The Big Bang theory suggests that the universe began from an extremely hot, dense point smaller than a subatomic particle. An unimaginable force caused the intense burst of energy from the tiny point in a fraction of a second distributing all the matter and energy in all directions which created the universe, although the explosion happened 13.8 billion years ago Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is still expanding and cooling down to this day.

• Earth's core and crust were formed 4.5 billion years ago

• Dense metals sank to the center of the Earth and formed the core

• The outside layer cooled and solidified

• a solid, super-hot iron nugget spontaneously began to crystallize inside a 4,200-mile-wide ball of liquid metal at the planet's center.

• According to studies DNA appeared 4 billion years ago. DNA molecules emerged around 400 million years ago as previously thought. 

• The origins of DNA are still a mystery but scientists believe that RNA-based life eventually switched to DNA to take advantage of its stability. But so far there is little evidence to support this. 

• DNA changes have changed over time. It changes as it ages. 

• Before DNA there was RNA and scientists believe that RNA was around before humans. 

• The first oceans were formed because of comets, trans-Neptunian objects, or water-rich asteroids from the main asteroid belt colliding with Earth.

• The ocean formed 3.8 billion years ago

• The earliest life forms were microscopic organisms that appeared about 3.7 billion years ago.

• Prokaryotes were the earliest life forms, simple creatures that fed on carbon compounds that were accumulating in Earth's early oceans. 

• Slowly, other organisms evolved that used the Sun's energy, along with compounds such as sulfides, to generate their own energy.

• A species is a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. 

• When cyanobacteria evolved at least 2.4 billion years ago, they set the stage for a remarkable transformation. They became Earth's first photo-synthesizers, making food using water and the Sun's energy, and releasing oxygen as a result.

• Appeared about 3.7 billion years ago.

Around 3.5 to 3.4 billion years ago, the first Prokaryotic Bacteria roamed around the planet Earth. This bacteria was able to survive in most of the environments of the early Earth, allowing it to develop over time. Over time, it the bacteria develop complex structures, allowing it to create the Eukaryotic cells that we now know and love.

Photosynthetic is a plant or organisms that transforms light energy into chemical energy, light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen. Photosynthetic organisms reduced the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere and started producing oxygen. Photosynthesis creates all of the energy that fuels living organisms. Animals that eat plants acquire their energy from the stored sugar in plants, and animals that eat those animals obtain that same energy.

These cells began to develop at least 2.7 Billion years ago, after around 1 to 1.5 billion years of prokaryotic evolution. The cells had a developed nucleus and other organelles that allowed them to play important roles in gene expression. Gene expression allowed for the creation of the complex protein cell, which is the basis of most living organisms on Earth.

• An event that marked the rise of oxygen in the early Earth’s atmosphere.

• Estimated to have happened between 2.5 and 2.3 billion years ago.

• Oxygen in the form of the oxygen molecule (O2), produced by plants and vital for animals, is thankfully abundant in Earth’s atmosphere and oceans.

• The First Geologic Period in the Paleoproterozoic Era and lasted from 2500 Ma to 2300 Ma.

• With increased oxygen in the atmosphere, continents started to rise, minerals started to form and disperse.

• Life was mostly bacteria and organisms, Algae and anaerobic was the reason for the rise of increased oxygen level, 

• Because of the increase in oxygen levels, anaerobic died because of the increase.

• Because of the rise of water in the atmosphere water levels also increased.

Before sexual reproduction organisms reproduced through asexual reproduction. In asexual reproduction, one parent copies itself to form a genetically identical offspring. We eventually evolved into sexual reproduction which is, when an organism combines the genetic information from each of its parents and is genetically unique. Sexual reproduction is better as sexual reproduction promotes genetic diversity through new combinations of alleles during meiosis and fertilization.

• The first multicellular life appeared 600 million years ago

• The evolution of single cellular to multicellular was a pivotal moment in history

• centimetres-long multicellular organisms existed as early as 1.56 billion years ago

• cells may have evolved aggregation in response to predation, for functional specialization or to allow large-scale integration of environmental cues

• The earliest form of multicellular life were Grypania spiral

Earth's oceans and land surfaces were covered by ice from the poles to the equator. Multicellular organisms including red algae, green algae, and fungi emerged before the Cryogenian and survived Snowball Earth It changed life in the oceans, causing the rise of more complex algae over cyanobacteria. Global warming associated with large accumulations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over millions of years, emitted primarily by volcanic activity, is the proposed trigger for melting a snowball Earth.

