• political confrontation after ww2-> US and USSR

• Western Bloc: Americans+capitalist allies (capitalists)

• Eastern Bloc: (communist)

• Nato: North Atlantic treaty organization, fear of the soviet expansion in europe.

Both superpowers ended up having nuclear arsenal (way too destructive to use)-> proxy [repersentative] wars instead like korean and vietnam wars.

-> berlin wall 1961-1989(dividing communist and capitalists)

-west: capitalists

-east: communist

• Many countries rebuilt -> enjoyed strong economic growth. -> boosted purchasing power

• annual income(Canada) doubled 1946-1956 -> more peole spend= consumer society

• CAN claimed artic sovereignty when UK ceded islands to them.

• international law says: occupy+administrate area= state sovereignty

• Ottawa: opened Royal canadian Mounted police detachments. -> Can government forced 92 inuit to the high artic b/c totally uninhabited. -> families arrive-> very little to hunt -> scrapping from military dumps-> caught by RCMP->confiscated the scavenged food.

  - inuit had been promised to leave after 2 years (lied to them)-> only left if one had diseases.-> those who survived were only repatriated [brought back] 20 years later.

• John Amagoalik: founder of Nunivat(a forced relocator)

• From 1939-1944 Adelard Godbout (liberal government)

Maurice Duplessis

• Economic liberalist [government shouldnt intervene with economy] ->instead governed by supply and demand

• After ww2 b/c arms (cold war)-> consumer society -> Boosted INDUSTRIALIZATION. -> high demands: iron, wood, pulp and paper, aluminium, abestos...(quebec had lost of raw material) -> Quebec lured foreign investors by praising obedient workforce ( thats why duplessis was against unions and strike bc not= obedient), and with low tax+no govt intervention

  -> AMericans exploited iron ore deposits ->building roads, railways, port facilities and export resources to US (DID NOT benefit Quebecs indutrial development)

• Social Conservative [ preserve french language/catholic religon/tradition /status quo.] high value on farming and country living

• Duplessis gave subsidies to Religious Communities for education/health care/social services (without questioning their activities) -> education/health care/social services suffered b/c nuns+priest not trained (baby boom-> but less equitment, facilities, teachers...)

• Clericalism[ mainting or increasing chruches power]

• catholic church strong during duplessis era-> they ran hospitals/orphanages/aid for poor/ youth groups...-> they support duplessis ex. opposing federal family allowance (baby bonus big no no b/c supposed to be provincial jurisdiction+ church think it underminded traditonal christan concept of men the head who gets all the money)

  
  

• Provincial autonomy[ability of province to govern itself]

• opposed federal insurance program

• refused federal uni funding

• Adopting Quebecs own flag 1948

• implementing provincial income tax

• Opposition[many opposed duplessis government]

• trade unionist: Asbesto strike 1949 -> duplessis declared strikes illegal -> Padlock Act 1937: shut down communist propaganda printing buildings-> also used on union members (easier to stop the unions) ->supreme court struck the Act down 1957

• Les insolence du freres untel: book by a priets-> showed the opposition and brought attention the poor church run education. (helped inspire quiet revolution )

• Feminists/journalist/secularist intellectuals: critized his suppport to patriarchal catholic church

Duplessis died 1959= Quebec free to modernize

• Padlock Act 1937

• Rural Electrification Act 1945

• Offical Langauges Act 1969

• War Measures Act 1970

• Act Respecting the Preservation of Agricultural Land 1978

• Candada Constitution Act 1982

• Pay Equity Act 1996

• Clarity Act 1998

  
  

  
  

EVENTS:

• Stock market crash 1929

PERIOD:

• The great depression 1929-39

• La grande noicure

STRIKES:

• Abestos Strike 1949

WARS:

• WW1 1914-1918

• WW2 1939-1945

• Cold War 1945-1991

CONSTITUTION:

• Election of PQ 1976

• Referendum on Soverignty Association 1980

• Canada Constitution Act 1982

• Meech Lake Accord 1984-87

• Charlotte Town Accord 1992

• Referendum on soverignty 1995

• Clarity Act 1998

Adelard Godbout created Hydro Quebec NATIONALIZED Montreals ligth/heat/power company _{( Quebec farms behind ontario bc no electricty since electricity companies thougth rural areas not worth investment )}

