OTHER DEVELOPMENTS

The rapidly developing capability in fission weapon design made it possible to design a weapon that would perform as desired when desired and yet that would have only a vanishingly small probability of producing a measurable nuclear yield through an accidental detonation of the high explosive

Another major development in nuclear weapon safety has to do with the high explosives themselves. Most of the explosives that have been used in nuclear weapons are of intermediate sensitivity.

A final development worthy of attention is the advent of “weapon systems.” This term refers to the integration of a carrier missile and its warhead, that is. to the specific tailoring of the warhead to the weight, shape, and size characteristics of the missile—as in the case of a Minuteman ICBM or a submarine-launched ballistic missile

A directed-energy weapon (DEW) emits highly focused energy, transferring that energy to a target to damage it.

Potential applications of this technology include anti-personnel weapon systems, potential missile defense system, and the disabling of lightly armored vehicles such as cars, drones, jet skis, and electronic devices such as mobile phones.^[1][2]

The energy can come in various forms:

• Electromagnetic radiation, including radio frequency, microwave, lasers and masers
• Particles with mass, in particle-beam weapons (technically a form of micro-projectile weapon)
• Sound, in sonic weapons

A directed-energy weapon (DEW) emits highly focused ener, transferring that energy to a target to damage it.

Potential applications of this technology include anti-personnel weapon systems, potential missile defense system, and the disabling of lightly armored vehicles such as cars, drones, jet skis, and electronic devices such as mobile phones.

The energy can come in various forms:

• Electromagnetic Radiation, including radio frequency, microwave, lasers and masers.
• Particles with mass, in particle beam weapons (technically a form of micro-projectile weapon)
• sound, in sonic weapons.

According to legend, the concept of the "burning mirror" or death ray began with Archimedes who created a mirror with an adjustable focal length (or more likely, a series of mirrors focused on a common point) to focus sunlight on ships of the Roman fleet as they invaded Syracuse, setting them on fire.Historians point out that the earliest accounts of the battle did not mention a "burning mirror", but merely stated that Archimedes's ingenuity combined with a way to hurl fire were relevant to the victory. Some attempts to replicate this feat have had some success; in particular, an experiment by students at MIT showed that a mirror-based weapon was at least possible, if not necessarily practical.

Robert Watson-Watt

In 1935, the British Air Ministry, asked Robert Watson -Watt of the Radio Research Station  whether a "death ray " was possible. He and colleague Arnold Wilkins quickly concluded that it was not feasible, but as a consequence suggested using radio for the detection of aircraft and this started the development of radar in Britain.

Engine-stopping rays

Engine-stopping rays are a variant that occurs in fiction and myth. Such stories were circulating in Britain around 1938. The tales varied but in general terms told of tourists whose car engine suddenly died and were then approached by a German soldier who told them that they had to wait. The soldier returned a short time later to say that the engine would now work and the tourists drove off. A possible origin of some of these stories arises from the testing of the television transmitter in Feldberg, Germany. Because electrical noise from car engines would interfere with field strength measurements, sentries would stop all traffic in the vicinity for the twenty minutes or so needed for a test. A distorted retelling of the events might give rise to the idea that a transmission killed the engine.

Modern automobile engines are not mechanically but electronically controlled. Disabling the electronics can indeed stop the engine. This has been implemented in OnStar, which has a remote control feature, but this is not a weapon. It is an add-on to the electronics of the car. Because a car is operating on a closed system, it would be impossible to use an electronic means of disengaging an engine, short of electrocuting it via laser or pulse weaponry. See also Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP), which is known for its engine-stopping effect, but is an undirected -energy weapon.

In 2015, Lockheed Martin reported a demonstration of the ATHENA Laser Weapons System that disabled the engine of a truck from a distance of one mile.

Tesla

Tesla (1856–1943), a noted inventor, scientist and electrical engineer, developed early high frequency technologies. Tesla worked on plans for a directed-energy weapon from the early 1900s until his death. In 1937, Tesla composed a treatise entitled The Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media concerning charged particle beams.

In the later phases of World War 2,Nazi Germany increasingly put its hopes on research into technologically revolutionary secret weapons, the WunderWaffen.

Among the directed-energy weapons the Nazis investigated were X-Ray beam weapons developed under Heinz Schmellenmeier, Richard Gans and Fritz Houtermans. They built an electron accelerator called Rheotron (invented by Max Steenbeck at Siemens in the 1930s, these were later called Betatronsby the Americans) to generate hard X-ray synchroton beams for the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM). The intent was to pre-ionize ignition in aircraft engines and hence serve as anti-aircraft DEW and bring planes down into the reach of the FLAK. The Rheotron was captured by the Americans in Burggrub on April 14,

This are the result of basic nuclear fusion and fission reactiom.

