History of Modern Environmentalism by Aiza Kashif https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t en-us 2023-08-23 03:20:03 UTC 2023-08-25 00:49:00 UTC hello@padlet.com Our Common Future 1987 https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t/wish/2669586562 This is a milestone on both literature and international agreement. 
Our Common Future was a report published by the World Commission on Environment and Development of the United Nations. 
Sustainable development was defined in this paper as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". It places the environmental issues surely on the nations' political agenda, confirming its position. It links economic and social development and humanitarian issues such as poverty with the environment and sustainability, and discusses the two topics as a whole. 


CITES: https://environmentalsciences.quora.com/Our-Common-Future-The-Brundtland-Report-1987-https-thegreenpolitics-com-our-common-future-the-brundtland-report-19
http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-ov.htm]]> 2023-08-23 03:34:23 UTC https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t/wish/2669586562 Electric Cars 1820's-1830's https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t/wish/2669595471 Electric cars are a technological advancement that were invented around the 1820's - 1830's in Britain. In 1870's steam and gas were popular energy sources however, as tech began to gain attention, it became more frequently used. These were beneficial because not only were they quiet and convenient for short trips around the city, they didn't emit gas odors or release nearly as much carbon (“The History of the Electric Car”). This lead to less air pollution and more convenient ways of transportation without harming the environment.

“The History of the Electric Car.” Energy.gov, 2014, www.energy.gov/articles/history-electric-car. Accessed 23 Aug. 2023.
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]]> 2023-08-23 03:43:50 UTC https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t/wish/2669595471 Kyoto Protocol 1997 https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t/wish/2669600910 The Kyoto protocol was an international agreement to reduce the amount of emissions into the atmosphere that cause climate change. The protocol has been in force since 2005 and "called for reducing the emission of six greenhouse gases in 41 countries plus the European Union to 5.2 percent below 1990 levels during the commitment period 2008–12" (Britannica). Additionally, the protocol outlined many ways to take out greenhouse gasses out of the atmosphere such as planting trees. The Kyoto protocol of 1997 is seen as one of the most significant treaties for the environment. 

Citations:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Kyoto Protocol". Encyclopedia Britannica, Invalid Date, https://www.britannica.com/event/Kyoto-Protocol. Accessed 23 August 2023.]]> 2023-08-23 03:50:07 UTC https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t/wish/2669600910 Fukushima Accident 2011 https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t/wish/2669602842 It started with a strong earthquake, the strong earthquake caused strong waves and one of them was 15 meters tall and it hit the Fukushima nuclear plant so hard it destroyed the cooling system of three nuclear power plants. Japanese workers tried to restore power but the nuclear fuel in broken reactors overheated and caused a series of chemical explosions. 16 workers were injured by the explosions. Risks of radiation increasing cancer rates in the area, according to experts, remain relatively low, however several people have died in the process of evacuation. According to the Council of Foreign Relations, "Public support for nuclear energy plummeted, and, a year later, all of Japan's fifty-four reactors had been taken offline".

CITES: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56252695
https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/fukushima-daiichi-accident.aspx
https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/fukushima-disaster-didnt-scare-world-nuclear-power]]> 2023-08-23 03:52:25 UTC https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t/wish/2669602842 Fish Bowl Policy: May 1983 patricia01pd20251_2 https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t/wish/2669603607 William D. Ruckelshaus, administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, stated that the EPA will operate "in a fishbowl". To operate in a fishbowl is to allow outsiders to witness the conversations and agreements that are happening inside a place. The basic principles for this policy are, public participation in decision-making and a 30-day waiting period to receive public feedback before adding a policy. This was important to the environmental impact as the EPA allowed citizens to have an opinion on policies that will be effecting them as well as, allowing the citizens to recognize important environmental issues which increases environmental awareness.

Citation:
"Ruckelshaus Takes Steps to Improve Flow of Agency Information [Fishbowl Policy] | About EPA | US EPA." US Environmental Protection Agency, www.epa.gov/archive/epa/aboutepa/ruckelshaus-takes-steps-improve-flow-agency-information-fishbowl-policy.html. Accessed 23 Aug. 2023.]]> 2023-08-23 03:53:20 UTC https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t/wish/2669603607 Silent Springs 1962 (Lit) rdelalibera25 https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t/wish/2669604934 The publication of Rachel Carlson's Silent Springs in 1962 was an environmental milestone in the U.S. as it set environmental consciousness which lead to movements later on. Silent Springs brought a great rise of attention to the public and scientific community on the use of pesticides against insects in the 1900s, as it was found that the use of pesticides not only harms insects but it also harms all animals in its food chain including humans due to the spread of its toxins from one animal to another. Which later caused the U.S Environmental Protection Agency to ban the use of DDT because of its harmful impact on the environment.

