U.S HISTORY by Ashley Martinez

Diversity and discrimination: SCOTUS Decision in Obergellf v Hodgens 2015

martinez1514_ — 2023-10-06 16:14:02 UTC

With a majority of 5-4, it was determined that all states must recognize same-sex marriages. In addition this was due to the due process clause and equal protection clause.
The fourteenth amendment required a state license. However the case, and couples argued that the states had violated the clauses , refusing to allow them receive legal benefits of the institution

Constitutional convention, 1787

martinez1514_ — 2023-10-11 14:26:29 UTC

Roger Sherman made the great compromise, which didn’t make him a hero or a villain, but instead a smart man who kept the balance between delegates who wanted enslaved people to be counted for taxation and representation and those who did not. Roger Sherman knew there had to be a compromise to keep the peace between states.Roger Sherman was against slavery and instead of choosing a side, he made the great compromise.

Trail of tears, John Ross, 1838

martinez1514_ — 2023-10-12 16:29:43 UTC

Andrew Jackson would try and justify his reasoning for his actions, he would argue that he was only looking out for Native Americans since he believed they were children, who needed guidance. In addition, Native Americans are in fact different in many ways, however are also similar in many ways as they have adapted many of whites, ways of life.

“Ain’t I A Woman” Soujourner Truth, 1851

martinez1514_ — 2023-10-13 16:33:00 UTC

I believe people in the 1850’s saw women as weaker than men and bound to their maternal duties, and I believe this because most women were stay at home mothers who cleaned, cooked and could not vote. However this has changed throughout the years. Nowadays women can work, they are not judged for not being married, they can vote, and are given the same respect as men.

Dred Scott v. Sandford 1856

martinez1514_ — 2023-10-16 14:35:46 UTC

Roger Taney determined Black people could not be citizens because they were not included in the Declaration of Independence. And the deceleration of independence can be interpreted differently, depending on one’s views which is okay because everyone has their own opinions, however this can lead to conflict for the same reason. Since not everyone agrees with each other, they may understand the constitution differently.

John Brown, attack on Harper’s ferry, 1859

martinez1514_ — 2023-10-17 14:58:57 UTC

Although John Brown was a white male, who did not suffer and did not have family who suffered through slavery, he still chose to fight and sacrifice himself to free slaves. In his letter to the Virginia court, Brown mentions not having any intentions of harming others, but only fighting to free enslaved Americans, and unfortunately many did die, John Brown led , fought, and died for those, who could not fight for themselves, making him a hero.

Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896

martinez1514_ — 2023-10-18 16:04:52 UTC

The constitution holds the principals and rights of individuals which has great and more power than the Supreme Court, however the Supreme Court can be more powerful then the constitution because of their interpretations. The Supreme Court interpretations of the constitution are controversial and usually are sometimes interpreted depending on their own beliefs. In addition the Supreme Court interpretations have more of an impact, depending on the situation.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Women’s Suffrage, 1920

martinez1514_ — 2023-10-19 14:55:44 UTC

Elizabeth Stanton believed women should play an important role in both their personal and private lives but believed because of their roles in their private life, they were given less power then men. Most people, both girls and boys sided that their private live roles are more important than their roles in society, however this is not because they believe gender roles had an impact on society roles but because many people in todays generation, believe family is more important

Ting Quan and Joe v United States, 1893

martinez1514_ — 2023-10-23 14:52:49 UTC

Various factors such as criminal history are considered when immigrants apply for citizenship, and although during the case in 1893, the collector denied Lee Joe his citizenship because of his race, America continues to advance in society and someone being denied their citizenship because of their height, age, gender, or race is faulty and is highly doubtful.

Peak Popularity of the Klan, 1920s

martinez1514_ — 2023-10-24 15:28:33 UTC

Evan Hiram believed Americans are those of the white race, who had Christian beliefs and also those who acknowledged that they were inferior to white Christian’s. Evan pictured white Christians when thinking of a “real American” however this does not match my image of a “Real American” because I don’t picture gender, race/ethnicity, age, etc. When I think of an American, I picture those of different ethnic backgrounds who have lived in America for more than a few years and who participate in society, such as voting

Brown v. Board of education, Supreme Court,1954

martinez1514_ — 2023-10-26 14:23:55 UTC

The legal integration has not had the desired effect and we can assume this because after the experiment is recreated years later, it still has the same results. After the doll experiment, most children still preferred playing with a white doll which shows the inferiority that most colored children feel aside from their white peers. Although children of color can attend the same school as whites, they still struggle with their identity.

