Is defined by various scholars as learners taking control of their own learning, including setting goals, selecting content, choosing methods, monitoring their progress, and evaluating outcomes. Holec (1981) was one of the first to define it, while Benson (2011) emphasizes the learner’s capacity to "take control" of their learning.

Characteristics:

Several authors, like Dickinson (1978) and Voller & Benson (1997), describe autonomous learning as the ability to make decisions independently regarding content, methods, and even where and when to study. It’s often associated with learner self-recognition, self-discipline, and self-control.

Types:

Benson (1997) categorizes autonomy into three perspectives:

Technical: Skills and strategies for unsupervised learning.

Psychological: Attitudes and cognitive abilities to take responsibility for learning.

Political: Empowering learners by giving them control over their learning.

Attributes of Autonomous Learners:

Omaggio (1978) lists seven characteristics of autonomous learners, such as being active, willing to take risks, and focusing on both form and content in their learning.

Little (1991) clarifies that autonomy is not simply self-instruction or a teaching method, nor is it something that teachers do to students. It’s also not a fixed state or a behavior that can easily be described.

Autonomous learning is defined by various scholars as learners taking control of their own learning, including setting goals, selecting content, choosing methods, monitoring their progress, and evaluating outcomes. Holec (1981) was one of the first to define it, while Benson (2011) emphasizes the learner’s capacity to "take control" of their learning.

Characteristics:

Several authors, like Dickinson (1978) and Voller & Benson (1997), describe autonomous learning as the ability to make independent decisions regarding content, methods, and even when and where to study. It’s often associated with learner self-recognition, self-discipline, and self-control.

Impact on Teaching:

For teachers to promote autonomy, they must reflect on their own beliefs and practices. The relationship between teacher and student autonomy is interdependent, meaning that both must engage actively in the learning process.

Students should be prepared to take charge of their learning. This requires support from teachers in guiding reflection on learning styles and processes.

Practical Strategies:

• Encourage students to create their own dialogues and use dictionaries independently.

• Utilize learning journals to foster self-reflection and improve writing skills.

Fostering autonomous learning not only enhances student engagement but also prepares them for lifelong learning beyond the classroom.

In the original model there are only four learning styles (Visual, Auditory, Reading/Writing and Kinesthetic). However, we have found 10 categories of learning styles.

Examples: Musicians, instrumentalists

Characteristics:

·         They have a music or song in their heads most of the time.

·         They may even say ordinary things in a singsong way.

·         They enjoy singing and chanting.

·         They are very good listeners

·         They tap and move to rhythm

Famous people: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig Van Beethoven

Examples: Data analyst, researchers, security

Characteristics:

·         Keeps a journal or diary.

·         Enjoys spending time alone.

·         Struggles in large crowds and noisy rooms.

·         Likes to set goals and make plans.

·         Struggles opening to others

·         Excellent self-management skills

·         Has a strong sense of self

·         Highly independent

Famous people: Isaac Newton, Howard Gardner

This type of learners tend to categorize information into groups to learn them better. They understand equations, numbers and relationships easily. These learners love structure and logic to things. Mathematics usually comes easy to them. They are able to recognize patterns and sequences. They get engaged with difficult problems.

Examples: Scientists, mathematicians, detectives

Characteristics:

·         Like to keep detailed planners and organizers

·         Enjoy playing strategy-based games

·         Are highly investigative and curious

·         Prefer visuals over words

·         Are highly goal oriented

·         Look for rules and procedures

·         May struggle writing creatively

·         May have difficulty seeing big picture.

Famous people: Albert Einstein, Pythagoras

They are a combination of verbal and auditory learners. They absorb knowledge by writing, reading and sounding the material out. These learners can use traditional learning methods just like verbal learners and also prefer listening to the information. Linguistic learners also make their own notes to study.

Characteristics:

·         Analize and comprehend grammar in depth.

·         Learn vocabulary in context and structured way.

