaviour, in order to develop a preemptive plan to stop the behaviour from occurring.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can be a challenging disability for both students and teachers to approach, however with the right technologies, accommodations and applied behavioural analysis the student can succeed.

References:
https://www.brainline.org/article/classroom-interventions-students-traumatic-brain-injuries
https://www.brainline.org/article/assistive-technology-individuals-traumatic-brain-injury
https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/index.html

Examples of conditions that may qualify as OHI include asthma, epilepsy, diabetes, heart conditions, ADHD and Tourette syndrome.

To qualify for OHI under the IDEA Act, a student's health condition must result in limited strength, vitality, or alertness that affects their ability to learn or participate in educational activities. The condition must also require special education or related services to address the student's needs effectively.

Breaks and Movement - Students with ADHD may need breaks or opportunities to move throughout the day to help reduce hyperactivity and improve focus. Teachers can provide opportunities for physical activity, such as movement breaks or recess, or allow the student to stand or stretch during class.

Accommodations for Testing - Students with ADHD may need accommodations for tests, such as extended time, breaks, or a separate testing area to help reduce distractions.

Organization and Time Management Support - Students with ADHD may need additional support for organization and time management. This can include providing a daily schedule or checklist, breaking assignments into smaller tasks, or using graphic organizers.

Positive Reinforcement and Behavioral Supports - Positive reinforcement can be a powerful tool for motivating students with ADHD. Teachers can provide frequent positive feedback, rewards, or praise to help reinforce positive behaviors and reduce negative behaviors.

Accomodations that can benefit students suffering with CFS:

It's also sometimes called "dual sensory loss" or "multi-sensory impairment".
Specifics:

A deafblind person won't usually be totally deaf and totally blind, but both senses will be reduced enough to cause significant difficulties in everyday life.

These problems can occur even if hearing loss and vision loss are mild, as the senses work together and one would usually help compensate for loss of the other. [1]
Signs: 

Physical therapy is often helpful for children with delays in gross motor skills.

This can addresses fine motor skills, sensory processing and self-help issues.

Speech therapy is typically used to address problems in the areas of understanding and producing language and speech sounds.

Early childhood special education provides stimulation for early developmental skills, including play skills.

This may be needed in some children for behavioral difficulties that affect socially appropriate behaviors.

This link also explains what assistive technology is and provides an overview of the different types of assistive technology and their benefits for students with DD. These resources can be very useful for teachers and caregivers who are working with students with DD.

According to the American Foundation for the Blind, each student’s vision needs are individual to them, which can be categorized as Myopia, Amblyopia, Hyperopia etc. and it’s important that these students have access to a Certified Teacher for the Visually Impaired (TVI) and/or a Certified Orientation and Mobility Specialist (COMS) for consultation and professional input.

SceneEye 500 is a portable desktop camera with exceptionally intuitive user interface specifically designed for use with touch screen tablets. This easy to connect device magnifies the image by up to 50X making it easy for a visually impaired student to see the blackboard or any classroom presentation. Contrast feature is also adjustable to make the image even easier to read. Visually impaired students can even record the images for later viewing in class or at home, giving them a permanent study aid in what is being taught in class. This assistive device only works with Windows 7 or Windows 8.

Using Braille imposed tracing wheel, this compass from Howe Press help blind students to complete math tasks with no assistance. The point end works the same as on regular compasses, but the students are able to read the tracing wheel with their finger and make adjustments according to their needs.

With a large 7’’ display, the Olympia video magnifier is a portable device that enables visually impaired students to follow along in their textbooks and read and complete worksheets. Video magnifier features a range of magnification settings as well as a tilt screen for optimal viewing. It can be used in the classroom or at home and has no limitations in the type of text it is able to view.

Developed by Human Ware, Braille note apex note taker is a portable word processor that allows a blind or visually – impaired student to type notes in Braille and later convert them to an audio or print them out. BrailleNote offers an array of features including three USB ports and synchronization with your home computer.

The ViewPlus Max Embosser is the fastest and most versatile Desktop series braille printers. It allows the user to print anything from their home computer that has been translated into Braille. Having a versatile unit like this at home will make it easy for the parents of a blind student convert their schoolwork into readable materials.

VoiceOver is an in-built feature in iOS device that reads out everything on the screen of your phone — the icons, the menus, the features, the emails, the social media feed, as well as any Web pages loaded. It also assists users when using the keyboard so that they know exactly what they are typing. In addition, its ‘rotor’ function allows users to give a number of commands such as skim through Web pages or spellcheck documents. The built-in voice speaker can be accessed in 30 different languages, making it useful for students of any country.

Another iOS app Audible is the top favourite audio book app for the visually-impaired students. They could listen to new material or book through this app, also allow students to learn the correct phonetic sounds and pronunciation of words in the real-time. It is a great source to help students memorize material by listening and speaking along with the recorded voice .Not only this, the app remembers where you left off the last time and resumes the audio book from that point. And since it integrates with VoiceOver in iOS devices, navigating within the app is not difficult.

Besides these, parents can also take help from the following online resources:

The Blind Babies Foundations was established with a mission to provide family centered services to support children’s optimal development and access to the world. Later, in the year 2014, the foundation became a program of Junior Blind. The website provides parent education and resources including a fact sheets on CVI (also available in Japanese), ROP, retinal diseases, optic nerve hypoplasia, and albinism.

The Blind Children’s Center is a family centered organization supporting children with visual impairments. It offers a range of publications and resources including educational books, booklets and videos.

Dots for Families is designed for family members, teachers of kids with visual impairments, and others interested in promoting literacy opportunities for young children with visual impairments.

