Hills are smaller than mountains and are also not as steep. Although the heights of some hills might be close to some small mountains, their gently sloping nature prevents them from being a mountain.

https://youtu.be/pVS8hk6wY4o

A river delta is a landform created by deposition of sediment that is carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower-moving or stagnant water This occurs where a river enters an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, reservoir, or (more rarely) another river that cannot carry away the supplied sediment. 

River deltas are important in human civilization, as they are major agricultural production centers and population centers. They can provide coastline defense and can impact drinking water supply. They are also ecologically important, with different species' assemblages depending on their landscape position.

https://youtu.be/j1SEueQhL4g

https://youtu.be/YNUoj0bbitE 

It is believed that Nevado de Toluca may once have been as tall as Popocatépetl, until an enormous eruption nearly 25,000 years ago blasted the top of the cone off and reduced its height by as much as 900 m (3,000 ft). The same eruption generated thick lahars, or mudflows, which coated the sides of the mountains. An eruption approximately 500 years later deposited layers of pumice on the mountain's east and northeast slopes.

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Stratovolcanoes have relatively steep sides and are more cone-shaped than shield volcanoes. They are formed from vicious, sticky lava that does not flow easily. The lava, therefore, builds up around the vent forming a volcano with steep sides. Stratovolcanoes are more likely to produce explosive eruptions due to gas building up in the viscous magma.

I couldn’t find how old the volcano is but i did find out that The last major eruption of Nevado de Toluca occurred about 10,500 years ago

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=15&v=rUqXncajsrE&feature=emb_logo

Its huge elevation drop makes the Yangtze River suitable for the establishment of hydropower stations. Its elevation decreases from its source (5,250 meters) to where the Tongtian River (Yangtze) becomes the Jinsha River (Yangtze) at 3,540 meters to Tiger Leaping Gorge (1,800 meters) to Yibin (highest city on the Yangtze at 260 meters on the Sichuan Plateau) to Yichang (exit of the Three Gorges 60 meters).

As the largest river in China, the Yangtze is rich in aquatic organisms. It is reported that there are more than 4,300 kinds of aquatic organisms in the Yangtze River Basin, including more than 400 species of fish. The Yangtze sturgeon is particularly impressive.

 

A river is a ribbon-like body of water that flows downhill from the force of gravity. A river can be wide and deep, or shallow enough for a person to wade across.

The largest rivers can be thousands of miles long. The erosional power of rivers can form geologic wonders like the Grand Canyon.

All rivers have a starting point where water begins its flow. This source is called a headwater. The headwater can come from rainfall or snowmelt in mountains, but it can also bubble up from groundwater or form at the edge of a lake or large pond. The other end of a river is called its mouth, where water empties into a larger body of water, such as a lake or ocean. Along the way, rivers may pass through wetlands where plants slow down the water and filter out pollutants. The water that flows in rivers is fresh, meaning that it contains less than one percent salt. However, rivers still carry and distribute important salts and nutrients to support plant and animal life.

The Yangtze River in China is 40 million years older than was previously thought, according to new research. A study of minerals by a team led by Durham University reveals that the Yangtze River began to cut the Three Gorges area around 45 million years ago, making it much older than previously believed.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMeg_zmDgdE&t=31s

The Yucatan Peninsula itself belongs to the Yucatan Platform a large chunk of land that is partially submerged. The Yucatan Peninsula is the portion that is above the water.

The Yucatan Peninsula is a karst landscape dominated by limestone bedrock. As a result, there is very little surface water (and the water that is present is not usually suitable for drinking water) because drainage in these types of landscapes is underground. The Yucatan is thus covered with caves and sinkholes called Cenotes that were used by the Maya to access the groundwater.

A peninsula is a piece of land that is almost entirely surrounded by water but is connected to the mainland on one side. This formation is similar to an island, however, it is only surrounded by water on 3 sides. 

The Yucatán Peninsula is the site of the Chicxulub crater impact, which was created 66 million years ago by an asteroid of about 10 to 15 kilometers (6 to 9 miles) in diameter at the end of the Cretaceous Period.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t7zlTAS9nJs

The waterfalls drop a total of 32 meters in two stages as it flows through the rugged, at times 70 meters high, canyon. About a kilometer from Gullfoss, the river turns very sharply to the right where it flows down through a dramatic, wide canyon before the vast volume of water is very powerfully forced into a narrower channel. 

