https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z en-us 2022-12-06 21:37:39 UTC 2025-10-01 14:47:10 UTC hello@padlet.com lfegan11_1 https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2354466169 - all land ceded in treaty is described by water resources (Water and fishing super important) 
- reservation land "marked for their exclusive use" and no white people were allowed to live there without permission from agent and superintendent 
- "Exclusive right of taking fish in the streams running through and bordering said reservation is hereby secured to said Indians...the privilege of hunting, gathering roots and berries and pasturing their stock on unclaimed lands in common with citizens, is also secured to them" (Art.1) 
- Forced agriculture-- would not recieve money for ceded land if they did not use it "correctly" (determined by President) (Art.2)
- "United States agree to erect.. one saw-mill, and one flouring-mill" (Art.4)
- stipulation for transportation advancements, roads and railroads, on reservation land. 




]]> 2022-10-24 23:39:49 UTC https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2354466169 lfegan11_1 https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2354466691 2022-10-24 23:40:27 UTC https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2354466691 lfegan11_1 https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2354467282 2022-10-24 23:41:08 UTC https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2354467282 lfegan11_1 https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2370601817 - "Today the Umatilla Reservation totals 172,882 acres. Of that total, 90,315.54 are trust acres (52%) and in Individual Indian/Tribal ownership, including trust and fee. 48% is owned by non-Indians" 
- Resolution #08-028 (2008) "The CTUIR declares its intent to exercise its rights to prevent the transfer of trust lands within the Umatilla Indian Reservation to a person named in a will who is not an enrolled member of the Confederated Tribes" ]]> 2022-11-04 19:42:26 UTC https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2370601817 lfegan11_1 https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2370605367 Importance of gathering roots and berries, hunting, and fishing for CTUIR people. 
-"There were no buffalo in this area" 
- "This meant that the Indian people had to move from place to place from season to season to their food"
- Tells the exact food cycle traveled by the tribes pre-colonization and the resources they would gather along the way. ]]> 2022-11-04 19:46:38 UTC https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2370605367 lfegan11_1 https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2371310205 Cultural Sig: 
"At ceremonial feasts, the CTUIR people honor the five First Foods by serving them formally and before any other foods "
"Four emblematic First Foods, fish, big game, roots, and berries, are served in the order in which these foods promised to care for the Indian people according to the CTUIR creation belief"
Creation belief: Creator said "who will take care of the people?" and the salmon responded "I will" and all the other salmon lined up behind him and swam up river. Next, the deer and so on. Highlights reciprocity between man and First Foods. First Foods will protect them only if they protect the First Foods. 
"Water, the fifth First Food, is served before and after the four emblematic First Foods, in recognition of the fact that water is singularly essential, nourishing all other First Foods, people, and the landscape"
First Foods not replaced by non-Indigenous foods that have been introduced, such as wheat for roots. Instead, "nonindigenous foods are served at ceremonies and feasts only after the ritual serving of First Foods, and without ceremony or significance"
First Food rituals done at all ceremonies: naming, funerals, feasts, etc.  

Diminishing of First Foods:
Fences, artificial barriers, and other industrial "advancements" limiting the movement of big game
During early settlement, "Resource use by the expanding non-native human population increasingly was dominated by extractive and intensive management approaches, rather than by a culture of reciprocity and support of resilient ecosystems." 
"the physical, biological, and ecological processes that support First Foods have been impaired by many changes, such as dams, floodplain simplification, fire suppression, water extraction, pollution, grazing, deforestation, commercial and irrigated agriculture, crop introductions, and placer and gravel mining" 
Salmon runs declining by about 50% in "1800s to the 1930s because of overharvest and habitat degradation, and then declined further to 1–2 million (a 90% loss) since the construction of the mainstem Columbia River dams "


]]> 2022-11-05 20:54:04 UTC https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2371310205 lfegan11_1 https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2371927228 River mussel, a staple in Indigenous diet, declining in the John Day River located in eastern Oregon.  
- "Climate change influences water quantity and temperature, dams and other projects affect habitat and life cycle, and urbanization and farming practices change stream flow and affect water quality; all these modern era changes affect the ability of this sensitive species to survive." 