By any means necessary, Malcom X, 1964

martinez1514_ — 2023-10-27 13:50:13 UTC

Depending on the context, I would “by all means necessary”, fight for anything that truly mattered to me. I have not yet fought for a cause, however if I ever come across an injustice or something that I believe needs to be changed, I would do by any means necessary to achieve my goal.

Fighting for what you believe in can help change and impact the future for everyone and inspire others to also fight for what they believe in.

Articles of Confederation, Patrick Henry, 1777

martinez1514_ — 2023-11-16 18:11:58 UTC

Nowadays the Federal government has the power to declare war, manage foreign relations, make money, control trade between states and other countries and is included in the decision making for education. Patrick Henry would not agree with the decisions made in the constitution and he would argue the federal government is given too much power and we can understand Patrick Henry favored the Articles of Confederation because states were given the majority of power than the federal government. Patrick Henry supported the idea of the states being in charge of declaring war, creating money, collecting taxes and education but nowadays… although states are still given power over some decisions, the federal government is in control of most of the decision making and is therefore appointed more authority than states, which Patrick Henry would argue against this and refer to the federal government as almost a monarchy.

Constitution, James Madison (1787)

martinez1514_ — 2023-11-17 17:45:31 UTC

The constitution gives more appropriate powers to the federal government and the states. The articles of confederation gives states more control of declaring war, collecting taxes, giving money, etc and although this helped unite states at the time, the articles of confederation would likely lead to states abusing their power, traveling to different states would cause confusion and problems, and the central government would be weak, however the constitution gives states power but the federal government holds most of the power which would make the laws more consistent and limits states given power. Also the constitution provides the federal government with authority to enforce laws, protect all individuals rights, and unites society, regardless of the state they reside in.

Whiskey rebellion, George Washington, 1791

martinez1514_ — 2023-11-20 18:41:41 UTC

George Washington was just in his decision to use the army to suppress the whiskey rebellion.

As the first president, George Washington did not have any examples to guide his decision so he decided to set an example for future generations, he enforced the decision of the whiskey taxation and showed authority over the people. Citizens can infer if George Washington had not sent his soldiers, the people would continue to rebel until stopped which he prevented chaos, stopped the rebellion and established his authority over America with his fair and logical decision.

McCulloch v. Maryland, Supreme Court,John Marshall : 1819

martinez1514_ — 2023-11-21 15:31:52 UTC

The writers of the constitution used the phrase “necessary and proper” to best frame the constitution and set generations an example of prioritizing fair and just decisions.

Also the constitution used the phrase “necessary and proper” for future obstacles the country may face and giving the federal government authorization to make drastic decisions, but only if by all means is needed and mandatory. In addition the constitution used the phrase “proper” because the decision the federal government makes has to be genuine and appropriate for the good of America and its citizens. Also the “necessary and Proper” is a reminder that the Federal government has the power to make drastic decisions without the constitutions guidance-, by the given power of the Elastic Clause.

Cherokee V. Georgia, John Ross, 1831

martinez1514_ — 2023-11-27 17:17:33 UTC

The Supreme Court made decisions over Natives, such as establishing natives were their own sovereign nation in Worcester V. Georgia and declaring they were independent in Cherokee V. Georgia. The Supreme Court declaring, the Cherokee nation, sovereign established that they could make their own laws, define their own government, ability to claim land, entitlement to their own practices, etc. Although the court did not feel they held jurisdiction over the case of Cherokee V. Georgia, they declared Natives sovereign in Worcester v. Georgia, however since the president did not enforce this decision, this would lead to the removal act which the Supreme Court could not and did not support the removal act.

Nullification crisis, 1832, Daniel Webster

martinez1514_ — 2023-11-28 17:18:34 UTC

Daniel Webster’s opinion on the Nullification crisis was rather more interesting than Robert Hayne because his opinion was logical, reasonable, and prioritized the union instead of state and federal power. Daniel Webster argued states should have the power to try to invalidate certain laws that are unconstitutional from happening as he explains the first few paragraphs however he also argues states have to follow the laws, the federal government sets, and he refers to the constitution and having uniformed laws (p 4) and also states it is absurd for states to not have to follow the same “duties” which he establishes it is unfair for certain states to not to follow the same laws given by the federal government, and not following the same rules could end in more chaos between the states.