This waterfall has a very important place in the hearts of most Icelanders. Not surprisingly, the potential to utilize the colossal hydro-electricity generating potential has created something of a bi-polarity between those who wished to exploit this site and those who wanted it to be preserved. The well-known poet and lawyer, Einar Benediktsson, supported exploitation and local farmer’s daughter, Sigríður Tómasdóttir, was determined that Gullfoss be preserved. Some say she even threatened to throw herself down! There is a stone memorial to Sigríður above the falls.

In the summer, approximately 140 cubic metres (459 cubic feet) of water surges down the waterfall every second, whilst in winter that number drops to around 109 cubic metres (358 cubic feet). With such energy, visitors should not be surprised to find themselves drenched by the waterfall’s mighty spray should they get too close.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNF4jHFC6SI

Between 1989 and 1995, the delta became longer and narrower along a southeast-bending arc. In 1996, however, Chinese engineers blocked the main channel and forced the river to veer northeast. By 1999, erosion and settling along the old channel caused the tip of the delta to retreat, while a new peninsula had formed to the north.

By 2009, natural processes had shifted the river slightly more north, and the shoreline northwest of the new river mouth had filled in considerably. By 2015, the new lobe of land near the new channel had grown considerably, even as parts of the old channel eroded.

Originating in the Bayankala Mountains in Qinghai Province in western China, the Yellow river flows through nine provinces of China and empties into the Bohai Sea.

Deltas are wetlands that form as rivers empty their water and sediment into another body of water, such as an ocean, lake, or another river. Although very uncommon, deltas can also empty into land.

Deltas are incredibly diverse and ecologically important ecosystems. Deltas absorb runoff from both floods (from rivers) and storms (from lakes or the ocean). Deltas also filter water as it slowly makes its way through the delta's distributary network. This can reduce the impact of pollution flowing from upstream.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAlSe3XLMvQ&t=28s

The Flinders Ranges began forming about 800 million years ago, when an ancient sea deposited sediments in a basin known as the Adelaide Geosyncline. Around 300 million years later, the basin sediments were folded into mountains during an orogeny, which is a process in which a section of the earth's crust is folded and deformed by compression to form a mountain range. The mountains have since eroded. However, the folded and faulted rocks remained and were uplifted in the last five million years to create a rugged landscape filled with sandstone, mudstone, limestone, and quartzite.

The range spans 430 kilometers (270 miles), with nearly all the peaks exceeding 300 meters (1,000 feet). One of the most notable features is the Wilpena Pound, an orange-tinted sandstone valley surrounded by high rock walls. The mountains are surrounded by low-elevation flat lake systems such as Lake Frome and Lake Torrens, which drain from rivers in the Northern Flinders Range. Half a billion years of weathering have then shaped the ranges we see today: rolling hills and rugged, ragged escarpments. The highest mountain in the range is St Marys Peak.

Mountains can be formed in many ways. Some form when lava spills from a volcano and piles up on Earth's surface as it hardens. Others form when pieces of Earth’s crust pull apart from one another, a process called "rifting." Most commonly though, mountains form when tectonic plates collide, folding and pushing layers of land into mountain ranges. The Flinders Ranges, the largest range in South Australia, is a classic example of a folded mountain range.

Fold mountains are created where two or more of Earth’s tectonic plates are pushed together, often at regions known as convergent plate boundaries and continental collision zones.

Orogeny is a process in which a section of the earth's crust is folded and deformed by side to side compression to form a mountain range.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0DsFIqKmww

This lake is thought to be around 50,000 years old. Lake Coatepeque (also called Lago de Coatepeque and Laguna de Coatepeque) was created by two eruptions, collapsing the mountain peak approximately 70,000 and 50,000 years ago. The last volcanic activity at Lake Coatepeque is believed to have been approximately 10,000 years ago. Today the only evidence of volcanic activity at Coatepeque are small fumaroles, which is an opening in or near a volcano, through which hot sulfurous gases emerge, and hot springs found on domes (Isla del Cerro, Cerro Pacho and Cerro Afate) at the southern end of the lake.

