Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 - 20 March 1726) was an English physicist and mathematician, is celebrated as a key figure in scientific revolution. From age of 12 until 17, he was educated in The King's School, Grantham which taught Latin and Greek but no mathematics. He was removed from school, and by Oct 1659, his mother widowed 2nd time, attempt to make him a farmer. Newton hate farming. Henry Stokes master at the King School, persuade his mother send him back to school. Motivated partly to revenge against a schoolyard bully, he become a top-ranked student.
In June 1661, he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge. At that time, college's teachings more based on those of Aristotle whom Newton supplemented with modern philosophers such as Descartes and astronomer such as Galileo and Thomas Street, through whom he learned of Kepler's work.
Mathematics achievement
Newton is generally credited with the generalised binomial theorem, valid for any exponent. He discovered Newton's identities, Newton's method, classified cubic plane curves (polynomials of degree three in two variables), made substantial contributions to the theory of finite differences, and was the first to use fractional indices and to employ coordinate geometry to derive solutions to Diophantine equations. He approximated partial sums of the harmonic series by logarithms (a precursor to Euler's summation formula) and was the first to use power series with confidence and to revert power series. Newton had the essence of the methods of fluxions by 1666. The first to become known, privately, to other mathematicians, in 1668, was his method of integration by infinite series. In Paris in 1675 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz independently evolved the first ideas of his differential calculus, outlined to Newton in 1677. Newton had already described some of his mathematical discoveries to Leibniz, not including his method of fluxions.
Optics
In 1664, while still a student, Newton read recent work on optics and light by the English physicists Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke; he also studied both the mathematics and the physics of the French philosopher and scientist René Descartes. He investigated the refraction of light by a glass prism; developing over a few years a series of increasingly elaborate, refined, and exact experiments, Newton discovered measurable, mathematical patterns in the phenomenon of colour. He found white light to be a mixture of infinitely varied coloured rays (manifest in the rainbow and the spectrum), each ray definable by the angle through which it is refracted on entering or leaving a given transparent medium. He correlated this notion with his study of the interference colours of thin films using a simple technique of extreme acuity to measure the thickness of such films. He held that light consisted of streams of minute particles. From his experiments he could infer the magnitudes of the transparent "corpuscles" forming the surfaces of bodies, which, according to their dimensions, so interacted with white light as to reflect, selectively, the different observed colours of those surfaces.
Mechanics and Gravitation
According to the well-known story, it was on seeing an apple fall in his orchard at some time during 1665 or 1666 that Newton conceived that the same force governed the motion of the Moon and the apple. He calculated the force needed to hold the Moon in its orbit, as compared with the force pulling an object to the ground. He also calculated the centripetal force needed to hold a stone in a sling, and the relation between the length of a pendulum and the time of its swing. Correspondence with Hooke redirected Newton to the problem of the path of a body subjected to a centrally directed force that varies as the inverse square of the distance; he determined it to be an ellipse, so informing Edmond Halley in August 1684. Halley's interest led Newton to demonstrate the relationship afresh, to compose a brief tract on mechanics, and finally to write the Principia.

Known as the "Godfather of Broadband", "Father of Fiber Optics" or "Father of Fiber Optic Communications", was jointly awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for "groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmissible ion of light in fibers for optical communication". Kao holds multiple citizenship of Hong Kong, the United Kingdom and the United States.

-11th president of India

-born 15 oct 1931

-Died 27 July 2015

-Profession: -professor, author, aerospace scientist

In ancient Greek, the ruler of Syracuse, Hiero decided to make a golden crown for his success after a war. So, the ruler ordered a goldsmith to make a golden crown. The goldsmith did as what he had ordered. The next day, the goldsmith delivered the crown to the ruler. The ruler was happy and paid him. The next few days, the king heard rumors about the crown is not made of pure gold but it is mixed with silver. The king was furious because he might be tricked by the goldsmith. 
But, the ruler know there is a man named Archimedes can solve this problem. Archimedes try to figure out the solution. One day, he was walking to the public baths for his daily bath. When he went into the water, the water in the tub began to spill out over the sides. Curious, Archimedes continued to lower himself slowly into the water, and he noticed that the more his body sank into the water, the more water ran out over the sides of the tub. He realized that he had found the solution. Without remembering to put his clothes on, shouting "Eureka!Eureka!" he went towards the ruler. 
Archimedes realized that an object, when immersed in water, displaced a volume of water equal to its own volume, and that by measuring the volume of the displaced water, the volume of the object could be determined, regardless of the object’s shape. With this, Archimedes work out to test the crown with same amount of pure gold and pure silver. If the goldsmith replace the gold with silver, the volume of the crown should be bigger and more water will be displaced. After the experiment, Archimedes found out that the crown displaced more water than pure gold which indicates that the goldsmith indeed had cheated the king.