The age of invertebrates was during the paleozoic era, the paleozoic era was 541-251 million years ago the age of invertebrates was the period of time when invertebrates developed rapidly. The first invertebrates appeared 570 million years ago. These were soft-bodied organisms that lived in the oceans, such as sponges.

Approximately 518.8 million years ago, there was a sudden radiation of complex life and particularly all major animal phyla started appearing in the fossil record. It lasted for about 13 to 25 million years and resulted in the divergence of most modern metazoan phyla. The event was also accompanied by the major diversification of other groups of organisms. Before it, most organisms were composed of individual cells or small groups of multicellular organisms.

• The earliest evidence of land plants and animals dates back to 488 to 444 Ma and lots of microorganisms made the transition much earlier. 

• Around 400 million years ago vertebrates, such as fish started developing limbs and other characteristics that allowed them to live on land. One of the most important features to evolve was the lungs. They gave vertebrates the ability to breathe.

• The first species to evolve were tetrapods, and amphibians in the late Devonian period 

Land plants first appeared during the Ordovician period which is part of the palezoic era. Land plants acquired traits that made it possible to colonize land and survive out of the water. Vascular tissues, roots, leaves, cuticle cover, and a tough outer layer that protects the spores contribute to the adaptation of plants to dry land. Plants coming onto land made it a sustainable place for future land animals to be able to live on land by releasing oxygen into the air.

The Primates arose 85-55 million years ago, from small terrestrial mammals that adapted to living in trees. They may have originated as far back as the Cretaceous Period, as they appeared in the fossil record nearly 55 million years ago. These primates had grasping hands, large brains, and flat faces.

This is when systematic experimentation was emphasized and how the scientific method came to be. This is what developed mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, chemistry, and more. This is what changed people's views about nature. It leads to new knowledge systems as well and is finally learning about the law of gravity. This event also challenged social and religious ideals, since new information was now conflicting, and they learned how facts can change over time.

It was revolutionary in medical history because it helped save many lives. Infections that previously killed people, or severely disabled them, were now easily treatable. Now, if you had a bacterial illness, you didn't have to worry so much about your chances of living. Such as penicillin, it saved over 200 million lives, and for example, increased the survival rate of bacterial pneumonia from 20% to 90% between 1937 and 1964.

The Ordovician Extinction was caused by climate change, as the climate grew colder. Once they adapted to the cold climate, it then grew warmer killing more of the species that were prone to the cold. This occurred around 445.2 to 443.8 million years ago.

It was devasting to nearly 70-80 percent of the marine invertebrate species, this was due to the change in sea level and ocean anoxia. This might have been caused by global cooling, or oceanic volcanism. This event is what spawned a variety of fish to begin forming

• Was created 300-200 million years ago (late Paleozoic Era until the very late Triassic)

• All continents were once a single continent called Pangea

• Pangea began developing over 300 million years ago, was fully formed 270 million years ago, and separated around 200 million years ago.

• Pangea slowly broke apart and formed the continents we know today. 

• Proof that Pangea existed is there were rock formations that originated in different places but were found somewhere else.

The Permian Period was the last period of the Paleozoic Era, lasting from 298.9 million years ago to 252.2 million years ago. It started with widespread glaciation and well-defined climatic belts. As time progressed, the climate warmed, resulting in hot and dry conditions by the end of the period. These changes led to a crisis for both marine and terrestrial life during the Permian. The extinctions were likely caused by the warming climate and associated changes to the oceans.

It was caused by countless volcanic activity in the Atlantic Ocean, and it marks the boundary between the Jurassic and the Triassic periods. The volcanos caused the atmosphere to spike in Co2, so it caused global warming and it killed off over 76 percent of life there.

• The Cretaceous period is one of the three periods in the mesozoic era, the mesozoic era includes jurassic, triassic, and cretaceous periods.

• These periods are most known for ‘The Age of Reptiles’’ which the most well known animals were the dinosaurs.

• The cretaceous extinction the event of where the dinosaurs were wiped out by a large asteroid. 

• The asteroid should of been 6 miles wide and the impact of the asteroid caused large earthquakes, tsunamis, and large volcanic eruptions all of this caused gradual changes to the earths climate that would last over a million years ago leading to the extinction of all non-avain dinosaurs

Banded iron formations are worldwide layered sedimentary deposits rich in iron that range between 1.5 to 3.8 billion years old. It is a major source of iron, banded iron formation is a type of rock made up of substituting silica and iron-rich bands, typically composed of iron oxides, iron-rich carbonates, and iron- rich silicates. The iron extracted from the Banded Iron Formation contributed to the buildup of oxygen in the atmosphere, making it possible for complex life forms to evolve.