·         Pay attention to the details of the language, such as pronunciation and intonation.

·         Study in an organized and planned way.

·         Reflect on their learning and self-assessment.

·         Feel curiosity and motivation for the language.

Example: Language teachers, writers, editors, translators and interpreters

Famous people: J.R.R. Tolkien, and Natalie Portman

Characteristics:

·         Have a fascination with words and tend to learn new words easily

·         Usually possess a rich vocabulary

·         Tend to enjoy games that involves role play such as Scrabble, Boggle, and crossword puzzles.

·         May have difficulty spelling or visualizing information

·         Enjoy reading, whether it’s to themselves or to others.

·         Dislike silence and enjoy participating in groups.

·         Enjoy talking aloud about what they read and easily remembers quotes and rhymes.

Examples: Politics, writers, lawyers

Famous people: William Shakespeare, Dante Alighieri

Characteristics:

-Loves nature,

-Enjoys classifying species, and

- Learns best through interaction with the environment.
Famous Example: Charles Darwin

Characteristics:

-Excels in social interactions,

-Prefers collaboration and

-Group discussions.
Famous Example: Mahatma Gandhi

Characteristics:

-Processes information through images,

-diagrams, and

-visual representations.
Famous Example: Leonardo da Vinci

Characteristics:

-Learns best through movement,

-hands-on activities, and

-physical interaction.
Famous Example: Thomas Edison

Characteristics:

-Prefers learning through sound,

-music, and

-verbal communication.
Famous Example: Ludwig van Beethoven

Britannica. (7 de February de 2025). Britannica. Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/biography/J-R-R-Tolkien

Choudhary, M. (25 de September de 2024). classcard. classcard: https://www.classcardapp.com/blog/10-types-of-learning-and-how-to-teach-them-a-complete-guide-to-learning-styles

Coblitz, L. (s.f.). Meisterdrucke. Meisterdrucke: https://www.meisterdrucke.uk/fine-art-prints/Louis-Coblitz/1065576/Portrait-of-William-Shakespeare.html

Desk, O. D. (13 de March de 2023). Observer Voice. Observer Voice: https://observervoice.com/14-march-remembering-albert-einstein-on-birthday-16797/

Doceboy. (s.f.). Quizlet. Quizlet: https://quizlet.com/13233693/flashcards?funnelUUID=0a022269-f4d0-4f8f-85d0-7ca1f550d54d

Group, C. L. (2025). Time 4Learning. Time 4Learning: https://www.time4learning.com/learning-styles/solitary-intrapersonal.html#:~:text=A%20solitary%20learner%2C%20also%20known,learn%20best%20when%20working%20alone.

Locus Assignments. (s.f.). Locus Assignments. Locus Assignments: https://www.locusassignments.com/blog/different-types-of-learning-styles

National Geographic. (s.f.). National Geographic. Isaac Newton: Who He Was, Why Apples Are Falling: https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/isaac-newton-who-he-was-why-apples-are-falling/

Pesce, C. (s.f.). Busy Teacher. Busy Teacher: https://busyteacher.org/15551-how-to-teach-musical-learners-9-ways.html

Platt-Evans, P. (s.f.). Science Photo Library. Science Photo Library: https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/724378/view/dante-alighieri-italian-poet

Relationship between mathematics and phylosophy. (s.f.). Phytagoras: https://historyofmath1.weebly.com/phytagoras.html

Teachings in Education. (24 de September de 2017). Learning Styles & Multiple Intelligences: Theory Integration (Video). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVg9n0l0Gf0

Time 4Learning.Inc. (2025). Time 4Learning. Time 4Learning: https://www.time4learning.com/learning-styles/solitary-intrapersonal.html

University, B. A. (s.f.). BAU Washington D.C, A new generation university. Academic Advice: https://bau.edu/blog/types-of-learning-styles/

WordPress.com. (s.f.). Learning Styles 101: https://learningstyles101com.wordpress.com/logicalmathematical-learner/