Lago de Coatepeque is considered a closed basin lake, which means it has no outflow to other external bodies of water. While no outlet has been identified, some believe water from the lake may be finding its way to an underground river that connects to El Salvador's Rio Agua Caliente. Part of the Central American volcanic chain, Coatepeque crater sits on the eastern slope of 7,812-foot (2,381 meter) Santa Ana volcano. Forming an oval shape in a northeast to southwest direction, Laguna de Coatepeque measures 3 x 4 miles (5 x 6 kilometers) with a depth of 394 feet (120 meters). Fed by rainfall and mountain runoff, water level fluctuations up to 33 feet (10 meters) have been measured and are thought to be associated with movement along the region's fractures and fault lines.

A natural lake is a fairly large body of water occupying an inland basin (low-lying geographic area).
Lakes are extremely varied in terms of origin, occurrence, size, shape, depth, water chemistry, and other features and can be form by various processes.

Lakes formed by volcanic activity tend to be relatively small. They may form within the crater of an active but quiet volcano, in a caldera, which is a large depression produced by the explosion of a volcano and collapse of an underground magma chamber, on collapsed lava flows, and in valleys dammed by volcanic deposits.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWgflPD-Idc

Kata Tjuta, also known as the Olgas, is a group of large, domed rock formations located in the southern part of the Northern Territory, central Australia. Uluru also known as Ayers Rock, located 16 miles to the east, and Kata Tjuṯa form the two major landmarks within the  Uluru- Kata Tjuta  National Park. 

The 36 domes that make up Kata Tjuṯa cover an area of 8.37 sq mi, which are composed of conglomerate, a sedimentary rock consisting of cobbles and boulders of varying rock types including granite and basalt, cemented by a matrix of sandstone. The highest dome is Mount Olga which is about  3,497 ft. 

Kata Tjuta is estimated to have formed 300 million years ago. At the start around 500 million years ago, the whole area was covered in the sea. Then sand and mud fell to the bottom and covered the seabed. After the sandy fans created Kata Tjuta and Uluru. It is made of sediment that originated from the Mount Currie conglomerate. The reason why Kata Tjuta is orange-red is because of patina which means that it is coated in iron oxide. This landform would be considered a dome because it has an elliptical uplifted geologic feature. 

Video: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park - UNESCO World Heritage Site

The Colca Canyon was formed by the erosion of volcanic rock caused by the Colca River along the line of a fault on the crust of the earth. Its location near the Valley of the volcanoes, an area of about 40 volcanoes, means that it is a geologically active area. The Colca Canyon is a Canyon landform and is an igneous rock. It is believed that the Colca Canyon is about 12 to 8 million years old.

Video: Colca Canyon, Peru in 4K Ultra HD

The Andes are the result of tectonic plates, caused by the subduction of the oceanic crust beneath the South American Plate. It is the result of a convergent plate boundary between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate. The Andes are considered to be mountains because the Earth's crust was elevated and to be about 50 million years old. They have both volcanic and nonvolcanic mountains. They are made of sedimentary rocks that include sandstones, siltstones, shales, limestones, and quartzites. 

Video: 

The Cypress Hills reach a maximum elevation of 1,466 meters (4,810 ft), rising about 600 m (1970 ft) above the surrounding plains. The hills were created by the remnant (remains) of a more widespread plateau, which are created by magma deep inside the Earth that pushed toward the surface but fails to break through the crust. Most of the plateau has been removed by erosion, which is caused by small pieces of rock (sediment) that move from one place to another. 

The plateau is capped (fixed in place) by the resistant conglomerate (a number of different rocks cemented together) and sandstone beds of the Cypress Hills Formation. That formation was deposited (placed) by rivers that flowed from the mountains of southwestern Alberta and northwestern Montana during late Eocene to middle Miocene time (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago). This landform consists of sedimentary rock, which includes conglomerate and sandstone.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJxeaTonTS8 

Mount Pelée is a volcano that formed due to the subduction of oceanic crust of the North American Plate beneath the Caribbean Plate at a rate of 2.2cm/year. Subduction is a sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate of the earth's crust into the mantle beneath another plate. As the oceanic plate descends (lowers), magma is generated which gradually works its way to the surface and eventually erupts as a volcano.

Volcanoes are made of igneous rock, which is formed when hot molten rock (thick liquid that was created by heat), ash, and gases escape from an opening in the Earth's surface. The molten rock and ash solidify as they cool, which form the volcanos shape. As a volcano erupts, it spills lava that flows downslope. 