Daniel Webster’s argument is more interesting because it provides great points on why the federal government enforcing taxes on all states is a fair and reasonable argument to keep America united as whole.

Secession of South Carolina,Jefferson Davis,1860

martinez1514_ — 2023-12-01 00:54:35 UTC

Although South Carolina had a just argument and the right to be upset over the North not enforcing laws-the law being in favor of slavery may have contributed to their anger and eagerness to point out the North not forcing the fugitive slave act law.

Prior to the civil war, there was already tension between the North and South because the majority of the North were against slavery while majority of the South, were pro slavery which people can understand makes sense that they may have felt extra angry because they believed slaves were their property and their property was being threatened by the North because they were not enforcing their pro slavery law- the fugitive slave act.

Although the racist beliefs of the Southerners was behind

their raging frustration and eagerness to secede, and also the Civil war- they were right to point out the North not enforcing laws.

Little Rock Nine, Eisenhower Desegration, 1957

martinez1514_ — 2023-12-04 17:56:17 UTC

Although Eisenhower was seen as going overboard in his decision of 1957…his intentions were purely for the safety of the nine students, who were facing torment and hate. Eisenhower sent troops to enforce the desegregation law, and although Eisenhower could have avoided the troops and used alternative methods such as working with local authority or setting punishments…using troops to enforce the law was the most effective way as the law was set and enforced. Troops being present, prevented rebellion which helped desegregation occur and Eisenhower’s decision ensured that the law was not only forced, but also, the 9 students were protected during the huge controversial event. Eisenhower’s decision may also have been a controversial topic, however it was effective and ensured students safety, as well as enforced the decision of Brown v. Board of Education.

Little Rock Nine, 1957: Orval Faubus

martinez1514_ — 2023-12-06 17:09:43 UTC

In 1957, Eisenhower ordered troops to protect the 9 students who were facing hate while entering their new school and by doing so, Eisenhower enforced the supreme courts decision of Brown v. Board of Education. Orval Faubus, who was against ending segregation, shut down all public schools in response to Eisenhower sending soldiers and also argued the Federal Government was violating its power by intervening in State government's problems and used the 10 amendment to justify his argument. Both Orval Faubus and Eisenhower had compelling arguments, however Orval Faubus’s argument was the stronger constitutional argument as he justified his argument with the 10th amendment, stating that states are responsible over anything not directly mentioned in the constitution, which included, Education. Also Faubus did not use any subjective, prejudice language and since Eisenhower did wrongfully intervene…Faubus had the stronger constitutional argument however, Eisenhower had the right moral argument as his intention was to protect the students and enforce the supreme courts decision and form a path of ending racism and he did , however Orval Faubus only shut down the schools, keeping students from their education and society from change.

New York v. United States, Sandra Day O’Conner : 1992

martinez1514_ — 2023-12-07 18:15:45 UTC

The federal and state government avoided addressing the situation in New York over choosing where to dispose of radioactive waste, which not only shows weakness from the government by not taking responsibility but also delayed the disposal of radioactive waste. There are other events where the government chooses not to address situations and avoids them which ends in greater and more severe harm to society, such as The Cherokee v. Georgia and Georgia v. Worcester.

The federal government avoided the situation of Georgia v. Cherokee by choosing not to get involved or see the Cherokee as sovereign and the State government avoided the event of Georgia v. Worcester by ignoring the decision and choosing to not enforce it. Both governments avoided the issue which contributed to the lead up of the trail of tears- a event where thousands of people died. The government’s responsibility is to protect the people of the United States however by avoiding decisions, the government leads the country to greater problems.

NAACP sues North Carolina, Patrick McCreary : 2015

martinez1514_ — 2023-12-08 18:28:27 UTC

The federal government has obtained most power, compared to the State and Local Governments as we can see through history. After the constitution was written, the federal government has power to declare war, control trade, manage foreign affairs, etc and other smaller issues such as education are left up to the state, however it was not always this way…States had most of the power and control over issues when the Article of confederation was written, however the power should be balanced, the Federal government should have power over problems such as declaring war and managing trade, money, and taxes however States should be able to control voting, education, driving, etc and this should be able to be adjusted in the future when facing greater, challenging issues. A similar issue is Education inequalities that also shows unfair advantages, such as kids obtaining better resources than the less fortunate. States should be allowed to set their laws on voting, however without violating the 14th amendment…States should still be able to set rules around voting such as hours, same day registration, etc, however the Federal government should have uniformed regulations and ability to decide the age requirement for all states and it should not be acceptable for States to choose not to follow the regulations if they disapprove because it would be unfair to the other States and they may likely start to ignore the regulations, which may lead to a weak central government, who is seen as unable to enforce laws.