• A geologic time that spanned from 419.2 million years ago to 358.9 million years ago

• This period of time is sometimes called the “Age of fishes” because the diverse and bizarre types of creatures that swam Devonian seas.

• In the early stages of the Devonian period the marine animals that appeared were ammonites.

• During most of the Devonian Period, North America, Greenland, and Europe were united into a single Northern Hemisphere landmass, a minor supercontinent called Laurussia.

• About 85 percent of the devonian globe was covered by sea water.

During the late paleozoic era during the carboniferous period, coal deposits started appearing. Many giant plants died in swamps. Over millions of years, the plants were buried under water and dirt. Heat and pressure turned the dead plants into coal. Now coal is primarily used as fuel to generate electric power around the world.

Tectonic plates started moving about 2.8 million years ago Tectonic plates are massive, irregularly shaped slabs of solid rock, they are generally composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere. Tectonic plates formed the Earth and its continents.

• The first fungi most likely appeared one billion years ago.

• Fungi is the oldest recorded plant

• Fungi originated in continental water bodies

• They were some of the first organisms on this planet

• Fungi was found by Heinrich Anton de Bary in 1858

• Insects that were alive during the dinosaurs were the Giant sea scorpion and Giant land scorpion. Giganteum, and surprisingly cockroaches.

• Insects were so big because of the surplus of oxygen concentration that was on the planet at that time, which was over 30%, the Earth as of right now is 21%

• It’s estimated 480 million years ago was when insects started showing on but it wasn’t until 300 to 350 million years ago when they started to fly.

• Insects are believed to have evolved from a group called crustaceans back in about 400 million years ago.

Australian Ghostshark - Males mature at 1.6 feet and females mature at 2.3 feet but the biggest length they can reach is almost 5 feet and they use their hoe-shaped snouts to search the ocean for food. There are still 50 of them left on Earth.

Horseshoe Crab - Around 445 million years ago, these crabs ruled the sea, and somehow they still exist today. They walk on 10 legs and use their last pair of legs to help put food into their mouths. There are four different species left today.

• 252 to 66 million years ago

• The Mesozoic Era is the geological period between 252 million and 66 million years ago and is subdivided into three epochs: the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous. 

• The Mesozoic period is often referred to as the age of reptiles because most dinosaurs lived during that time

  
  

• The age of dinosaurs is also known as the Mesozoic Era. It has three consecutive geological periods. Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods.

• Dinosaurs lived from about 245 to 65.5 million years ago. They were common during the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous geologic time periods. These three periods were part of the Mesozoic era.

• The Triassic period was 252 to 201 million years ago

• Jurassic period was was 201-145 million years ago

• Cretaceous period was 145 10 66 million years ago

• Lisowicia is an extinct genus of giant dicynodont synapsid that was around 210-205 million years ago

• They lived in Poland during the late Norian or the earliest Rhaetian age of the Late Triassic Period

• Lisowicia is a dicynodont, a group of animals that belongs to the therapsid order

• Therapisds were mammal-like reptiles that lived alongside the first mammals

• They were the largest and youngest mammals that lived on earth

• Morganucodontids is an early mammalian genus that first appeared about 205 million years ago.

• It lived from the late Triassic to the middle of the Jurassic period.

• Morganucodon possessed skin covered with hair. It also possessed a small gerbil-like or ratlike body and a long face similar to those of shrews or civets. In addition, the brain of Morganucodon was smaller than that of any living mammal.

• It was a small rodent-like animal

Birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs during the Jurassic period. Their bodies developed gradually over millions of years. Early birds diversified during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods and became capable fliers with fast growth rates. However, they were decimated during the Cretaceous extinction. After this mass extinction, modern birds rapidly diversified, resulting in over 10,000 species found worldwide today.

• Grass evolved during the end of the Cretaceous Period 145.5 to 65.5 million years ago

• Grass evolved due to climate change

• Before grass, Earth's land was algae

• helps clean the air, trap carbon dioxide, reduce erosion from stormwater runoff, improve soil, decrease noise pollution, and reduce temperatures 

• The grass is also considered one of the most important plants because it is an important resource in food production

A primate is a mammal with flexible hands and feet with opposite first digits, good eyesight, and in some species, a more complex brain. Lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans are all primates. Primates first appeared about 55 million years ago. Primates are prey, predator, and mutualist species in food webs, therefore they influence ecosystem structure, function, and resilience.