• Duplessis at first didnt like nationalization bc economic liberalist-> but after he came back used hydro-quebec to bring electricty to rural regions. Rural Electrification Act 1945 (electricty on farms 19% rose to 90%)

• 1960s 70s Limited farmland ( swallowed by highways, shopping centres, suburbs..) -> 1978 Act repsecting the Preservation fo Agricultural land (regulate agricultral land use from being exploited for other purposes) + 1979 non-residents couldnt buy farmland to sell for higher prices. (kept foreign speculators out of the market)

Employer-Union Relations:

• Since 1944 public sector has been fighting for the right to strike.(granted unionization from Godbout, not Duplessis)

• 1964 Jean Lesage -> Labour code: govt workers right to strike (excpet police/firefighters)

• 1972 Common front: 3 labour confederations united for an unlimited general strike -> govt passed special law suspending right to strike-> 3 leaders of common front sent to jail-> but strike continued (even by hsopital workers) -> 1975 QUE govt forced to sign an agreement where public sector wages surpassed private sector.

• Cold war arm race for materials to rebuild after WW2-> natural resource from quebec led to regional development. important for Quebecs provincial economy

• 1940s: mining grew rapidly (cote-nord)-> building of railway from sept-iles, upgrading port facitilies, hydroelectric plants. (most funded by American iron ore companies during duplessis era ^{(economic liberalism)}

• 1950s : Quebec became worlds largest producer for pulp and paper and exporter for paper( intro to chainsaw boosted forestry)

• 1960s: natural resources important for provinces economy.

• 1970s: new tech allowed clear-cutting -> destroying top soil = cant be used for agriculture for decades. -James Bay for hydro electricty trying to be less dependent on oil.

• 1980s: polciy of sustainable developemt implemented

Consumer Society

• After 1940s: recognization of Quebecs territory -> young immigrants went to Montreal/urban areas for jobs -> Urbanization increased-> housing became pricier $$$ ->young families couldnt afford-> suburb bungalows on edge of cities-> but suburbs needed public services and infrastructure( sewers systems, schools, sports centres, roads, highways and bridges)

• 1946-75: Rising salaries-> Americans focused advertising influence on the Quebecers with increased purchasing powers (also access to more credit) -> the Americans hollywood white picket fence homes was a leading cause of marketing in mass culture to convince people to purchase unneeded things without refecting the need, and value.

• 1960s-70s: autoroutes and more bridges were built, shopping malls, parking lots built in suburbs. -> Automobile was king in suburb municipalities-> public transport wasnt a major conern-> problem of traffic jams, climate change and infrastructure decay.

Canadian Constitution

• After Statute of Westminster 1931 ( British Parliment could no longer pass laws for CAN)-> UK still had power to amend the canadian constitution though.

• 1960s-70s: many federal-provincial negotiations to repatriate the Constitution-> Quebec demaned autonomy for its "uniquness"-> other provinces+ Fed said nope.

  ->revived with the Victoria Charter 1971 (Robert Bourassa) -> failed b/c quebec opposed

• 1982 Canada repatriated the candian constitution.

^{Great depression+WW2 slowed birth rate}

• Men start coming back -> increase economic growth -> people started to increase family size. Baby Boom 1945-1960s (increase facilities and suburbs)

• 1960s birth rate drop, and in 1972 Quebecs level was 2.1 child per woman.-> b/c increased use of Birth Control pill -> women in labour market grew/ more divorces /more women education -> 1969 abortion legalized (restricted untol 1988)

• Indigenous population growing 1941+ b/c imporved health care and high birth rate.

Immigration

• End of WW2 more immigtrants again, from Europe (many Jewish arrivals b/c holocaust survivors)

• Convention Relating to the status of refugees 1969 ( grant permanent aslyum and not forced back to origin country)

_{(Cultural communities began to from in Montreal )}

• Immigrants stayed in Montreal. making ethnic neighborhoods, while francophones moved to suburbs.-> most immigrants chose to learn english to get jobs easier-> Montreal started becoming more multicultural and english speaking.

• 1960s: dropping birth rate and more non-franco immigrants-> threatened survival of francophones.-> provincial government demaned from Fed government to select prospective [expected] immigrants to Quebec. -> 1968 Ministry of Immigration -> 1975 granted right to interview prospective immigrants to recommend to federal. -> 1978 Couture-Cullen Agreement: could develop criteria for immigrants

• Quebec prioritized French speaking candidates to preserve french "unique character" -> Quebec became more multicultural (exformer french colonies liek Haiti)

• Created by Prime minister Lester. B Pearson

• inquiry to reveal francophones arent repersented well among federal govt decison makers -> less access to french education and public services outside of Quebec.