Donald Trump Elected President, 2016: Donald J Trump

martinez1514_ — 2024-01-20 00:40:36 UTC

Donald J Trump proposed a plan in order to create new jobs, and fix the “ slow recovery” of the economy in America. Donald J Trump believed the government should start with tax reform and reduce taxes because he claimed the code was “outdated” and kept workers from jobs. Also Donald Trump believed the government should negotiate, “the best”, new trade deals with other countries, in order to create new well paying job opportunities and support manufacturing in America. Trump believed if the government followed policies, such as fixing the tax code and negotiating deals with other countries in order to bring in more manufacturing jobs, would ensure “Economic growth”( 5 DJT administration)

Columbus lands in America, 1492: Christopher Columbus

martinez1514_ — 2024-02-04 02:51:22 UTC

Christopher Columbus’s goals on his voyage were to find a new route to Asia, find gold for the Spanish queen and king, and spread his faith by converting others into Christians.

Although Columbus found America instead, his goals did not change…he continued his quest to grow the wealth of Europe while hoping to convert others into Christianity. From Columbus’s voyage, we can assume that he wanted to grow the economic wealth of Europe by finding gold, subjugating others for required jobs, finding routes to Asia, etc and we can also assume Columbus hoped for a socially, Christian society as he was personally focused on converting others into Christianity.

Britain outlaws slave trade, 1807 : John C. Calhoun

martinez1514_ — 2024-02-04 04:28:56 UTC

John C. Calhoun defined slavery as a “positive good” because in 1807, Calhoun believed slavery kept the economy stable, made slaves more civilized, and slaves are treated with care.

John C. Calhoun claimed slave holding states were more “stable and quiet”, and claimed owners of slaves treated their slaves with the upright most care as he stated, “..where there is more kind attention paid to him in sickness or infirmities of age.”. John C. Calhoun believed slavery was a “positive good” because he believed slaves received positive treatment and society was becoming more civilized due to slavery.

Lowell mill women strike, 1834 : Sarah G. Bagley

martinez1514_ — 2024-02-06 17:04:17 UTC

The Lowell women created a petition and went on strike after claiming the mill business provided harsh working and living conditions. The women claimed they were facing harsh working environments ,such as short lunch breaks, long hours, (13-14), and these harsh working conditions had a negative impact on the girls mind, as well as their health as many of the girls developed diseases and sicknesses. The girls claimed a minimum of ten hours and longer breaks would improve the girls mental and physical health.

Reconstruction 1865-1877, W.E.B DuBois

martinez1514_ — 2024-02-07 17:22:54 UTC

During the reconstruction era, the government formed an organization in attempt to solve a social issue, which was the deciding the place of a former enslaved individual in American society as the integration of former slaves into society was ongoing. A few accomplishments that DuBois believed the government organization successfully achieved was the recognition or African Americans in courts, founded public education in the south, etc while a few failures that Dubois believed the organization had was the failure to secure land for the formerly enslaved, failing to establish relations between former masters and their slaves, and using paternalistic methods which discouraged the former slaves.

Although Dubois believed the government organization helped the formerly enslaved, he also believed they were still not freed.

The Gilded Age 1877-1900: Andrew Carnegie

martinez1514_ — 2024-02-09 15:03:24 UTC

Social Darwinism is the belief in the concept of survival of the fittest, meaning that the genetics of an individual, determines whether they are inferior or superior to others in society. Andrew Carnegie believed Social Darwinism was best for society and he believed there should be concentrated amount of wealth for certain individuals and he believed this because he claimed if wealth was distributed, the poor would waste it on unnecessary buys. Andrew Carnegie also claimed that the wealthy should help commoners by supporting them with advice, wisdom, and modesty. In addition, he believed in a graduated tax and argued the wealthy should spend all their money or donate it to the community before passing away.

