Eric Hobsbawm membincangkan sikap Marxis terhadap nasionalisme. Kebanyakan kaum Marxis 'dan bangga dengan negara-negara, etnik, kebudayaan atau komuniti lain di mana mereka berada' dan, lebih penting lagi, 'pergerakan sosialis Marxis yang paling berkesan beroperasi dalam lingkungan sesetengah negeri atau rakyat. Hobsbawm masih menyimpulkan bahawa ia adalah 'fakta asas' bahawa Marxis bukan nasionalis

Ia adalah lebih daripada dasar yang sangat utilitarian , kerana komunis mencipta  budaya baru kebangsaan di mana sebelum ini tidak ada. Sifat komprehensif dari rayuan komunis kepada legitimasi kebangsaan masih tersembunyi, dan rayuan komunis terhadap nasionalisme muncul sebagai sesuatu yang baru.

Kepentingan tertumpu terutama pada Marxisme teori dan sikap komunis ke arah minoriti kebangsaan atau pergerakan kebebasan nasional di tanah jajahan. Oleh itu, Komunisme boleh disebut sebagai satu bentuk sosialisme yang mengharapkan kelas yang kurang masyarakat dan di mana tidak ada pemilikan swasta. Hal ini menjelaskan bahawa komunisme tidak berdiri untuk aspirasi tertentu di rantau atau negara. Komunisme berbeza daripada sosialisme, walaupun kedua-duanya mempunyai persamaan dari segi menyokong kesaksamaan ekonomi dan pemilikan negeri pelbagai barangan dan perkhidmatan. Bagaimanapun, sosialisme biasanya berfungsi melalui struktur demokratik yang ada di negara-negara kapitalis. Sebaliknya, komunis menyatakan bahawa sistem ekonomi dan politik kapitalis mesti digulingkan sepenuhnya melalui sebuah revolusi.

Marx menyatakan, sejarah semua masyarakat yang ada sekarang adalah sejarah perjuangan kelas. Di dalam journal ini, disebutkan mengenai kedudukan  borjuasi, melalui persaingan dan pemilikan persendirian tanah, sentiasa mengekploitasi dan menindas golongan kelas pekerja/ kelas bawahan. Marx kemudian menyatakan bahawa sistem itu sentiasa menghasilkan konflik dan revolusi kelas dan harus digantikan oleh Komunisme, sebuah masyarakat tanpa perbezaan kelas. Konsep 'kelas yang mengetuai bangsa membangkitkan rasa kebangsaan sosialis, dan kemudian komunis  mula menuntut sebagai 'patriot' sejati 'atau' sosialis ' yang berasal sebahagian dari fragmen ini. Kelas pekerja - atau 'proletariat' - mesti bangkit terhadap pemilik kapitalis, atau 'borjuasi,' mengikut cita-cita komunisme, dan menubuhkan sebuah masyarakat baru tanpa harta persendirian, tidak ada kelas ekonomi dan tidak ada keuntungan.

 

Kata kunci; Komunisme, Sosialisme, nationalisme,proletariat, borjuasi, revolusi, sistem ekonomi, golongan kelas bawahan, eksploitasi, persaingan dan pemilikan, utilitarian

There is no doubt that the Cold-War relationship between the two superpowers set the defining stamp on the century’s second half. The Cold War was also a form of knowledge and a cognitive organization of the world. It laid down the coordinates of a conceptual geography grounded in East vs. West and having implications for the further divide between North and South. The Cold War as context fundamentally influenced all scholarship on “real socialism,” and especially scholarship in the U.S. A Cold War was in progress and had awakened interest in the region, and because that war had abated somewhat into détente. The privileged place accorded the discipline of political science in creating knowledge about the region, owing to the strategic importance of the socialist world for U.S. politics. In the absence of a preexisting anthropological discourse on Europe more broadly, the hegemony of political science strongly influenced the way the anthropology of Eastern Europe developed. The constraint of research during the Cold War also was on movement. A particular problem for anyone not residing in a major city, as anthropologists rarely do.

2. The Cold War and Personal Identity.

An idiosyncratic affinity between the anti-Communism of American society. Through the Cold War, Soviet Communism came to represent the ultimate in Absolute Power and Authority. In mid-1980s, when Romania was about the last socialist country anyone would want to be in. The marxism is about institutionalized and propagandizing one, encountered through the Romanian media.

 3. The Study of Postsocialism.

This postsocialist moment offers at least three sets of opportunities. Firstly is the opportunity to understand better what is actually happening in the region, if we can set aside the triumphalist assumption that free-market democracies are the inevitable outcome. Secondly is to broaden a critique of Western economic and political forms by seeing them through the eyes of those experiencing their construction. The forced pace of privatization, for example, reveals with special clarity the darker side of capitalism. The thirdly is a new imaginings would be the more fruitful. Whether one sees it as a system suigeneris or as a peculiar and repellent version of capitalism, it is features distinguished it from other sociopolitical organizations of human activity.