• Resulted in Offical Languages Act 1969: making Canada officially french-> billingualism imposed on all federal institutions( New brunswik only offical bilingual province)

Bolded: Important (should remember)

Italics: People and Countries

( ): added info

[ ]: explaination/definition

/ : and

-> : and then or led to...

b/c: because

Blue: random facts should know

White: Chapter 3

Purple: Chapter 4

• Parti Liberal (liberal party of Quebec)-> immediatly began reform, which was a sharp contrast to Duplessis government.

• They believed the state SHOULD intervene with provinces economy (allowing french canadiens to gain foothold of buisness world)

• Maitre chez nous[masters in our own home]-> government wants to take hold of provinces economic and social development.(beginning of welfare state)

Major Changes:

• Catholic Church lost role of providing social services in Quebec: Secularism[seperation of church and state]-> Liberal government both interventionist & progressive.

• These political, economic, and social measures now controlled by Ministiries (health and education) and Crown corporations (organizations structured as private companies)

• Ministries: Ministry of Education 1964

• Crown Corps: - Hydro Quebec - Caisse de depots et placment du quebec ( pension fo Quebec citizens)

  - Societe generale de financement ( stimulated economic sector and create jobs to offset english candien/american dominance on QUE economy)

Language:

• Baby boom stopped in 1960s-> however quebec population continued to grow due to immigrants-> but immigrants chose english (language of integration)-> fear of french-canadiens becoming minority in Quebec

  _{Laws to bring back french:}

• Bill 63: 1969 promoted french/ accepted free langauge choice in school (french furious)

• Bill 22: 1974 (liberal Party) Robert Bourassa-> french offical language of Quebec ( children must pass english test to go to enlish school)

• Bill 101/Charter of the french language: 1977 (Parti Quebecois) Rene levesque-> required kids to go to french school until end of highschool-> public signs, advertisments, education, buisnesses must be in french.

• Decolonization movements took place gobally after WW2 ( African/asian countries rejecting colonialism b/c destructive to culture) ->influencing Quebec nationalists for Quebec to be liberated/ seperate country from English Canada ( political, cultral, economic)

• Groups formed in 1957 to promote independent QUE ( peaceful and violent)

  -> Front de Liberation du Quebec(FLQ): propaganda+terrorism -> October Crisis 1970: kidnapped James cross, Pierre Laport (murdered) in exchange for release of jailed members and manifesto on TV( only this one worked)

• War Measures Act 1970 used by Pierre Elliott Trudeau-> depolying soldiers to arrest/detain people and suspened civil liberties.

• 
  

• Rene Levesque in liberal party (quebec) until 1967->during a convention he declared intention of obtaining a Soveriegn Quebec (but still economicaly tied to CAN with common currency) -> rejected by liberal party -> Levesque created his own political party( Parti Quebec): Non-violence approach for soverignity

• PQ elected as Quebecs Govt 1976 (levesque premier 1976-1985)

^{Pierre Trudea & Rene levesque Adversaries}

Major achievements:

- adoption of Bill 101

- First referendum on soverienty 1980(lost)

- Act Respecting the preservation of agricultural land 1978

- Act to govern the finacing of political parties 1977 (prevent money influence)

• Women in QUE obtained right to vote in 1940 +right to run for office

• 1964 Recognition of the legal capacity of Married Women: married women no longer seen as minors and no longer needed to obey husbands. -> they could now be employed, open bank accounts, sign leases, buy homes...

• 1968 Divorce legalized (physical/metal abuse grounds for divorce)

• 1960 Birth Control pill (meant for regulating menstrual cycle) but now contraception. -> grew popularity even though catholic church condemned +law.

• 1969 Abortion: legalized for women if physical/mental health at risk -> or else criminal act (life sentence)-> many women did it illegally (causing death) -> DR. Henry opened abortion clinic-> sent to jail -> 1988 supreme court ruled that criminalizing abortion is unconstitutional. (women had the right to abort)

• Throughout CAN run by Fed govt and Churches(catholic, protestant, presbyterian)-> Govt aim was to assimilate indigenous youth/ Church aim to evangelize

• Education was rudimentary[basic], purpose to teach christianity/Euro-canadien values.