Application of Archimedes's Principle
- Submarine
- Cruise and ships
- Hot air balloon etc.

Born: July 1, 965 AD, Basra, Iraq

Died: March 6, 1040, Cairo,Egypt

Influenced by: Al-Kindi, Aristotle, Ptolemy, Euclid, Thabitibn Qurra, Ibn Sahl, Banu Musa, Galen, Abu Sahl al-Quhi

Influenced: Omar Khayyam, Taqi  ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, Kamal al-Din al-Farisi, Averroes , Al-Khazini, JohnPeckham , Vitello

Fields : Optics, Astronomy, Mathematicals

Ibn al-Haytham is widely considered to be one of the first theoretical physicists, and an early proponent of the concept that a hypothesis must be proved by experiments based on confirmable procedures or mathematical evidence- hence understanding the scientific method 200 years before Renaissance scientists.
He was a pioneering scientific thinker who made important contributions to the understanding of vision, optics and light. His methodology of investigation, in particular using experiment to verify theory, shows certain similarities to what later became known as the modern scientific method. 
Today, many consider him a pivotal figure in the history of optics and the “Father of modern Optics”

Heisenberg also discovered the Uncertainty Principle in 1927, which states that determining the position and momentum of particles necessarily contains errors the product of which cannot be less than the quantum constant.

-Died | February 16, 1997 (aged 84)

-Fields | Physics

-Institutions |
Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica

-University of California at Berkeley

-Smith College

-Princeton University

-Columbia University

-Zhejiang University

Alma mater 
National Central University,Nanjing, China

-University of California at Berkeley

-Thesis |
The Continuous X-Rays Excited by the Beta-Particles of 32

-P. II. Radioactive Xenons (1940)

-Doctoral advisor
| Ernest Lawrence

-Known for | Manhattan Project Parity violation Beta decay

-Notable awards | Comstock Prize in Physics (1964)Bonner Prize (1975)National Medal of Science (1975)Wolf Prize in Physics (1978)

Chien-Shiung Wu born May 31, 1912 – February 16, 1997) was a Chinese American experimental physicist who made significant contributions in the field of nuclear physics. Wu worked on the Manhattan Project, where she helped develop the process for separating uranium metal into uranium-235 and uranium-238isotopes by gaseous diffusion. She is best known for conducting the Wu experiment, which contradicted the hypothetical law of conservation of parity. This discovery resulted in her colleagues Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen-Ning Yang winning the 1957 Nobel Prize in physics, and also earned Wu the inaugural Wolf Prize in Physics in 1978. Her expertise in experimental physics evoked comparisons to Marie Curie. Her nicknames include "the First Lady of Physics", "the Chinese Madame Curie", and the "Queen of Nuclear Research".

Name:Satyendra  Nath Bose
Born:  1 January 1894

Died: 4 February 1974 (aged 80)

Nationality: Indian

Fields: Physics and Mathematics

-He is best known for his work on quantum mechanics

-Providing the foundation for Bose–Einstein statistics

-Providing the foundation the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate

C.V. RAMAN
NAME : Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
BORN : 7 November 1888 
DIED : 21 November 1970 
NATIONALITY : 
FIELDS :light scattering 

1.He discovered that when light traverses a transparent material, some of the deflected light changes in wavelength. This phenomenon, subsequently known as Raman scattering, results from the Raman effect.
2. In 1954, India honoured him with its highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna.
3.  It gave further proof of the quantum nature of light.
4. Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930
5  C. V. Raman discovered that when light interacts with a molecule the light can donate a small amount of energy to the molecule. As a result of this, the light changes its color and the molecule vibrates. The change of color can act as a ‘fingerprint’ for the molecule.
 6. Raman spectroscopy, which relies on these ‘fingerprints,’ is used in laboratories all over the world to identify molecules and to analyze living cells and tissues to detect diseases such as cancer.
7.Raman also worked on the acoustics of musical instruments. He worked out the theory of transverse vibration of bowed strings, on the basis of superposition velocities. 
8.He was also the first to investigate the harmonic nature of the sound of the Indian drums such as the tabla and the mridangam.
9.. He also investigated the propagation of sound in whispering galleries.
10. Raman and his student, Nagendra Nath, provided the correct theoretical explanation for the acousto-optic effect (light scattering by sound waves), in a series of articles resulting in the celebrated Raman–Nath theory. 11.Modulators, and switching systems based on this effect have enabled optical communication components based on laser systems.
12. In 1948, Raman, through studying the spectroscopic behaviour of crystals, approached in a new manner fundamental problems of crystal dynamics.
13. Raman retired from the Indian Institute of Science in 1948 and established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore, Karnataka, a year later.