Legacy of Rachel Carsons Silent Spring National Historic Chemical Landmark - American Chemical Society. (n.d.). American Chemical Society. https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/rachel-carson-silent-spring.html]]> 2023-08-23 03:54:59 UTC https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t/wish/2669604934 Chernobyl 1986 https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t/wish/2669605073 The Chernobyl incident in April 25-26th, 1986 occurred in a nuclear power station by the Soviet Union. Due to a faulty machine and inadequately trained workers, a large explosion was the result which started many fires. Consequently, 5% of it's radioactive reactor core was released into the environment. Overall, there were around 30 deaths of firemen and workers. This caused serious illnesses in response to the radioactive elements emitted into the environment. Many of the chemicals escaped into the air, most that were more powerful than those used in atomic bombs. This radioactivity was spread by wind to other countries such as Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine and soon reached as far west as France and Italy. Not only was this detrimental to the people, but also the environment. Millions of forest and farmlands were contaminated with the chemicals causing habitat loss and negative mutations in farm animals in the years to come. Humans also continued to suffer from these radioactive-induced illnesses and cancers.

“Chernobyl Disaster | Causes, Effects, Deaths, Videos, Location, & Facts | Britannica.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2023, www.britannica.com/event/Chernobyl-disaster. Accessed 23 Aug. 2023.
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]]> 2023-08-23 03:55:09 UTC https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t/wish/2669605073 Coating the Earth (2020) milo01pd2025 https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t/wish/2669608613 In 2020, Purdue University recently unveiled an obscure innovation set out to be a solution to our climate crisis. The solution?... a coat of white paint that is able to deflect 95% of the suns damaging heat rays (New York Times). The initial testing phases have proven to work on large skyscrapers or buildings that are targets for being naturally insulated. The paint has reflective qualities which allows it to act as a mirror against the sun, and has scientists worldwide question if this is a valid solution or another innovative stretch to fix our broken world. This technological innovation and creative solution could be a potential game changer in the climate agenda we are striving to unite in.


Buckley, Cara. “To Help Cool a Hot Planet, the Whitest of White Coats.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 12 July 2023, www.nytimes.com/2023/07/12/climate/white-paint-climate-cooling.html. ]]> 2023-08-23 03:59:39 UTC https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t/wish/2669608613 Valley of the Drums: Sep. 1981 patricia01pd20251_2 https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t/wish/2669613330 The cleanup of the Valley of the Drums (drums full of flammable chemical waste and detoxify runoff water, 23 acre area) was a significant environmental movement. The EPA spent $400,000 (USD) on cleaning up the land in Kentucky which is around 1,500 drums. Prior to the cleanup, rain water would cause the drums to overflow and chemicals into Wilson Creek (tributary of the Ohio River) which polluted the water. They have also thought of ways to detoxify runoff before it enters the water. This movement was significant to the environmental movement by proving that the lands of the Earth can be corrected making for a cleaner and safer environment for all species. This also persuaded people to clean up smaller pieces of trash so that it wont end up in massive piles like the Valley of Drums was.

Citation:
"EPA Schedules Emergency Cleanup at Valley of the Drums | About EPA | US EPA." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | US EPA, www.epa.gov/archive/epa/aboutepa/epa-schedules-emergency-cleanup-valley-drums.html. Accessed 23 Aug. 2023.]]> 2023-08-23 04:04:45 UTC https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t/wish/2669613330 Paris Agreement 2015 - 2016 https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t/wish/2669615943 The Paris agreement was to reduce the amount of emissions into the atmosphere. The goal was to limit the temperature increase of global warming to 1.5°C. In November 2016, 195 countries had signed the agreement. In the Kyoto Protocol the two biggest emitters of greenhouse gasses, China and the United States, chose to not participate. However, in the Paris agreement both China and the United States signed the agreement, making it now that over 98% of greenhouse gas emissions being represented in the world (Britannica). This was a big milestone as majority of the world was represented including the two big producers of greenhouse gases, only Nicaragua and Syria did not sign the agreement. The Paris Agreement is incredibly important due to how many nations signed it.


Citations: 
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Paris Agreement". Encyclopedia Britannica, Invalid Date, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Paris-Agreement-2015. Accessed 23 August 2023.]]> 2023-08-23 04:08:20 UTC https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t/wish/2669615943 The First Earth Day (Media) rdelalibera25 https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t/wish/2670824864 The first Earth Day on April 22nd, 1970 originally organized by the U.S. senator Gaylord Nelson was one of the biggest environmental movements in American history. In the beginning, Nelson started with small teaching to students to educate them about environmental issues. But later on, he came up with a mass protest, with more than 20 million supporters from all around America that would target many environmental issues. The protest now has the reputation of one of the largest peaceful demonstrations, a huge success, gaining the support of the Sierra Club, Friends of the Earth, and the Wilderness Society.

Hayes, A. (2022). The 20th century environmental movement in the US. TheCollector. https://www.thecollector.com/american-environmental-movement/]]> 2023-08-24 02:30:39 UTC https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t/wish/2670824864 Mount Peleè (1902) milo01pd2025 https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t/wish/2672277083 In the year 1902, the world experienced a catastrophic natural disaster that resulted in the death of nearly 30,000 civilians. This pre-mature eruption woke the world with a surprise; Martinique being predominantly affected with three tsunamis being the precursor to the eruption. Although the event itself didn't directly lead to the formation of modern environmentalism, the event helped environmental awareness and the development of environmental movements (volcanism). It has influenced discussions and debates about the need for better environmental management and conservation practices. 


“Global Volcanism Program | Pelée.” Smithsonian Institution | Global Volcanism Program, https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=360120. Accessed 25 Aug. 2023.]]> 2023-08-25 00:48:50 UTC https://padlet.com/aizakashif3/9lx5mf4a9l31835t/wish/2672277083