• When arrived to the schools-> seperated from sibling/hair cut/no more traditional clothing/ European names or numbers.->efforts of assimilation

• Morning religous learning-> then manual labour

• Morality rate 5% higher than CAN population/ Sexual, physical, emotional abuse

• Residential Schools created in 1950s b/c of 1943 Act Respecting Compulsory School Attendance ( requiring kids in province to go to school)

• Residental schools closed 1970s-> institutions still there until 1990s-> many indigenous have serious trauma from the residential schools ( depression, drugs, alcohol, prostitution, suicide, and violence problems)

• Indigenous people began land claims to expand territories beyond reserves. (attempt to gain ancestral land rights)+rights for fishing and hunting and control natural resources.

• Demanded politcal autonomy: control of their own reserves/communities/resources/policies/programs.

• 1975 James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement: (govt QUE, Govt CAN, cree nation, inuit nation and Hydrfo-Quebec)-> Hydro-quebec gets to james bay while cree/inuit get compensated land + fishing/hunting -> positive first step to self-determination

• 1960 Indigenous granted the right to Federally vote (since BNA 1867 could vote if renounced indian status)

• 1969 indigenous right to vote in Quebec. (last province)

• 1969 White paper: Pierre Trudeau governmetn for Indian Act proposed to eliminate indian status+integrating them into canadien society/ without recognizing ancestral or treaty rights.-> faced with public pressure the Fed govt had to withdraw policy the following year.

• John A Macdonald: 1867–73

• Wilfred Laurier 1896-1911

• Robert Borden 1911-20

• Mackenzie King 1921-30 1935-48

• Pierre Elliot Trudeau: 1968-84

• Brian Mulroney: 1984-93

Premiers:

• Adelard Godbout: 1939-44

• Maurice Duplessis: 1936-39 and 1944-59

• Réné Lévesque: 1976-85

• Jaque Parizeau: 1994-96

Just random important folk:

Lionel Groulx:

Freres untel:

• 20th century Fed governemnt took many provincial powers (administration of social services...)-> Quebecers saw as unconstitutional-> Rene Levesque +parti Que wanted Que to be politically, economically, socially, culturally independent from Canda, but sill share common currency.-> Soverignty Association

• 1980 Quebecers choice in Referendum, "No" side won by 59.6% of the vote.(prime minst Pierre Trudeau promised before thsat if "no" won then changes would be made to the constitution.

• After 1980 Referendum Trudeau wanted to change constitution, but in Brit Parliment-> Canada need to patriate[bring back] to amend.->supreme court said Fed didnt need province agreement for patriation.

• Que of course asked for *Special status * and financial compensation-> canadian constitution signed in 1982 WITHOUT Que demands met. ( patriation of constitution not unilaterally->levesque refused to sign)

• Meech Lake Accord: 1984-87-> attempt to reintegrate Que in Canadian Constitution. (by Brian Mulroney)-> Que demanded distinct character of its society +veto rights (on constitutional ammendments) + financial compensation (for opting out fed programs)-> premiers agreed, signed and validated (except manitoba/new foundland)-> so Que felt the rest od CAN didnt recognize them as a nation -> new party Bloc Quebecois (lucien Bouchard) for soveriegnty.

• Meech lake accord failed-> Allaire report+Belanger-Campeau Commison recommended another Referendum.-> Charlottetown Accord (Mulroneys next attempt)-> added Indg right to self govern+elected senate+abolish fed power to cancel provinal laws.

• Resulted in Canada wide Referendum->1992 Canada + Quebec voted NO.

• Failed Accord strengthened Que Soverienity-> 2nd Referendum on sovereignty 1995 (lucien Bouchard bloc quebecois added to yes side) -> NO got 50.6% and YES got 49.4%

• Effected by 1977 Charter of French langauge (bill 101) Parti Quebecois -> made french offical langauge in workplace/public institutes/buisnesses->(saw law for survival of french)->b/c many immagrants that arrived chose english instread of french to learn.

• Children labgauge controveral 1960s-70s-> Bill 101 children of any race and ethnicity required to go to french schools (eng learning fro kids with a parent who went to eng school) -> bill 101 not apply to CEGEPS/UNI's/Private schools

• Bill 101 also stated french be the public signage langage for buisnesses -> Supreme court said invalid b/c violated freedom of expression. (Que didnt sign constitution but still has precdence[more importance] over them)

• Que used non-withstanding clause to ignore supreme court ruling, but in 1993-> new law allowed langauges other than french fro buisness signs(on the condition that french was predominant.)