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqtPWZ_iztM

The valley itself is 22 million years old, and scientists believe the salty lakes were left behind from when an ocean covered this part of Chile. The Atacama Desert is also considered one of the driest places on earth, as some areas have not received a single drop of rain in hundreds of years. A prototype for a Mars rover was tested here by scientists because of the valley's dry and forbidding (unfriendly) terrains.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5wAnWpcyG8 

The erosion by the Grijalva River which flows through the canyon, left chasms and cavities of extravagant shapes, as well as enormous crags and underground channels that, when finding permeable rocks, gave rise to internal sources of storage that emerge on the walls of the canyon in the form of waterfalls.

https://youtu.be/1J3aJxXe_oY

The Marble Caves are a Karts type of landform and a geological formation of unusual beauty. The interaction of the marble and blue water of the lake formed a place of bewildering beauty – countless caves, mazes, columns and tunnels in the marble. It is estimated that the total weight of the Marble Caves combined, would be 5 billion tonnes (5.5 billion tons). 

The lake is glacier-fed, and it is the profusion of glacial silt in the water that plays a major role in the vibrant blue color and stunning clarity of the waters. The sunlight that streams into the openings of the Marble Caves reflects off of the water and splashes the walls of the cave with different shades and patterns of blue. The shades you see swirling across the walls of the caverns also depend on the lake’s seasonal water levels and the amount of sunlight; shallow waters will create a lighter blue, while deeper waters will result in a darker blue.

About my Landform: Situated on the uninhabited island of Staffa in the Inner Hebrides, Argyll, is the Fingal’s Caves. The Fingal’s Caves are 72 feet tall and 270 feet deep. It has  hexagonal columns of basalt shaped in neat six-sided pillars that make up its interior walls.  The fractured column forms a walkway just above the water level for visitors. This allows them to go deep inside the cave to explore. The Fingal’s Cave was discovered in 1772 by British sailors stopping at Staffa to get water. 

Is it igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic: The Fingal Caves are made of basalt columns. Basalt is primarily formed by the extrusion of lava flows onto the surface of the earth during a volcanic eruption. The basalt that the Fingal Caves are made of igneous rock. 

Approximately how old: The Fingal’s Cave was created some 60 million years ago by the very same ancient lava flow that created the Giant’s Causeway in Ireland. 

What type of landform: The Fingal's Cave is a sea Cave 

How is it formed? The Fingal’s Cave is formed entirely from a hexagonally jointed basalt column within a Paleocene lava flow. In this case it involved cooling on the upper and lower surfaces of the solidified lava which resulted in contraction and fracturing.

 

About my Landform: In the Coyote Buttes ravine some 5,225 feet or around 1,590 meters above sea level, stands Arizona’s The wave. It is a sandstone structure that is stretched and a light brown color. There are very few living things here nowadays. This is a place that many people visit. It is a well-known hiking area, and that many people love to trip at. The estimated route is about 6.4 miles. An interesting fact about the wave is it originally got its name because it resembles the ocean waves. 

Is it igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic: The Wave is a sandstone structure, and sandstone is a sedimentary rock. That being said, The Wave is made of sedimentary rock.

Approximately how old: The Wave is over 180 million years old

What type of landform is it: The Wave is a ravine

 How is it formed? The Wave was created during the Jurassic Period. At this time, layers of sand sandwiched laminae deposits made up of thin layers of sedimentary rock, organic tissue, and other materials. The sand lithified to form cross-bedded sandstone, and this sandstone compacted the laminae within it. The wave was created mostly by wind. 

About my Landform: The Split Apple Rock is made of granite from the Cretaceous. It is in the shape of the apple, which has been cut in half.

Is it igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic: The Split Apple Rock is made of granite from the cretaceous. Granite is an igneous rock; therefore, the Split Apple Rock is made of igneous rock. 

Approximately how old: The Split Apple Rock is estimated to be around 120 million years old

What type of landform: The Split Apple Rock is surrounded by an island. 

How is it formed? There is an old legend, called the “Māori’ legend. This legend states that the boulder was split by two feuding gods who were fighting to possess it. Other people chalk it up to coincidence. All of that being said the real more boring answer is the water seeped through the cracks of the huge boulder. When the water froze it expanded causing the rock to split into two. 