Every coin has 2 faces.Similarly wisely use of weapon by acountry is impo

i found my article from google when i was searching for an article on energy weapon technology.Then i found an article written by Jason.B.Ellis.

2.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=swUA33FGXZU

3.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RNYe_UaWZ3U

4.http://s280.photobucket.com/user/khawja/media/bendib-red-alert.jpg.html

5.http://www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Nuclear/NWFZ

6.https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQEbsWYDfIFz1UwW1qF5-bUrnyqPnqcq_5sU0Bg5AJL04O0E5xp

7.https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQyrEW13-w2V9xf0o_E4PypLSrwl7cm27vXmvA5URylHDekdDMSVg

2)https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/72671533/36464787bcf11e53ad37449f6a1086c82fc4dc84/3c743868ecbed1913c94d95025e16219.pdf

3)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFjGbOyd2ek

4)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7PqAk-qianA

5)http://www.nature.com/news/military-technology-laser-weapons-get-real-1.17613

6)http://www.cnas.org/sites/default/files/publications-pdf/CNAS_FutureDefenseIndustry_FitzGeraldSayler.pdf

7)http://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/Nuclear-Weapons-Report_FN.pdf

8)http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4073128/

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2.http://www.army-technology.com/projects/groun-combat-vehicle-gcv/

3.http://www.army-technology.com/news/newsbae-northrop-reveal-infographic-details-hybrid-ground-combat-vehicle/

4.http://www.military.com/video/combat-vehicles/armored-vehicles/the-hybrid-electric-drive-combat-vehicle-is-real/3839155324001/

5.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9xqdoDc3oI

Indispensable  :- that one cannot do without;that cannot be allowed by bending the canonical rules.  adversary   :- an opponent or rival   tactical   :-of ,or relating to military operations that are smaller or more local than strategic  ones   Ballistic  :-or relating projectiles moving under their own momentum , air drag , gravity and sometimes rocket power   stovepipe  :-a channel for body of information which is compartmentalized in such a manner that some parties which might be interested in its use or able to utilize it are restricted from access to it

Shrapnel  :-a collective term for shot,fragments,or debris thrown out by an exploding shell or landmine  

Spall  :-to break into small pieces

Bankruptcy  :-a legally declared or recognized condition of insolvency of a person or organization

Turret  :-an armoured , rotating gun installation, on a fort ,ship ,aircraft ,or armoured fighting vehicle   deterrence  :-the art of producing in one’s enemy the fear of attack   formidable  :- difficult to defeat or overcome  stockpile  :- a supply of something kept safe for future use.   Proliferation  :-the spread of biochemical , nuclear and other weapons  of mass destruction to countries not originally involved in developing them  Adherents  :-sticking to something   refurbish   :- to rebuild or replenish with all new material   reinvigorate:-to revitalise(to give new life ,energy ,activity ,or success to something )

1 Operation Sandstone

It was a series of nuclear weapon test in 1948

2 Thermonuclear Reaction

It is of two of types

Fission reaction

Nuclear fission is either a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts.

Fusion Reaction

Nuclear fusionis a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei come very close and then collide at a very high speed and join to form a new nucleus.

3 Booster

Device in which a small amount of thermonuclear fuel is ignited by a fission reaction and produces neutrons that in turn enhance the fission reaction.

 There are 2 basic nuclear fission weapon designs:

• Gun assembly- An uranium-235 bullet is fired through a barrel at a fissile Uranium-235 target. The collision of the two isotopes initiates a chain reaction. The gun assembly design only proves practical with the uranium-235 isotope. 

• Implosion- A critical mass of a fissile material (U-235 or Pu-239) is surrounded by highly explosive material. When detonated, the high explosives compress the fissile material causing it to assume a state of supercritical mass. The supercritical mass instantaneously begins to undergo a chain reaction. 

The use of nanoparticles for military purposes is not quite new. For example, solid organic compounds of arsenic (“mask crushers”), used in World War I through the explosion of ammunition, produced (by so-called self-condensation) irritating aerosol, which contained aggregates with a particle size under 100 nm. Toxic smokes were later produced with the help of thermogenerators and smoke pots. In the Vietnam War, the American army used the harassing CS agent in the form of the formulae, CS1 and CS2. The formula CS1 is a finely ground powder of the effective compounds with an admixture of 5% pyrogenic silica gel (Cab-O-Sil, particle size of 5–50 nm). It is suitable in all the types of weapons with a highly explosive charge or in special dispersing equipment. CS2 is essentially the formula CS1 microencapsulated with the help of hexamethyldisilazane, which is resistant to hydrolysis and high temperatures. Both formulae are currently common parts of riot control ammunition. Scientists have also been recently interested in the preparation of nano-materials based on biologically active peptides and other substances. These technologies are prospects, for example, medicine, but can also be used for the production of new forms of bioregulators, calmatives and other groups of toxic substances for military purposes

Originally developed as weapons during the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union spent billions of dollars developing rocket technology which could carry humans into space (and even eventually to the moon). The development of this peaceful rocket technology paralleled the development of intercontinental ballistic missile technology and was a way of demonstrating to the other side the potential of ones own rockets.