Progressive Era 1890-1920 : Jacob Riis

martinez1514_ — 2024-02-12 15:52:46 UTC

Jacob Riis photographed how those stuck in poverty lived in their tenements, exposing the unsanitary and unsafe living conditions of the poor during the progressive era, which he published in his book, “How the Other Half Lives”, which refers to the poor during the era, as “the Other Half”. In his photographs, the working class is pictured in their filthy tenements which had no fire escapes, no windows, rare electricity, lack in regulations, unsanitary water, etc. The poor who were photographed, were covered in dirt, rarely ever had clean or whole clothing, slept wherever they could, lived and worked in unsanitary conditions, and often were sick. Jacob Riis photographs helped to expose the living conditions of the poor during the progressive era.

Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906 : Upton Sinclair

martinez1514_ — 2024-02-14 15:44:03 UTC

Upton Sinclair investigated the harsh meat prepping methods in the meat industry and published his book, “ The Jungle” which brought the public to advocate for new food safety laws which led to the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906. Although Upton Sinclair’s goal was to evoke the public’s emotions, heart and empathy for workers as he described the harsh working conditions of the working class; instead the public’s focus was surrounding the unsanitary conditions of meat prepping practices. Although Upton Sinclair's initial goal was to help the working class of the meat industry, he also successfully managed to evoke the fear of the public over harsh food prepping practices , which led to the new food safety law- The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

Invention of Assembly Line, 1913: Henry Ford

martinez1514_ — 2024-02-15 18:00:11 UTC

In 1913, Henry made a shocking decision; Henry Ford raised his workers pay to 5 dollars a day and decreased his workers hours to 8 hours and this choice was voluntarily. Henry Ford’s plan for ending poverty was increasing pay and decreasing hours in order to build his business for the future and abolish poverty. By providing better working conditions and ensuring his workers were receiving what they deserved and better, he believed he and other businesses could help workers out of poverty and may even help workers be able to afford the product by helping workers and providing them with wages that will motivate their best work. Also by decreasing product prices, he made his product more affordable for consumers.

The Great Depression 1929-1939: Franklin D. Roosevelt

martinez1514_ — 2024-02-20 15:12:47 UTC

After the stock market crashed and millions of people were left unemployed, Theodore Roosevelt created “ The New Deal”, in order to create new jobs and stabilize the economy. Theodore Roosevelt’s new plan included abolishing unnecessary governments in order to have a better and more stable federal government. Also Roosevelt proposed reforestation could help create new jobs for the people. Roosevelts new idea which surrounded agriculture and stabilizing the government helped the economy by creating new jobs and creating a new reformed society.

War on Poverty Begins, 1964: Lyndon B. Johnson

martinez1514_ — 2024-02-21 15:49:22 UTC

After the assassination of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson takes presidency, and society struggles through poverty, Johnson creates a plan that he named “ War on Poverty” which creates programs in order to help the poor, such as food stamp programs or health programs which provides the poor with benefits , care, and basic needs, making it easier for them to afford other necessities.

Lyndon B. Johnson had a goal to prevent and stop the inequality in society as a massive amount of Americans struggled through discrimination and poverty which led him to start “War on Poverty” programs.

Delano Grape Strike, 1965-1970: Cesar Chavez

martinez1514_ — 2024-02-26 18:29:07 UTC

Cesar Chavez formed UFW ( United Farmer Workers), in order to push businesses to improve working conditions for farmers. Cesar Chavez’s motivation for fighting for better working conditions was due to the lack of working standards as farmers struggled through low wages, malnutrition, sexual harassment, rat bites, working among waste, child labor, etc.

Due to the devastating conditions that farmers were facing, Cesar believed farmers should not look to the government for handouts but instead unionize and fight for their worker rights.

Reaganomics Launched, 1981 : Ronald Reagan

martinez1514_ — 2024-02-28 14:27:33 UTC

Reaganomics was a plan proposed by Ronald Reagan in 1981.

After certain ideas were adopted such as the “New Deal” and “War on Poverty”, the economy faced major debt and inflation caused by the safety net ideas, however in order to avoid

another recession, former President Ronald Reagan proposed a new idea, “ Reagenomics” which revolved around cutting taxes, especially for the wealthy, government regulation- meaning cutting down federal spending, power, and regulations. . Reaganomics idea revolved around helping the wealthy in hope that it would also trickle down to the working class and also Reagan believed cutting down the governments power would give power to the people and help businesses grow.