Lava eruptions later created a central platform, Wizard Island, Merriam Cone, and other, smaller volcanic features, including a rhyodacite dome that was eventually created atop the central platform. Sediments and landslide debris also covered the caldera floor.

Eventually, the caldera cooled, allowing rain and snow to accumulate and form a lake. Landslides from the caldera rim thereafter formed debris fans and turbidite sediments on the lake bed. Fumaroles and hot springs remained common and active during this period. Also after some time, the slopes of the lake's caldera rim more or less stabilized, streams restored a radial drainage pattern on the mountain, and dense forests began to revegetate the barren landscape. It is estimated that about 720 years was required to fill the lake to its present depth of 1,949 feet (594 m). Much of this occurred during a period when the prevailing climate was less moist than at present.

Some hydrothermal activity remains along the lake floor, suggesting that at some time in the future, Mazama may erupt once again.
Video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Eq-xBvLqXs

Video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLGJBR0SlbA

Mount Saint Helens began about 40,000 years ago with dacitic volcanism, which continued intermittently until about 2,500 years ago. This activity included numerous explosive eruptions over periods of hundreds to thousands of years, which were separated by apparent dormant intervals ranging in length from a few hundred to about 15,000 years. The range of rock types erupted by the volcano changed about 2,500 years ago. Since then, Mount St. Helens repeatedly has produced lava flows of andesite, and produced basalt on at least two occasions. Other eruptions during the last 2,500 years produced: dacite and andesite pyroclastic flows and lahars as well as dacite, andesite, and basalt airfall tephra. May 18, 1980, was the last time Mount St. Helens erupted after experiencing a couple of months of earthquake activity and weak volcanic flare-ups, it erupted violently, decimating everything in its path. The 1980 volcanic explosion claimed more than 50 lives, destroyed thousands of acres of land and wiped out entire animal and plant communities

Mount St. Helens is a stratovolcano also known as composite volcano, which are conical volcanoes with steep sides composed of multiple layers of intermediate to felsic lava, ash, and other volcanic debris. Stratovolcanoes are most found commonly along subduction zones, which are boundaries between two tectonic plates where an oceanic plate is sinking into the mantle beneath another tectonic plate. They are formed from viscous lava that doesn’t flow easily causing it to build up around the vent forming the conical volcano.

Video link: https://youtu.be/AYla6q3is6w 

This dune is relentlessly moving inwards, slowly pushing the forest back to cover houses, roads and even portions of the Atlantic Wall. The rate of the movement is discontinuous. It sometimes moves as fast as 10m in a year and sometimes very slow like less than a metre. During the last 57 years, the dune has moved some 280m, giving an annual displacement of 4.9m per year.

The Great Dune of Pyla is a sand dune which is created when wind deposits sand on top of each other until a small mound starts to form. Once that first mound forms, sand piles up on the windward side more and more until the edge of the dune collapses under its own weight. Sand dunes aren’t igneous, sedimentary, nor metamorphic, however later on sand dunes can become sedimentary rock through cementation.

Video link: https://youtu.be/eI2hdixCW50 

Website: https://www.dunedupilat.com/en/the-dune/ 

These are very rare but can be seen in a few other places in the world including the Giant’s Causeway in Northern Ireland, the Devil’s Postpile in California, and Fingal’s Cave in Scotland.

 

Video: https://youtu.be/VyEITafeers

Though its topography is reminiscent of the plateaus and mesas of America's Southwest, Putorana is no desert. It is crisscrossed by scores of unspoiled lakes and streams teeming with arctic grayling, char, and other fish. Its valleys are thick with long-lived larch trees that shelter brown bears, moose, wolverines, and great herds of migrating reindeer. The Putorana Plateau has an elevation of 5,505 ft, length of 500mi, and width of 310 mi.

Some scientists believe the enormous quantity of magma, ash, and gases released during the creation of Putorana may have drastically altered Earth's climate, playing a role in the so-called great dying, the largest mass extinction ever, which killed off perhaps 95 percent of all ocean species and 70 percent of all land vertebrate families.