Within peaceful rocket programs different peaceful applications can be seen as having parallel military ones for example the demonstration of the ability to launch multiple satellites with a single launch vehicle can be seen in a military context as having the potential to deploy multiple independently targettable reentry vehicles.

Nuclear

Dual-use technology refers to the possibility of military use of civilian nuclear power  technology. Many technologies and materials associated with the creation of a nuclear power program have a dual-use capability, in that several stages of the nuclear fuel cycle allow diversion of nuclear materials for nuclear weapons. When this happens a nuclear power program can become a route leading to the atomic bomb or a public annex to a secret bomb program.

Chemical

The modern history of chemical weapons  can be traced back to the chemical industries of the belligerent nations of World War I, especially that of Germany. Many industrial chemical processes produce toxic intermediary stages, final products and by products, and any nation with a chemical industry has the potential to create weaponised chemical agents.

Biological

Lax bio-security at laboratories is worrying researchers and regulators  that potential select agents  may have fallen into the hands of malevolent parties. It may have been instrumental to the 2001 anthrax attacks in the US. Universities sometimes flout regulations, complacent as to the dangers in doing so.

At the 2008 Meeting of States Parties to the  B.T.W.C, it was agreed by consensus that: States Parties recognized the importance of ensuring that those working in the biological sciences are aware of their obligations under the Convention and relevant national legislation and guidelines.

Other technologies

In addition to obvious and headline grabbing dual-use technologies there are some less obvious ones, many erstwhile peaceful technologies can be used in weapons. One example during the First and Second World War, is the role of German toy manufacturers. Germany was one of the leading nations in the production of wind up toys, the ability to produce large numbers of small and reliable clockwork motors was converted into the ability to produce shell and bomb fuses.

Control

Most industrial countries have export controls on certain types of designated dual-use technologies, and they are required by a number of treaties as well. These controls restrict the export of certain commodities and technologies without the permission of the government. The principal agency for investigating violations of dual use export controls in the United States is the Department Of Homeland Security,Homeland Security Investigations. Interagency coordination of export control cases are conducted through the Export Enforcement Coordination Center (E2C2).

A nuclear weapon is commonly defined as a device, which uses a nuclear reaction for destructive means.

Introduction

The first nuclear weapon was successfully detonated on July 16, 1945. The nuclear weapon, code named “Trinity”, yielded an explosion which was equivalent to 20 kilotons of Trinitrotoluene (TNT). This reaction unexpectedly had a shock wave which could be felt 100 miles away. Compared to chemical reactions, the amount of energy that can be released from nuclear reactions can be up to a million times greater. Before we can fully understand the chemical complexity and appreciate the engineering elegance of a nuclear weapon, however, it is important to grasp basic nuclear chemistry concepts.

Basic Nuclear Chemistry Definitions and Concepts

Nuclear Fission- This type of nuclear reaction is caused by nuclear decay of an unstable atom that has been hit by a neutron. As a result of the instability of the atom, the nucleus splits into two fission fragments also yielding free neutrons and exorbitant amounts of energy (both in the form of electromagnetic radiation and kinetic energy). A neutron carries no electric charge but the nucleus of an atom does - a positive charge. Like with magnets, like charges repel each other, so particles that carry positive electric charges like alpha particles are repelled by the nucleus of an atom and thus do not stick to the nucleus. However, a neutrally charged neutron can combine with the nucleus of an atom which then causes the nucleus to become unstable and split into 2 nuclei. According to Einstein's formula, E=mc2, energy is released from this reaction along with other neutrons that have the same effect on nearby nuclei and a chain reaction occurs which yields an incredible amount of enePicture of the Fission reaction of Uranium-236 producing fission fragments, neutrons and 3.20X1011 Joules of energy. Provided by "Wikipedia".

Nuclear Fusion- Fusion is almost completely complimentary to fission. It is the process in which a nuclear reaction where two nuclei are joined together to form a heavier nucleus. The reaction also yields free neutrons and exorbitant amounts of energy from binding energy.  Our sun is a "nuclear furnace" in the sense that it is a place where nuclear fusion occurs. Although a nuclear fusion reactor would undoubtedly be better for our environment, such reactions are not yet possible because no known material can withstand the incredible high temperatures needed for such reactions to occur. 

