https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz en-us 2016-06-01 15:20:28 UTC 2025-10-01 06:48:57 UTC hello@padlet.com 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113343902 2016-06-01 15:22:14 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113343902 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113343914 2016-06-01 15:22:23 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113343914 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113343941 Politeness, Brown and Levinson, positive/negative, face-threatening vs face-saving]]> 2016-06-01 15:22:35 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113343941 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113343953 Deference: reverence and respect for economic, social and intellectual 'superiors']]> 2016-06-01 15:22:39 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113343953 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344048 2016-06-01 15:23:06 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344048 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344100 2016-06-01 15:23:25 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344100 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344180 Standardisation]]> 2016-06-01 15:23:47 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344180 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344212 Internal vs external: Suzanne Romaine (1998), change within language in isolation vs external changes that influence the language]]> 2016-06-01 15:23:55 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344212 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344252 Prescriptivism vs descriptivism]]> 2016-06-01 15:24:08 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344252 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344271 Accommodation theory, Howard Giles, convergence vs divergence]]> 2016-06-01 15:24:13 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344271 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344287 Cooperation theory (Grice's maxims): shared aims in conversation:
a) Quality - true
b) Relation - relevant
c) Manner - clear
d) Quantity - brief]]> 2016-06-01 15:24:19 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344287 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344393 2016-06-01 15:24:51 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344393 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344410 Heteroglossia: Bakhtin, coexistence of different language varieties within a linguistic code, centripetal (top-down) forces vs centrifugal forces (bottom-up)]]> 2016-06-01 15:24:58 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344410 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344480 Cultural capital: Bourdieu (1973), assets that promote social mobility and help establish rapport with certain groups, e.g. knowledge, accent, hobbies]]> 2016-06-01 15:25:19 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344480 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344495 Hegemony: ruling class dominates a society; thus, their worldview becomes the dominant model and ideological norm (Gramsci) ]]> 2016-06-01 15:25:23 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344495 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344541 Genre theory: 
Bex, 1996
We use genres to label texts with similar language features and/or social functions. 
We can analyse genres by studying linguistic structures within the text and attitudes represented by the text
Genres change to reflect social change, and by doing so they reinforce it
We may see change within a genre, development of a sub-genre, or creation of a new genre]]> 2016-06-01 15:25:38 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344541 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344611 Conversationalisation: Fairclough, 1994, restructuring boundary between public/private and written/spoken discourse]]> 2016-06-01 15:25:56 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344611 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344663 Aberrant decoding (Eco, 1965): a text is decoded with a  code different from that used to encode it ]]> 2016-06-01 15:26:10 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344663 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344675 2016-06-01 15:26:13 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344675 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344729 Binary opposition]]> 2016-06-01 15:26:31 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344729 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344822 Determinism vs reflectionism: does language determine our thought processes or reflect them? Link to social attitudes, namely sexism]]> 2016-06-01 15:26:57 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344822 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344939 Semantic differential: Osgood et al., 1957, all words can be located in semantic space according to their connotations. Terms for women tend to operate within a negative semantic space]]> 2016-06-01 15:27:27 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113344939 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113345077 False class consciousness: Marx, accepting one's class position, proletariat are ignorant or happy]]> 2016-06-01 15:28:12 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113345077 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113345263 Political correctness]]> 2016-06-01 15:29:24 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113345263 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113345340 Dialect levelling, Paul Kerswill, homogenisation of dialects across the country due to geographical and social mobility]]> 2016-06-01 15:29:44 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113345340 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113345549 Inclusive vs exclusive language]]> 2016-06-01 15:30:50 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113345549 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113345621 Formality]]> 2016-06-01 15:31:13 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113345621 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113345886 Speech act theory: Austin, utterances have a performative function, locutionary, illocutionary, perlocutionary acts]]> 2016-06-01 15:32:45 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113345886 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113345975 Covert prestige, Labov]]> 2016-06-01 15:33:13 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113345975 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113348495 Interpellation: Althusser, hailing an individual as the intended subject of discourse]]> 2016-06-01 15:48:35 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113348495 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113348516 Fairclough: synthetic personalisation]]> 2016-06-01 15:48:42 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113348516 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113348648 Types of power:
- Practical
- Personal
- Positional
- Knowledge/ideas]]> 2016-06-01 15:49:25 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113348648 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113348675 Influential (not practical) vs instrumental (practical)]]> 2016-06-01 15:49:36 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113348675 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113348739 Fairclough: power in discourse vs power behind discourse]]> 2016-06-01 15:49:59 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113348739 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113352977 Einar Haugen:
1. Selection - standard variety is selected
2. Codification - embalmed in dictionaries
3. Elaboration - diversifies its functions 
4. Implementation - imposed; deviations are criticised]]> 2016-06-01 16:16:23 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113352977 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113353328 Aitchison:
a) Crumbling castle
b) Infectious disease
c) Damp spoon]]> 2016-06-01 16:18:53 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113353328 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113353382 Deficit: male speech is standard; women fall short of this
Dominance: women's speech reflects their subservience in a patriarchal society 
Difference: men and women have different aims in conversations
Diversity: many factors influence speech]]> 2016-06-01 16:19:13 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113353382 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113356783 Closed texts strongly encourage a particular interpretation; open texts allow for more flexibility (Eco, 1981)]]> 2016-06-01 16:43:12 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113356783 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113356877 Stuart Hall's hypothetical interpretative codes:
a) Hegemonic/dominant reading
b) Oppositional reading
c) Negotiated reading]]> 2016-06-01 16:43:56 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113356877 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113357200 Philosopher Jacques Derrida: one of a binary pair (usually the norm) is viewed in a positive light, whereas the other is considered deviant and negative]]> 2016-06-01 16:46:03 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113357200 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113357509 Globalisation]]> 2016-06-01 16:47:58 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113357509 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113358185 Sharon Goodman (1996): we are living in a time of increased informalisation]]> 2016-06-01 16:51:59 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113358185 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113371577 Milroy and Milroy (1999) suggest that the process of standardisation is ‘an idea in the mind rather than a reality’  ]]> 2016-06-01 18:11:52 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113371577 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113380632 Words are formed to fill lexical gaps]]> 2016-06-01 19:17:49 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113380632 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113380698 Hockett (1958): language changes due to random fluctuation]]> 2016-06-01 19:18:26 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113380698 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113380722 Substratum theory: language changes as a result of coming into contact with different forms of language]]> 2016-06-01 19:18:37 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113380722 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113381183 Zipf (1949): principle of least effort = assimilation/palatisation ]]> 2016-06-01 19:23:07 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113381183 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113381358 Dropping of irregular inflexions due to economy of memory]]> 2016-06-01 19:24:48 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113381358 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113381617 18th Century: languages inevitably decay due to decadence or disinterest]]> 2016-06-01 19:27:44 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113381617 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113381822 Labov, social bonding theory: a change occurs naturally/inevitably within a small group of the population. This becomes a signal for a particular sociocultural identity, so diffuses into the wider population ]]> 2016-06-01 19:30:08 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113381822 406281 https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113489417 Kerswill (via Husband): (on slang) “adolescence is the life stage at which people most willingly take on new visible or audible symbols of group identification” ]]> 2016-06-02 15:22:44 UTC https://padlet.com/406281/9j7482obossz/wish/113489417