Video: https://youtu.be/H6pGdckOpxs

Zezere Glacial Valley is a U-shaped valley landform. U-shaped valleys are the result of excess sediment and glacial erosion, which typically occurs in pre-existing V-shaped valleys. A glacier can take anywhere from 10,000 to 100,000 years to flatten out the bottom of a V-shaped valley and create a U-shaped valley. This erosion process occurs during periods of low temperatures, which are the result in the formation of glaciers along the mountain top. After forming, these glaciers begin to move, sliding slowly down the side of the mountains and into the valley below. Because the V-shaped valley constrains the movement of the glacier, its force is concentrated in the floor. This downward concentration of strength allows the glacier to dig into the ground, creating the flat-bottomed valley that is characteristic of U-shaped valleys. As the floor of the valley widens, the sides surrounding it are also eroded, leading to the high and steep sides seen today. Additionally, U-shaped valleys tend to be straighter than V-shaped valleys because of the non-bending movement of glaciers.

Video link: https://youtu.be/vOWFzJ0S0zc 

 https://youtu.be/RWBoLiihWdE 

Shenandoah National Park is located in Virginia. It was established in 1935 and completed by the beginning of WWI. In the early 20th century, America’s national park system was born and Shenandoah National Park was established in 1935. Skyline Drive and the core of the park were completed by the beginning of WWII.  In 1976, Congress declared almost half of the park as protected wilderness.

 The oldest rocks in Shenandoah National Park have survived the rise and fall of several mountain ranges. These are a complex set of igneous and metamorphic rocks whose minerals and textures preserve the story of their long and varied history. They occur mostly along the base of the Blue Ridge Mountains, forming the “foundation” upon which all other rocks in the park lie. In certain places, though, these rocks extend all the way to some mountains’ summits.

They have a variety of minerals that can be distinguished with the naked eye. Feldspar generally appears white-pink and forms angular, blocky crystals with flat surfaces that reflect light. There are several types of feldspar, including plagioclase and orthoclase, but these are not always easy to distinguish without magnification. Quartz is usually clear-white and appears somewhat glassy or waxy. These two minerals make up most of the rock. Pyroxene appears as little black, blocky crystals, while biotite mica forms thin, shiny flakes. Garnets may also be present, looking like small, dark red dots within the rock. You may also notice a layered, or banded, texture to these rocks, composed of alternating zones of different minerals. This is a structure called “foliation”, which is a result of very strong deformation at high temperatures and pressures.

These rocks are mostly igneous in origin, meaning the crystals grew together as molten magma cools deep underground. During the formation of an ancient mountain range, over one billion years ago, these rocks were deformed by the incredible pressures generated by mountain building, a similar process to the formation of today’s Himalayas. This deformation resulted in the foliation (banding) that you see today, as the minerals reoriented themselves in response to these pressures. In some places, the rocks were under so much heat and pressure that they melted again, and cooled to form new igneous rocks that do not have this foliation.

Video: https://youtu.be/tQpOC9IcFOY

The carbonatite rocks have been dated as having cooled between 94 and 104 million years ago. A 2011 multianalytical study on the Richat megabreccias concluded that carbonates within the silica-rich megabreccias were created by low-temperature hydrothermal waters, and that the structure requires special protection and further investigation of its origin

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PcB7Dr44HOk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEMmncTL2Vo

A volcano is a mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are being or have been erupted from the earth's crust.

Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IrFge9-WMII

HOW OLD: Initially formed between 3 million and 5 million years ago

TYPE OF LANDFORM: Islands

HOW IS IT FORMED: The islands are formed by the juncture of three tectonic plates: the Pacific, Cocos, and Nazca.

VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bV0F0sjNSAU

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1P7npb1-KGU

Erosion- the gradual destruction of something by natural forces (such as water, wind, or ice)

VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqioQc9VGDQ

The Atlas mountain system takes the shape of an extended oblong, enclosing within its ranges a vast complex of plains and plateaus. The Atlas Mountain is an igneous rock that was formed between 66 and 1.8 million years ago during the Paleogene and Neogene period. The Atlas mountain is elevated by plateaus rock. 

Video Link: https://youtu.be/VQUAKHaK0pg 

The Great Rift Valley was formed when a meteor struck and left a gaping hole in the earth. Geologists know that the Great Rift Valley was formed by violent terranean forces. The valley was formed approximately 35 million years ago. The Great Rift Valley is a metamorphic landform. 