Figure 2: An example of nuclear fusion in which deuterium and tritium fuse together to form helium-4 and freeing a neutron.  Provided by "Wikipedia".

Example of Fusion Reaction

2D+3T → 42He +10N + 17.6 MeV

Fissile / Fissionable – An atom is fissionable if it is capable of undergoing fission. If an atom is Fissile it is not only able to undergo fission, but it is also capable of sustaining a nuclear chain reaction.

Nuclear Chain Reaction- As stated earlier in the text, a nuclear fission reaction yields free neutrons. In a nuclear chain reaction, the free neutrons from a nuclear fission reaction bombard nearby Fissile isotopes resulting in multiple fission reactions. These reactions result in colossal amounts of kinetic energy and gamma radiation.

Critical Mass- The amount of fissile isotope required to successfully assist a nuclear chain reaction. If the fissile material is at a subcritical mass it cannot sustain a nuclear chain reaction. On the other hand, if the fissile material is at a supercritical mass, it will undergo a chain reaction at a faster rate.

Nuclear Weaponry

A nuclear weapon can either undergo a nuclear fission reaction (atomic bomb) or a nuclear fusion reaction (H bomb or thermonuclear bomb).

Weapons Utilizing Fission Reactions

The first nuclear weapons built underwent pure nuclear fission. Uranium-235 and Plutonium-239 were the most common fissile isotopes used. (Uranium-235 is less than 1% naturally abundant. It requires complex methods of enrichment to be a fissile isotope). There are 2 basic nuclear fission weapon designs:

• Gun assembly- An uranium-235 bullet is fired through a barrel at a fissile Uranium-235 target. The collision of the two isotopes initiates a chain reaction. The gun assembly design only proves practical with the uranium-235 isotope. 

• Implosion- A critical mass of a fissile material (U-235 or Pu-239) is surrounded by highly explosive material. When detonated, the high explosives compress the fissile material causing it to assume a state of supercritical mass. The supercritical mass instantaneously begins to undergo a chain react

Weapons Utilizing Fusion Reactions

The first nuclear fusion weapons (also known as thermonuclear weapons) were designed to initiate a fission-based chain reaction. The fusion reaction between tritium and deuterium would result in the free neutrons necessary to bombard a fissile isotope and start a nuclear chain reaction. The first thermonuclear weapon was detonated in November of 1952. Similar to the nuclear implosion design, thermonuclear weapons use the heat and radiation from a fission reaction to make the fissile material assume a state of supercritical mass. The supercritical mass then instantaneously undergoes a fusion chain reaction yielding exponentially more energy than a fission chain reaction.

management. Military weapons and equipment have utilized in large quantities, frequently in and out of storage, security management task being heavy in use and supervision, thereby increasing the level of information management of the weapons and equipment being imminent with the emergence of the Internet of things(IOT) technology which provide a means for weaponry visualization techniques and achieve identification and tracking of the weapons and equipment in management and transport, achieve dynamic information about the equipment accurately, comprehensively and timely, and finally achieve efficient management of the weapons and equipment.

IOT (The Internet of things) is an important part of the new information technology and is considered as the expansion of Internet applications. IOT[1] refers to through a variety of information sensing devices such as sensors, radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, Global Positioning System, infrared sensors, laser scanners, gas sensors and other various devices and techniques, acquire real-timely any the sound, light, heat, chemical, biological, location, and other desired information of any objects or processes need to be monitored, accessed, interactive, and form a huge network with the Internet. Its purpose is to achieve a connection between things and people, things and things, all objects and the Internet to facilitate the management, identification and control. The IOT was built based on the Internet and EPC system of radio frequency technology. Now international research on the structure of the IOT is mainly divided into two categories: the EPC system in Europe and America and the UID system in Japan.

Devices designed to release energy in an explosive manner as a result of nuclear fission,nuclear fusion, or a combination of the two processes. Fission weapons are commonly referred to as atomic bombs. Fusion weapons are also referred to as thermonuclear bombs or, more commonly, hydrogen bombs; they are usually defined as nuclear weapons in which at least a portion of the energy is released by nuclear fusion.At last i would like to conclude by writing that nuclear bombs have great importance.

Radiological weapons are widely considered to be militarily useless for a state-sponsored army and are initially not hoped to be used by any military forces.Firstly, the use of such a weapon is of no use to an occupying force, as the target area becomes uninhabitable. Furthermore, area-denial weapons are generally of limited use to an attacking army, as it slows the rate of advance.