CTUIR tribe is the only agency concerned about this decline 
- "CTUIR is the only agency with full-time staff dedicated to research and restoration of mussels" 

CTUIR, in conjunction with Xerces Society, created the first database for classifying and counting freshwater mussels in the West. Made other agencies take interest and notice/ inspired petition to list a species of mussel as endangered ]]> 2022-11-06 19:06:53 UTC https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2371927228 lfegan11_1 https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2371957036 Lecture with guest speakers from the CTUIR reservation (Cheryl Shippentower). 
- 53:00 Cheryl begins with Women's first foods and climate change 
- A lot of crops grown in specific environments. There is a widespread distribution of habitats, elevation, and soils within reservation lands and on ceded lands. 
- Tribal women collect first foods in the order that it was given to them by the creator with the promise that of the food takes care of them they will take care of the food
- do gather on reservation lands, but the majority is done on private and Federally owned lands 
- Increase in temperature (greatest in summer), alteration in precipitation (increased during winter months and decreased during summer months), precipitation in the form of rain instead of snow, and change in snowpack (vary geographically) are all impacting the growth of these First Foods. ]]> 2022-11-06 19:49:29 UTC https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2371957036 lfegan11_1 https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2399348422 - Have the booklet annotated on Ipad (ENVS. week 12)
- Discusses the how climate change is affecting planet, the ways in which it affect Natives more seriously,  and the ways in which Native communities are fighting back against climate change. ]]> 2022-11-27 22:33:23 UTC https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2399348422 lfegan11_1 https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2409744085 Could use the legal cases to end paper (what to do next) 
Pg. 13 discusses legal cases conducted and ongoing in 2020. Case about Bison hunting at Yellowstone; won hunting rights with stipulation that Fed. Gov. going to release a environmental impact statement.  
Another was case that would assume National Commerce Act supersedes Scenic Act (meant to protect Columbia River)  
USE IN PAPER: 
Herrera v. Wyoming-- Very important case-- involved treaty rights having precedence over state establishment "nor did establishment of a National Forest render those lands as inconsistent with the exercise of off reservation treaty hunting rights." 
pg 18 
discusses an ongoing case that will quantify and recognize CTUIR water rights-- "to provide instream flows for fish and the consumptive use needs of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, including domestic (homes), municipal, industrial, and commercial uses"-- used and governed by tribal law 
pg 19 (brief blurb ab First Foods and Huckleberries) 
The Range, Ag & Forestry Program collecting data about First Foods so that way they can "provide information to Tribal members practicing traditional food and medicine collection" ]]> 2022-12-05 20:32:53 UTC https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2409744085 lfegan11_1 https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2409755843 Another talk by Cheryl Shippentower about how climate change has affected First Foods. She also discusses how climate change has affected other species that are critical to the survival of certain First Foods, such as a pollinator for Huckleberries. Habitats in on ceded CTUIR land are highly variable and there are specific plants and animals that are associated with those different habitats. Some of the plants are "long lived perennial forbs and shrubs" (some over 100 yrs). She also states that they "thrive on disturbance" both natural (flooding, fires) and human disturbance (gathers). Due to issues discussed in other video, there have been shifts in timing of flowering and species of have begun to move poleward or to a higher elevation. "uncoupling of plant pollinator interactions" ]]> 2022-12-05 20:45:12 UTC https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2409755843 lfegan11_1 https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2409773037 Bobby Conner
"lived and traveled about 12 million acres"  (including part of what is now Yellowstone) 
interconnectedness of nature and animals and our original homeland  ("reservation is not home")  
Talks about how her grandmother during the early 1900s was still going in the seasonal round. 
Overlapping of tribal lands with other tribes; contemporarily overlapping with other tribes as well as private and federal lands. 
Tribal culture ("laws") "require that we cannot marry in our culture closer than a fourth or fifth cousin"-- intermarriage happening long before Lewis and Clark ]]> 2022-12-05 21:04:07 UTC https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2409773037 lfegan11_1 https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2409781529 Tells about the history of Yellowhawk. 
First tribally owned and run clinic- have an obligation to operate correctly since it sets a precedence for other tribes that followed and created their own clinics- centers "wellness" within the individual, environment, and community. 