The Congo River was formed by the waters of the Lualaba River and the Chambeshi River. The headwaters of Cogo bein in the East African Rift. The river was formed 1.5- 2 million years ago during the Pleistocene period. Igneous and metamorphic are basement rocks in the Congo River. 

Video Link: https://youtu.be/XMbeQT8Nzxo 

Jacob’s Well is an artesian spring and is the second largest fully submerged cave in Texas that flows from the bed of Cypress Creek. It is considered to be one of the most significant natural geological areas in the Texas Hill Country. The spring delivers several thousand gallons of water per minute. 
Cave divers discovered it consist of two principal conduits, or passageways. One measures approximately 4,500 from the surface with a maximum depth of 137 feet. The second one extends about 1,000 feet from the point where it diverges from the main conduit. Allegedly, some of the deeper caves in the well have such narrow openings that you have to remove your oxygen tank to get inside. As a result of these dangers , the caves under Jacob’s Well have claimed the lives of numerous divers since the early 1900s. Despite this, it continues to attract new divers every year. At least a dozen divers have died. 

Type of Rock- Sedimentary

Type of Landform- Underwater Cave/Artesian Spring

Formation-It was formed when a perpetual artesian spring eroded a thick layer of limestone forming a pool that has been used as a swimming hole since at least the early 1900’s. The exact age of the cave/spring however I cannot find information on.  

Video: https://youtu.be/srE_u9CmIso 

The foothills of Palo Pinto mountains, less than 90 miles West of Fort Worth, Texas

About- The lake was built in late 1930’s, finished in 1941, after the Morris Shepard Dam was completed. This was during the era of the Works Progress Administration who built many lakes, parks and public places. One specific feature of the lake and probably the most well-known is Hell’s Gate. 

Hell’s Gate- Hell’s Gate is defined by the two giant cliffs that stand guard over the entry to a cove on the south end of Possum Kingdom Lake. One of these cliffs, Devil’s Island, serves as the first location for the Red Bull Cliff Diving event held every summer at the lake. An old channel of the Brazos River cut a gap in a sandstone formation in the Possum Kingdom area. Water from the impounded Possum Kingdom Lake covered the area and created this spectacular scene when the Morris Shepard Dam was built by the W.P.A. for flood control. It is approximately 92 feet or 28 meters in height. 

Type of Rock- Sedimentary

Age- Approximately 80 years

Type of landform-  Man-made lake or reservoir and Hell’s Gate is known as the Clearwater Plateau, although some people refer to it as two cliffs, they are in fact plateaus. 

Video- https://youtu.be/5x3BILtuvuM This is a travel/tourist video, however it was the only video I could find that talked about both the lake and Hell’s Gate formation. It gets a bit goofy at one point, but the aerial views are very nice. 

Precise Location: Waitomo Caves is situated some 7 miles (7.5 mile) northwest of the town of Te Kuiti in the King Country region of the North Island of New Zealand in a small village coincidently named Waitomo Caves. 

Landform- Cave

About- The caves have been a tourist attraction since discovered in 1887 by Maori Chief Tane Tanorau and British surveyor Fred Mace. There are two levels to the caves – upper and lower. While the lower level is flooded and generally accessed by boat, the upper level is dry and features impressive rock formations such as the Banquet Chamber, the Pipe Organ and the Catacombs. Most guided tours journey through these caves, as well as an area known as ‘The Cathedral’. The Cathedral, situated on the lower level, is famed for its outstanding acoustics and once housed a performance by the famous New Zealand opera singer Kiri Te Kanawa. 
The feature that brings tourists here year after year are the glow worms that give it the name. They bring spectacular color and splendor to the caves. Waitomo Cave’s famous glow worms are also known as Arachnocampa luminosa. They are carnivores, but can survive without food for weeks, sometimes even months. When they do finally eat, they catch midges, flies and mosquitos by setting a sticky mucus trap. Something super cool about them is the fact that they only show themselves in almost total darkness. 

Age- They are approximately 30 million years old, formed during the Oligocene period by a combination of natural phenomena. While I could not find the precise phenomena mentioned anywhere, one can assume it had to do with a spring breaking through limestone as “Waitomo” means “water” in Maori. Maori is one of the native languages of New Zealand, and from the Maori tribe. 

Type of Rock- Sedimentary as the caves are limestone. 

Video- https://youtu.be/QjqGlLVIAtg