METODE HISTORIS: SUATU KAJIAN FILSAFAT MATERIALISME KARL MARX

Aspek-aspek itu adalah:
1. Produksi adalah untuk memenuhi keperluan hidup, iaitu produksi kehidupan material itu sendiri. Produksi merupakan watak alamiah, dasar dari semua sejarah saat ini mahupun beribu-ribu tahun silam yang harus dipenuhi setiap hari untuk mempertahankan kehidupan manusia. 

2. Keperluan-keperluan hidup yang baru muncul dan harus dihasilkan kerana berkaitan dengan peningkatan populasi di dalam masyarakat manusia. 

3. secara semulajadinya manusia melahirkan manusia lain atau memperbanyak keturunan, iaitu melalui hubungan seksual lelaki dan wanita untuk terciptanya proses sebuah keluarga. Kemudian menimbulkan hubungan sosial baru.

4. Produksi untuk memenuhi keperluan hidup yang mengandung tiga aspek di atas mempunyai dua perkaitan, iaitu hubungan secara semulajadi dan hubungan sosial dengan pengertian kerja sama dari beberapa orang.

5. Setelah memahami empat aspek hubungan dasar sejarah yang tertera di atas, dapat difahami bahwa manusia juga mempunyai kesadaran, namun bukan kesadaran murni. 

Asas-asas konsep materialisme historis Karl Marx dan sebagai ajaran yang aslinya:

1. Faktor yang paling penting dan menyebabkan perkembangan sejarah iaitu faktor ekonomi.

2. Basis ekonomi bergerak secara dialektik dan akibat-akibat gerakan itu adalah pertentangan sosial, dan selanjutnya pertentangan sosial itu menyebabkan perjuangan kaum buruh terhadap kelas yang menguasai mereka. Kemenangan perjuangan kaum buruh memusnahkan pertentangan antar kelas-kelas itu. 

1. Komunisme Primitif (Masyarakat Persukuan)

Masyarakat persukuan alat produksi belum berkembang, dan pekerjaan manusia hanya berburu, memancing, beternak, dan pertanian. 

2. Komunal Kuno (Perbudakan)

Masyarakat komunal kuno manusia dimiliki sebagai kekayaan oleh sebahagian orang yang lebih berkuasa. Pada masa ini terdapat kelas yang menguasai dan dikuasai.

3. Feudalisme Kehidupan

Masyarakat sistem feudalisme model produksi didasarkan pada kemampuan para pejuang perang atau bangsawan yang mengendalikan wilayah-wilayah lokal yang kecil dengan kekuatan senjata untuk menundukkan dan mengeksploitasi tenaga kerja pertanian, sehingga mereka disebut sebagai tuan tanah.

4.Kapitalisme 

Pemilikan produktif teruatama dalam bentuk tanah, di mana kaum buruh bekerja dengan upah rendah mengelola tanah tersebut. Dalam sistem kapitalisme, kaum buruh menjadi modal kekayaan para penguasa, karena mereka diupah dengan nilai rendah, dan bahkan kaum buruh dipandang oleh kapitalisme, para pekerja diupah sekedar untuk hidup saja. 

5. Sistem Sosialisme 

Masyarakat sosialime, tidak ada ditemukan pengisapan terhadap masyarakat. Namun alat produktiviti masih rendah dan keperluan bahan belum dipenuhkan secara cukup. 

6. Sistem Komunisme 

Produktiviti dalam masyarakat komunisme sudah sangat tinggi, sehingga semua keperluan bahan dihasilkan dengan secukupnya. Upah dipandang sebagai produk sampingan dari kerja mereka.

Pentafsiran historis sebelum Karl Marx: 

Karl Marx telah membahas dan mengembangkan historis secara ilmiah:

Terdapat dua konsep utama yang digunakan oleh Karl Marx sebagai pendekatan dalam perubahan sosial:

i) kekuatan-kekuatan produksi 

ii)hubugan produksi

 

 

Keywords: historis, ekonomi, kelas, teknologi, produksi, feudalisme, kapitalisme, komunisme

In Twentieth century, Soviet Union emergence after the October Revolution. The present of the Soviet Union in the world shaped not only international but internal politics everywhere from Western European social-welfare policies to the many Third-World struggles that advanced under Soviet aegis. On 25 December 1991, the Soviet Union’s exit belies not only its tremendous power and influence with Mikhail Gorbachev’s resignation speech. Socialism that fought to produce and sustain liberation movement offered a response to the features throughout the year of the human condition such as inequality, hunger, poverty and exploitation. These execution of socialist program encountered some obstruct that attempts to rectify them by corrupting its objective. Criticism and exasperation came more easily than sympathy.