United States bombs Syria, 2017 : Donald Trump

martinez1514_ — 2024-03-05 17:39:42 UTC

Donald Trump had made a promise during his presidential campaign to not get involved in Syria affairs, however after the Syria dictator launched a chemical weapons attack on civilians, this was seen as possible threat to America as Donald Trump explains the dictator of Syria used banned chemical weapons. In addition, because Donald Trump believed the attack was a threat to the United States and its allies, he argued the United States had to intervene and prevent possible war or terrorism which is why he launched a military air strike where the chemical weapon attack was launched from.

Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793: George Washington

martinez1514_ — 2024-03-15 01:50:12 UTC

The proclamation of Neutrality which declared the nations neutral role in the war between Britain and France was set by George Washington because he believed aligning and defending one country would bring consequences such as instability, and massive amounts of spending. Also George Washington decided to stay neutral in the Britain and France war because he decided as a young country, our focus should be on the country instead of foreign affairs. In conclusion , choosing not to get involved in the French revolutionary war led our nation into a stable and more neutral position in world events.

Monroe Doctrine, 1823 : James Monroe

martinez1514_ — 2024-03-15 16:27:49 UTC

The Monroe Doctrine declared America’s position in foreign affairs as neutral when he declared Americas neutral position in the European and Latin America war. Although James Monroe followed George Washington’s precedent, he also established Americas position and opinion on the issue, declaring America stance and wishes. In addition , although George Washington also wished to remain neutral in foreign affairs, he did not address how our nation would intervene if threatened, while James Monroe did. In conclusion, the Monroe doctrine declared our neutrality in foreign affairs, but also established our strength, independence, and our ability to defend our country which advanced the United States foreign policy.

Mexican-American War, 1846-48: James K. Polk

martinez1514_ — 2024-03-18 16:21:48 UTC

Manifest destiny was the belief that America was destined by a higher power to expand. In the American-Mexican war, Mexico had lost half of its territory and manifest destiny was used as an excuse to take foreign land, portraying America as a country who is destined to be obligated to take over land in order to grow its own and become a strong and powerful country - which is given by a higher power. In conclusion, by using manifest destiny as an excuse to take over land, America was giving moral justification for taking over Mexicos land.

Spanish-American war, 1898: Mark Twain

martinez1514_ — 2024-03-19 19:33:55 UTC

After reading the treaty of Paris, Mark Twain declared himself as anti-imperialist and opposed to the colonization of the Philippines. Mark Twain was opposed the colonization of the Philippines because he believed America was not looking to expand our nation in order to spread democracy and

Americas beliefs, but instead to Subjugate the people and have control over even more land. In conclusion, Mark Twain opposed the treaty of Paris because he believed the United States goal was corrupted and simply to control instead of for the expansion of democracy.

United States WWI, 1917-19: Woodrow Wilson

martinez1514_ — 2024-03-20 14:26:00 UTC

when addressing the event, Woodrow Wilson decides America should have a neutral and peaceful standing in the war, and he uses reasons to back up his decision as well as also encouraging Americans to remain neutrals. Reasons such as how contributing the war goes against democratic principles and also how intervention could take America out of its peaceful position in the world is included in the document where Wilson discusses Americas neutral standing. In conclusion, Woodrow Wilson discussed how it was Americas priority to be a mediator in world events and he used this reason to oppose getting involved in World War I , where he eventually decided America had to get involved.

United States in World War II, 1941-1945: Franklin Roosevelt

martinez1514_ — 2024-03-21 19:27:38 UTC

In the beginning of his presidency during World War 2, Franklin Roosevelt believed the U.S should have a neutral standing in World war 2, however after Japan attacks U.S territories, the Pearl Harbor and around 2,400 u.s citizens are killed, FDR decides that America has an obligation to defend itself. In his address to congress, Roosevelt paints Japan as a ruthless empire with purposeful and premeditated plans in order to push Americans to support the War and feel anger and vengefulness towards Japan. In conclusion, since the U.S is attacked and FDR believed this was premeditated ( for reasons such as Japan only attacks American territories, the distance from Hawaii and because the U.S was negotiating with Japan while the event occurred) which drove him to argue that Japan is dangerous to the U.S which is why he believed the had to involve itself in WW2

Creation of the United Nations, 1945 : Eleanor Roosevelt

martinez1514_ — 2024-04-01 16:31:41 UTC

Eleanor Roosevelt pushed for the formation of The United Nations because Eleanor Roosevelt believed in diplomatic and professional approaches in the United States Foreign Policy.