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 "gave tribes the ability to determine how to use healthcare funds provided by the U.S. government." ]]> 2022-12-05 21:13:48 UTC https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2409781529 lfegan11_1 https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2409785154 2022-12-05 21:18:16 UTC https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2409785154 lfegan11_1 https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2409805473 Pg 28: 
Yellowhawk earned the grants for drug and alcohol prevention (Opioid, SAMHSA Launch, and tobacco) with the total amounting to total $549,610. Received the most funding for prevention of alcohol and drug abuse and the wellbeing of Behavioral Health. ]]> 2022-12-05 21:43:20 UTC https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2409805473 lfegan11_1 https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2409811478 Salmon changes and adaptability to climate change. Some species more adaptable than others, but the Sockeye Salmon, most commonly hunted and consumed by CTUIR, are the most vulnerable and have a low adaptability. ]]> 2022-12-05 21:51:12 UTC https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2409811478 lfegan11_1 https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2409820457 Decreased since 2000. Majority males who commit, but majority females who attempt. Out of those who attempted suicide 77% were white, 5% African American, 2% Native and 1% other, the rest did not indicate race. (pg 11). Goes into details about weapon use, sex and age, race, weather or not they informed others, possible explanations (breakup, health issues, recent trauma), etc. ]]> 2022-12-05 22:03:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2409820457 lfegan11_1 https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2411256642 2022-12-06 20:29:23 UTC https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2411256642 lfegan11_1 https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2411280366 This made me so angry to look at. This is a 58 slide presentation given by the State Department in which only 10 of the slides contain information, 5 of which are actually important. The rest of the slides simply say the title "Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders in America in the Past Year: Among AI/AN Adults Aged 18+" or "Heroin Use Disorder in Past Year: Among AI/AN People Aged 12+" followed by large text that reads "Data not shown- low precision." Why even have the slides in? obviously there was information that was shared to some group, but that information could not be disseminated to the public. 
Summary: 
Found that in 2020 ~7% American Indians or Alaskan Natives used Marijuana on a daily or almost daily basis. In 2018, ~6.5% AI/AN aged 12+ misused pain relievers. ]]> 2022-12-06 20:55:14 UTC https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2411280366 lfegan11_1 https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2411281030 2022-12-06 20:55:58 UTC https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2411281030 lfegan11_1 https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2411293097 Data collected from 2015-2019-- shared as annual average 
"Illicit drug use among people aged 12 or older were highest for people reporting two or more races and for American Indian or Alaska Native people (28.5 and 25.9 percent, respectively) compared with the estimates for people in all other racial/ethnic groups." 
Yearly, alcohol use for American Indians and Alaskan Natives was ~ 53.2% 
Little side blurb: they had a group called "two or more races" which was included for people who indicated they were more than one race. Think this is kinda messed up because my dad is white so when I was younger I would fill in that box even though I am Indigenous. Feel like it's another assimilation tactic. There are very few full blooded Natives left. Just Strange to me!  
Posted one chart from this collection in the Padlet but there are several more that break the data down further into differences between male and female and differences between age groups for alcohol, illicit drugs, and marijuana.

]]> 2022-12-06 21:10:24 UTC https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2411293097 lfegan11_1 https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2411296118 Notice the "Two or More Races"-- again just find it strange and a bit like manipulation of data. I feel like other races not pressured the same as Indigenous peoples to claim multiple races. ]]> 2022-12-06 21:14:12 UTC https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2411296118 lfegan11_1 https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2411329761 Removal of 4 key dams: Ice Harbor, Lower Monumental, Little Goose, and Lower Granite could save the salmon population. Removal of these dams, all located along the Snake River, would allow salmon free access to the Columbia River passage that leads to the Pacific Ocean. Says there was supposed to be a White House hearing, in collaboration with Northwest Tribal members, in July of 2022. ]]> 2022-12-06 21:55:37 UTC https://padlet.com/lfegan11_1/9ss27c23sfze3s2z/wish/2411329761