In the twentieth century, United States become a global power and led the struggle of the free world against the threaten by Bolshevik. Cold-war is the relationship between two superpowers on the century’s second half. It was also a form of knowledge and a cognitive organization of the world. The Cold-war affected both public perceptions and intellectual life. It shaped the work of the physicists and engineers who engaged in defense research, social scientists specializing in Kremlinology, novelists and cinematographers who produced spy thrillers.

Cold-war had abated somewhat into détente and bought the rise of funding organization. Without détente and the desperate interest of socialist regimes in increased access to Western technology, the price to let in scholars from the West would have been impossible. Because of the Cold-war, anthropological interest in Europe began relative late as of 1971 almost no fieldwork had been done in eastern part of Europe. 

Cold-war placed a number of constraints such as constraint on North Americans doing research there, the privileged place in creating knowledge about the region owing the strategic importance of the socialist world for United State politics and constraint the movement for anyone not residing in a major city. 

The Cold-war and personal identity
At the same time, the forces made privileged being interlocutor, it also manage to made a character to act more deeper. There’s an idiosyncractic between anti-communism of a American Society and certain aspects of a character where identified. Totalitarianism here means that soviet communism came to reperesent the ultimate in absolute power and authority. Romania  was said to be the last socialist country in the mid-1980s. The power of Romanians were affected by the power of anarchy. If the cold war were not constructed “communism’ in 1950s, the Eastern Europe must be something interesting and the U.S Government not define this incarnate authority as the main threat to natural security. Effects of cold war on North American intellectual life shows that Marxism was its institutionalised  and propagandizing. 1975, dependency theory and related neo-marxist writings were discovered. 

·         This postsocialist moment offers at least three sets of opportunities, all having both scholarly and political significance. First is the opportunity to understand better what is actually happening in the region, if we can set aside the triumphalist assumption that free-market democracies are the inevitable outcome.

 

·         A second opportunity, related to the first, is to broaden a critique of Western economic and political forms by seeing them through the eyes of those experiencing their construction.

 

·         the fuller understanding of what actually existing socialism was.

 

·          a system sui generis or as a peculiar and repellent version of capitalism, its features distinguished it from other sociopolitical organizations of human activity.

 

·         This book aims to encourage work on socialism and postsocialism in these directions. It is not primarily a book about Romania (the area of my research), even though much of my material comes from that country, but rather a book indicating how we might think 334 about what socialism was and what comes after it.

 

·         Chapter 1 is a compressed version of a longer analysis of the socialist system. I present socialism as an ideal type, leaving aside for the moment its varied realworld manifestations; in like manner, it is often useful to speak analytically of “capitalism,” for despite differences among countries like Canada, the Netherlands, and Australia, these cases also show important similarities

 

·         chapter 2 I take up a theme that appeared in chapter 1 and is echoed in chapter 7: the organization of time under socialism. Anthropologists and historians have explored differences in how time is organized and lived across different kinds of social orders.

 

·         Chapter 3 asks how gender and national identities intersected in socialism, suggesting that gendered imagery in national myths masculinizes the nation’s lineage, feminizes territorial boundaries, and eroticizes national sentiment.

 

·         Eastern Europe, there is no need to justify giving this much space to the theme of national identity, which is fundamental to politics and self-constitution throughout the region

·         Chapter 4 focuses directly on nationalism, while chapters 3 and 5 add to it two other themes—gender and civil society—significant in their own right.

·         In chapter 4, postsocialist nationalism is best understood in terms of the workings of socialism, but unlike others I concentrate on its organization of the person, or self, and on the ethnic symbolism of postsocialist anxieties

·         chapter 5 I further explore a specific way in which national ideas have influenced post-1989 politics in Romania: through their effects on “civil society.” - treat civil society as a symbolic construct deployed in political argument, rather than as a “thing” to be “built.

·         Chapter 6 link problems of decollectivization with the way land was treated under socialism. Many of these points will be useful in thinking about decollectivization in other countries of the region, including the Baltic states

·         chapter 7 I analyze a remarkable occurrence of the early 1990s: the rise and fall of pyramid schemes, epitomized in the spectacular Romanian pyramid known as Caritas - democracy, markets, privatization, and the accompanying changes in culture

·         chapter 8 uses the metaphor of a transition to feudalism in order to explore the consequences of the party-state‟s decomposition.

KEYWORDS:                 

1. Liberation

2.Intellectual

3. Anthropology

4. Constraint

5. Surveillance

6. Postsocialist

7. Western economic

8. Social organization
9.Idiosyncractic
10.Totalitarianism