Blind/Visual Impairment: Common Assistive Technologies

The Technology Related Assistance to Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1988 described an assistive technology device as "any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities."

Assistive technologies can be "high tech" and "low tech:" from canes and lever doorknobs to voice recognition software and augmentative communication devices (speech generating devices).

Service dogs are dogs that are trained to help their owner with a specific disability. For example, dogs can be trained to pick things up, visually guide those with visual impairments, remind you to take medication, or help those with poor balance.

Various types of canes, most popularly the long cane, can help individuals who are blind or have low vision navigate with confidence.

Electronic mobility aids are devices that use ultrasonic waves to reflect off of obstacles in front of the individual to tell them what is coming in front of them. The usefulness of these devices is debated and they often need to be used in conjunction with a long cane or a service dog. Some examples include:

These assistive technologies are examples of software/devices that can help those who are blind or visually impaired read printed material or surf the web.

LARGE PRINT CALENDAR – In order for all students in a classroom keep up with day to day activities and schedules, educators should be using a large scaled wall calendar that uses both print and Braille labels. This allows for every student in the class to know what is expected on any given day. The calendar can be used to outline the curriculum for the day along with the times for special classes and activities. A visually impaired student can refer to this on their own when they have a question about what is coming up next.

SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR – Sight Enhancement Systems has developed a number of scientific calculators to assist visually impaired students with their advanced math classes. One added function is voice back, currently available in both English and Spanish. Working almost identically to your typical scientific calculator, educators will have no trouble in assisting a visually impaired student learn its functions.

SCENEEYE 500 – Also from Sight Enhancement Systems, the SceneEye 500 is a camera that easily connects to a laptop or tablet. By magnifying the image seen by up to 50X, a visually impaired student can use the device to easily see the blackboard or any classroom presentation. Contrast is also adjustable to make the image even easier to read. Visually impaired students can record the images for later viewing, giving them a permanent study aid in what is being taught in class. This assistive device only works with Windows 7 or Windows 8, but has an intuitive interface when used with a touch screen device.

BRAILLE COMPASS – Using a Braille imposed tracing wheel, this compass from Howe Press enables blind students to complete math tasks with no assistance. The point end works the same as on regular compasses, but the student is able to read the tracing wheel with their finger and make the proper adjustments.

VIDEO MAGNIFIER – With its large 7’’ display, the Olympia video magnifier enables visually impaired students to follow along in their textbooks and read and complete worksheets. The device features a range of magnification settings as well as a tilt screen for optimal viewing. Battery operated and portable, the Olympia can be used in the classroom or at home and has no limitations in the type of text it is able to view.

OVATION – Another product developed by Telesensory, the Ovation is able to read the pages of a text book and convert the words into an audio format.  Using a flatbed scanner, the Ovation is capable of reading and translating newspapers, books and magazines and immediately read it back to the user. This device could virtually eliminate the need for a blind student to purchase audio textbooks or Braille versions.

RAY PHONE – There are a number of apps that can be added to a smart phone that the visually impaired student may find useful, but the Ray cellular phone has already incorporated a number of them into one device. Visually impaired students will find its note taking capabilities and schedule makers especially helpful in their academic careers, while being able to have all of the other advantages that smart phones offer modified to be accessible by the vision impaired.

BRAILLENOTE APEX NOTE TAKER – This portable word processor allows a blind student to type notes in Braille and then later convert them to audio or print them out. Created by Human Ware, the BrailleNote offers an array of features including three USB ports and synchronization with your home computer. Note taking without an audio recording device is difficult for visually impaired students, but this device makes it easier.

WINBRAILLE – WinBraille is a software program that can take text from a scanned document and convert it to Braille. The document can then be printed out using an embosser and given to the blind student as a study aide or test exam. This eliminates the need to isolate visually impaired students to administer exams orally.

EMBOSSER – The ViewPlus Max Embosser allows the user to print anything


https://www.brighthubeducation.com/special-ed-visual-impairments/62427-ideas-for-how-to-teach-visually-impaired-students-seeing-the-big-picture/
https://myvision.org/guides/resources-for-students-visual-impairment/
https://www.pathstoliteracy.org/functional-vision-assessment-101/
https://www.pathstoliteracy.org/tools-support-you-having-student-visual-impairment-your-k-6-general-education-classroom/
https://project-ray.com/10-excellent-tools-to-assist-visually-impaired-students/

https://guides.library.illinois.edu/c.php?g=526852&p=3602299#:~:text=JAWS%20works%20with%20Windows%20operating,to%2Dspeech%20and%20braille%20output.&text=This%20text%2Dto%2Dspeech%20software,can%20read%20scanned%20printed%20material.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWogi3SThlo  

[1]

2. Gluck Samantha, Mild, Moderate, Severe Intellectual Disability Differences, Healthy place. 16 January 2022 https://www.healthyplace.com/neurodevelopmental-disorders/intellectual-disability/mild-moderate-severe-intellectual-disability-differences Accessed on 4 April 2023.
3. Teaching strategies for students with intellectual disability. https://classful.com/students-with-an-intellectual-disability/ Accessed on 4 April 2023. 

Accommodations to the timing and setting of learning are grouped together here because they often overlap or occur at the same time. These are accommodations in either the physical space in which learning occurs or the pace and rate at which activities and learning are done. Student with intellectual disabilities often need more time and a quiet space to work and these accommodations address those needs. Examples of these kinds of accommodations are: 

The idea behind using these AT accommodations is to make the classroom environment suitably comfortable for students with diverse learning needs.