Eleanor Roosevelt believed the purpose of the UN was to create and uphold human basic rights, and as well to promote peace between countries. In the document, Eleanor Roosevelt explains the purpose of the UN is to promote democracy, peaceful cooperation, and protect human lives.

Truman Doctrine, 1947 : Harry Truman

martinez1514_ — 2024-04-01 17:33:28 UTC

The Monroe Doctrine declared that the U.S would involve itself in foreign affairs if the Europe continued to colonize the western hemisphere. The Truman doctrine was aimed to prevent the spread of communism . In conclusion, although the Truman doctrine established a new foreign policy with a different goal and problem; alike the Monroe Doctrine, the Truman policy was set to avoid potential threats.

Civil rights movement, 1954-68, Martin Luther King Jr

martinez1514_ — 2024-04-04 13:49:31 UTC

MLK opposed America intervening in the Vietnam war because MLK believed government spending would be shifted from the poor and programs for the poor to the war. Also MLK believed it was ironic for African Americans to fight with White Americans since Segregation existed. In conclusion, MLK opposed the Vietnam war because he believed America should focus on funding programs for the poor, instead of war.

Military Coup in Chile, 1973: Henry Kissinger

martinez1514_ — 2024-04-04 17:09:01 UTC

Henry Kissinger advised Nixon to oppose Chilean President Salvador Allende because Kissinger argued that Allende is a Marxist and Marxism is the idea of overturning capitalism in the favor of communism. In addition, Kissinger believed Allende is a profound anti-U.S. bias as the U.S follows capitalism. In conclusion, Kissinger advised Nixon to oppose Allende to avoid the spread of communism which may also be a threat to Americas relations with other countries.

Dayton peace accords, 1995: Bill Clinton

martinez1514_ — 2024-04-05 14:50:41 UTC

In his public statement, Bill Clinton addresses his decision to intervene in the Bosnian War, and he explains that Americans values enforced his decision to intervene. Bill Clinton explains that as country who’s values surround, “ life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”, America had an obligation to intervene and stop the genocide of Bosnians and Croats. In conclusion, Bill Clinton explains that by intervening, the country can help defend our values, promote peace, protect civilians as well as promote American interests.

War on Terror, 2001: George W. Bush

martinez1514_ — 2024-04-12 17:23:15 UTC

After the 9/11 attack, George W. Bush’s strategy on the war on terror included different strategies and approaches in order to combat attacks. George W. Bush aimed to prevent attacks from terrorist groups and promote stability with a few different strategies. . George W. Bush’s strategies and tactics involved military action, surveillance, tools of intelligence , diplomatic efforts, weapon of war, and cooperation with other countries.

Aurora movie theater shooting, 2012 : Barack Obama

martinez1514_ — 2024-04-24 17:01:14 UTC

While addressing the shooting in Colorado, Barack Obama explains his plan in reducing gun violence in America.

Although Barack Obama’s goal is not to get rid of the 2nd amendment, he introduces 4 ways to effectively reduce gun violence in America. The first solution that Obama mentions is - anybody who purchases a fire arm must go through a background check, the second solution is to hire more investigators and agents, the third solution is having mental health records included in background checks and the fourth solution is to boost gun safety technology. In conclusion, Obamas plan to reduce gun violence is to create stricter safety standards.

Declaration of Independence, 1776: Thomas Jefferson

martinez1514_ — 2024-04-25 17:23:51 UTC

The United States explained its decision to declare independence as Thomas Jefferson argues that all humans are entitled to their rights of Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of happiness and he goes on further to explain that Britains government violates the rights of colonists. Also when declaring independence from Britain and its ruler, King George, the Declaration of Independence argues that as a government acts unjust or as a tyranny, its in the best interest of the people to form a new government. In conclusion, when establishing principles of the new institution, the United States declares independence from Britain.

Bill of Rights, 1791: James Madison

martinez1514_ — 2024-04-29 15:11:57 UTC

In order to protect the people’s civil rights, the bill of rights was established in the constitution, which specifically declared the civil liberties of citizens . It makes up the ten amendments that declare individual rights, such as the freedom of speech, freedom of religion, the right to bear arms, etc. In conclusion, the bill of rights was established to protect the people’s civil liberties and avoid allowing the federal government too much power.

