Word Formation by Аружан Ерманова https://padlet.com/arukaermanova/Bookmarks Made with patience en-us 2022-01-28 10:17:56 UTC 2022-11-11 06:36:22 UTC hello@padlet.com Word formation arukaermanova https://padlet.com/arukaermanova/Bookmarks/wish/2379787183 The variety of vocabulary is mostly determined by the richness of word formation in the English language. The construction of new words is based on general principles. ]]> 2022-11-11 06:05:25 UTC https://padlet.com/arukaermanova/Bookmarks/wish/2379787183 There are four main kinds of word formation arukaermanova https://padlet.com/arukaermanova/Bookmarks/wish/2379790216
  • prefixes
  • suffixes
  • conversion 
  • compounds.
    • ]]>     2022-11-11 06:09:04 UTC https://padlet.com/arukaermanova/Bookmarks/wish/2379790216     Prefixes arukaermanova https://padlet.com/arukaermanova/Bookmarks/wish/2379792255 Prefixes are letters which we add to the beginning of a word to make a new word with a different meaning. Prefixes can, for example, create a new word opposite in meaning to the word the prefix is attached to. They can also make a word negative or express relations of time, place or manner. ]]> 2022-11-11 06:11:38 UTC https://padlet.com/arukaermanova/Bookmarks/wish/2379792255 Suffixes arukaermanova https://padlet.com/arukaermanova/Bookmarks/wish/2379797147 We add suffixes after the base or stem of a word. The main purpose of a suffix is to show what class of word it is (e.g. noun or adjective).
    words ➡️ suffix ➡️ new words

    Examples,
    forget, use ➡️ -ful ➡️ forgetful, useful
    state, govern➡️ -ment ➡️ statement, government
    complicate, create ➡️ -ion ➡️ complication, creation

    The new word is most often a different word class from the original word. In the table above, the suffix -ful has changed verbs to adjectives, -ment, and -ion have changed verbs to nouns. If you see a word ending in -ment, for example, it is likely to be a noun (e.g. commitment, contentment).



    ]]>     2022-11-11 06:17:51 UTC https://padlet.com/arukaermanova/Bookmarks/wish/2379797147     Conversion arukaermanova https://padlet.com/arukaermanova/Bookmarks/wish/2379800723
    Conversion involves the change of a word from one word class to another.

    For example, the verbs to email and to microwave are formed from the nouns email and microwave:


    Can you     text her? (verb from noun text, meaning to send a text-message)


    They are always     jetting somewhere. (verb from noun jet)


    If you’re not careful, some     downloads can damage your computer. (noun from verb download)


    OK, so the meeting’s on Tuesday. That’s a     definite. (noun from adjective)

    ]]>     2022-11-11 06:22:16 UTC https://padlet.com/arukaermanova/Bookmarks/wish/2379800723     Compounding arukaermanova https://padlet.com/arukaermanova/Bookmarks/wish/2379803485 When we use compounding, we link together two or more bases to create a new word. Normally, the first item identifies a key feature of the second word.

    For example, the two bases back and ache can combine to form the compound noun backache, and the two bases post and card combine to form the compound noun postcard.

    Compounds are found in all word classes. The most common types of compounds are:
    Nouns: car park, rock band
    Adjectives: heartbreaking, sugar-free, airsick
    Verbs: oven-bake, baby-sit, chain-smoke
    Adverbs: good-naturedly, nevertheless

    Difficulties:
    It is sometimes difficult to know where to put hyphens in words that are compound ed. It is also difficult to know whether to separate words (e.g. post box) or to join the words (e.g. postbox). In such cases, it is best to check in a good learner’s dictionary.





    ]]>     2022-11-11 06:26:10 UTC https://padlet.com/arukaermanova/Bookmarks/wish/2379803485     Abbreviation arukaermanova https://padlet.com/arukaermanova/Bookmarks/wish/2379808781 Abbreviation involves shortening a word. We do this in three main ways: 
    • clipping
    • acronyms 
    • blends.

    1. We use clipping when we shorten or ‘clip’ one or more syllables from a word. We also commonly clip proper names for people:
    ad: advertisement, advert
    lab: laboratory
    Matt: Matthew

    2. Acronyms are a type of abbreviation formed when the initial letters of two or more words are combined in a way that produces consonant and vowel sequences found in words. Acronyms are normally pronounced as words:
    RAM: random access memory (RAM is a term used to describe a computer’s memory.)

    Initials are similar to acronyms but are pronounced as sets of letters, not as words:
    WHO: World Health Organisation, pronounced W–H–O
    CD: compact disc, pronounced C–D

    3. We form blends when we combine parts of existing words to form a new word:
    blog: blend of web and log
    motel    : blend of motor and hotel
    smog: blend of smoke and fog



    ]]>     2022-11-11 06:33:28 UTC https://padlet.com/arukaermanova/Bookmarks/wish/2379808781     Back-formation arukaermanova https://padlet.com/arukaermanova/Bookmarks/wish/2379809219
    We form words with back-formation when we remove part of a word, usually something which we think is a suffix (or occasionally a prefix). We do this commonly when we form verbs from nouns.


    For example: to liaise (back-formed from the noun liaison); to intuit (back-formed from the noun intuition), to enthuse (back-formed from the noun enthusiasm):


    Can you     liaise with Tim and agree a time for the meeting, please?


    She’s always     enthusing about her new teacher.

    ]]>     2022-11-11 06:33:53 UTC https://padlet.com/arukaermanova/Bookmarks/wish/2379809219     Loan words and new words arukaermanova https://padlet.com/arukaermanova/Bookmarks/wish/2379811250 Loan words
    Loan words are words that are borrowed from other languages. Some recent loan words for food taken from other languages include: sushi, tapas, chapatti, pizza. When we use loan words, we do not normally change them, though we do sometimes inflect them if they are singular countable nouns (pizzas, chapattis). We also sometimes pronounce them more like English words, instead of using their original pronunciation.

    New words

    Some prefixes are commonly used to create new words. In modern English the prefix e- is used to create new words that are connected with the Internet and the use of the Internet:

    e-bank, e-cards, e-commerce, e-learning

    Almost any noun may potentially combine with any other noun to form new noun compounds (e.g. computer virus, carbon footprint, quality time).



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