~ Alexander Monroe studied at Leiden under Hermann Boerhaave, the central figure of European medicine.
~Scottish doctors were the leaders in surgery
~William Smellie. Publishes Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Midwifery, in three volumes in 1752–64.
~Public health and hygiene were receiving more attention during the 18th century.


Physiology

~ The human body was by then fully known.due to new methods of microscopy and of injections.
~physiological was growing fast mostly in Germany.
~Hermann von Helmholtz discovered the cell
~Claude Bernard clarified the existans of the pancreas and glycogen.

Germ Theory
~ diseases were causes by leaving or not leaning wounds.
~Louis Pasteur established the science of bacteriology.


Clinical medicine and anesthetic

~Richard Bright contributed to the knowledge of kidney diseases.
~Thomas Addison named the disorder of the adrenal glands and blood.
~Sir William Gull left the legacy of pithy aphorisms. 

- Boating was popular

- Hunting was a big thing in fall

- People raced horses back then, but it was seen as a distraction, but people still did it

- The Jockey Club was founded in 1750

- Cricket, tennis, golf and lawn bowling became popular

- Cricket could be played by both men and women

Sites.udel.edu

In the 1700s the British feared uncooked fruit; they thought it would give the person who consumed it indigestion

Cheese
Many types of English cheese became available during this time period

Sugar
In the 1790s, the typical English individual consumed about four kilograms of each year.

Bread
At one point, eighteenth-century English bread was thought to contain bone fragments! A key element of bread in eighteenth-century British bread was alum, which is a bleaching ingredient that also makes bread look bigger

Milk
A general eighteenth-century England rule for milk: if it was not watered, it was probably sour. However, it was probably digestible if taken from the cow itself immediately before consumption 

Tea
In England during the 1700s tea was the National drink

Coffee
In the eighteenth century coffee was more popular in London than any other global location. Coffee was also thought to increase the reproductive capabilities of men.

  * Meat was hardly restricted for people of the upper class

  * meat was considered to be a symbol to show high social status 

  * “If a person could serve venison, it meant that he/she was the owner of a vast property, or knew someone who was “

  * the English were good at cooking only meat and didn’t seem to be good at other areas of cooking such as cooking fruit and vegetables  

Fruit and Vegetables : Not many people would eat fruit and only very few people would such as wealthy people could have the access to fruit  

  * people thought that eating uncooked fruit was bad and give them the plague 

  * blackberries were marketed as colored dyes navy blue and indigo 

  * sometimes  vendors used saliva as a cleanser 

  

Cheese: 

There were many types of different cheeses available the minimum of different kinds of cheese was 40 that was documented 

Sugar : most people consumed at least 4 kilograms each year

Bread : a big key element in British bread was alum and it made bread look bigger 

Milk: if the milk will not water down it was probably sour 

Coffee: coffee was very popular in London than any other place. Coffee was thought to increase the energy of men

Dessert: it was often served with wine at dinner 

  * pudding was the most popular it was usually cooked along side meat 

  * the British thought that chocolate worked as a fertility drug for women 

Soup: there was white soup and pease soup the white soup was sometimes thickened with rice and the white soup contained “veal stock, cream and almonds”

Syllabub: it was a popular drink that contained “cider or wine sweetened and flavoured with nutmeg, milk and then cream”

Gruel: it was a British dish that was boiled oatmeal and had a bit of butter “Interestingly, it also often contained alcoholic beverages, especially wine” it was popular for the evening because it helped “compensate for the lack of central heating in drafty houses”



By anagely and Ashley