Sedition Act, 1798 : John Adams

martinez1514_ — 2024-05-01 01:32:57 UTC

In order to keep the public from sympathizing with the French and to keep the public from critiquing the government after the War, John Adam’s established the Sedition act.

The 2nd president restricted freedom from the press by allowing the sedition act which restricted the public from writing, speaking, and publishing any material that critiques the government. When establishing the sedition act, Adam’s argued that any person who attempted to “defame” the government or anyone who aided the criticizers, would have to pay a fine for two thousand dollars and serve jail time for a maximum of 2 years. In conclusion in order to restrict the public and press freedom from publishing any critique on the government, John Adam’s passed the sedition act.

Civil war, 1861-65 : Abraham Lincoln

martinez1514_ — 2024-05-02 16:04:36 UTC

In the civil war, states were starting to seceded, starting with North Carolina. The states started forming the confederacy, rebelling form the union. Abraham Lincoln justified his suspension of habeas corpus by arguing that his action aligned with the constitution- he argued that the constitution stated that the suspension of habeas corpus was just in cases of rebellion and invasion and during the civil war, the south’s decision to seeded was an act of rebellion.

Bonus army protests, 1932: Herbert Hoover

martinez1514_ — 2024-05-02 16:18:38 UTC

In his statement, Herbert Hoover addressed his reasoning for dispersing the bonus army of veterans. After the Great Depression, the veterans went to Washington D.C to collect their promised money, however after Herbert Hoover told them to leave, and they did not, Herbert Hoover sent soldiers to make the protestors leave. Herbert Hoover then addressed this by arguing that the protest turned into a disorder and riot. In conclusion, Herbert Hoover argues that this was necessary because protesters were out of control.

Japanese internment, 1942-1946: Franklin D. Roosevelt

martinez1514_ — 2024-05-03 14:52:39 UTC

Franklin D. Roosevelt issued the executive order 9066 which established Japanese interment camps, and justified this by arguing that this order was necessary to protect the public’s safety. In addition, FDR appointed secretaries of war to designate military areas and exclude those who they deem necessary, and he justified this by including the sedition act which argued that the government must protect the nation and prevent attacks after war. In conclusion, FDR justified the internment of Japanese Americans by arguing that after the pearl harbor attacks from Japan, America had to protect the public from possible espionage and sabotage from Japanese citizens who may look to defend their mothering country.

McCarthyism/2nd Red Scare era, 1950-1956: Paul Robeson

martinez1514_ — 2024-05-07 04:33:23 UTC

When being accused of being a communist, Paul Robeson was blacklisted, had his passport taken away, and was brought to give a testimony. While giving his testimony, Robeson defended himself against the Joseph McCarthy’s accusation by stating the 5th amendment which forbids an individual to testify as witness against themselves- forbidding self incrimination. In addition, besides using the 5 amendment to defend himself, he argued that the HUAC was un-American as his civil liberties were being violated.

COINTELPRO founded, 1965: J. Edgar Hoover

martinez1514_ — 2024-05-07 16:26:56 UTC

After receiving black lash, the COINTELPRO organization (counter intelligence) tried to justify its decision to use surveillance technology to spy on Americans. In order to defend itself, the organization argued that it was necessary to protect national security. In conclusion, the organization argued that they only targeted individuals who deemed as a threat to society, in order to protect the public’s safety.

Black Panther Founded, 1966: Huey P. Newton

martinez1514_ — 2024-05-08 17:41:49 UTC

The Black Panther Party was formed as a self defense group and Huey Newton, alongside with his con founder, Bobby created the Ten point program which consisted of the wants and beliefs of the party. In the document, Newton argued t for various wants of black people, including peace, freedom, employment, compensation, housing, education, exemption from military service, fair trials, and justice. In conclusion, Newton ended the document by stating, “ We want land, Bread, Housing, Education, Clothing, Justice, and peace.”

USA PATRIOT Act, 2001 : George W. Bush

martinez1514_ — 2024-05-09 17:15:03 UTC

The U.S government defended itself and the justice department against accusations made by the ACLU, by stating myths and reality of the implemented surveillance program. In addition, the U.S government argued that surveillance was not allowed to spy on everyone without court approval or suspicion of potential threats. Also the U.S argued that libraries and public places should not safe havens for individuals and that they must be under surveillance, in order to protect the public from those who may threaten the nation, such as those who may look in libraries and public places for information that can create danger to society. In conclusion, the government argued that the implemented surveillance helped to resolve domestic threats.