• Alliance Quebec: anglo alliance challenging bill 101 in supreme court.

Globalization of the Economy

• Globalization: intergration of markets and the free movement of goods, workers and financial capital all leading to unified global market.

• New technologies ~1980s: free trade agreements+mulitnational companies grew larger-> helping to create single global economic space. (eg european investor invest in china with japnese machinery, selling to NA)

• Countries reaction to globalization: free trade agreements or protectionist policies -> negotiations free trade agreement US <-> CAN 1968 (goal to have zone for exchange without tariffs.)

• NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement 1994, between USA, Canada, Mexico.

• these also effect unempolyment b/c industries relocate for cheaper resources or better workers of lower wages. -> eg. Que population grown-> rural regions decline populaiton (rural exodus)-> devitalization

• Devitalization:

  -aging population

  -young fams oving ubran cities

  -loss of loca services(schools, grocery stores, banks...)

  -high unemployment and weak economic activity.

• Rural municipalities: local jobs related to one activity( forestry , mining, fishing, manufactoring...)-> fragile economy -> if primary indurty closes=town abandoned = gost town

-> govt need increas population so younger peeps can fill jobs -> and pay taxes for old people care -> low birth rates= increase populatoin throug immigrants. -> Que tried creating ethno-cultural belonging for the french immigrants ( nad bunch of french intergration programs for the non-frenchies)

Constitution Act 1982 + canadian charter of rights and freedom affirmed ing ancestral/treaty rights -> but under 1876 Indian Act fed govt continue to own reserves -> Indg can own buildings but not the land+ have management power throug elected band councils.

1990 Oka Crisis: Indg determination for recognition of rights-> territorial conflict between Kanesatake Mohawks and govt of Que/CAN-> Oka town annoced golf course to be built on mohawks ancestral cemetry-> obvi big no no-> police died after renforcment called-> standoff for 78 days -> negotiations: govt purchased land, gold course abandonned-> but land that the Mohawks live on not transferred to them by govt to this day.

2016 truth and reconcilliation commission of canada :commission condemned concept of residential schools (whose goal to destroy Indg culture) -> many testimonies from former residential school students of their abuse and sexual harrasment.

• Women:

  - women given right to vote federally 1918

  -women right to vote provincially 1940

  -Birth control availability 1960s

  -Legal gains and legal capacity of married women 1964

  -Divorce legalization 1968

  -Abortion legalized 1980s

  Recently: pay equity, work family balance ish, parity[equal or equivalent] in positions of power.

• 1980s-90s: wage gap discoverey between men and women -> traditionally female jobs(seceraty teacher nurse..) not paid as much as male jobs (mechanic, firman, engineer..)

  -> 1996 National Assembly passed Pay equity Act (women recieved pay equal to men) -> men still hold authority positions

• gender parity: fairer representation of women in organizations, buisnesses and political parties . -> Que and CAN had no parity in politicsbut Justin Trudeau first cabinet to do so 2015.

• Que to help women with balnce employment +child bearing-> implemented measures( parental leave 2001/ subsidized daycare 1997)

-in Que they adopted some neoliberalist policies (privating public servie programs/subcontractors for private+public sector build projects)-> but still most interventionist govt in North America

State neutrality: neutral state shows no preference for anyone.

• 2000: secularlization of Minsitry of Education

• 2005: End religous education +intro to ethics and religous culture courses (manditory in 2008)

• 2007: Bouchard Taylor Commission-> Reasonable accomadation

• 2019: Bill 21-> prohibit display of reliogus symbosl by public sector workers with aurthority positions(teachers, police..)

• Act of Union 1840

• British North American Act 1867

• Manitoba Act 1870

• Trade Unions Act 1872

• Indian Act 1876

• Naval Service Act 1910

• Wars Measures Act 1914

• Military Service Act 1917

• War Measures Act 1939

• Labour Relations Act 1944

  
  

  
  

EVENTS:

• Economic Crisis 1873

PERIODS:

• 1837-38 rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada -> Lord Durham sent to observes and see problem-> problem: french and english too divided (ethnic tension)

• Durham suggested

-Union of Upper and Lower CAN ( Act of union 1840-> Province of Canada)

-Responsible government (rejected by UK)

-Assimilation with more brit immigration (Legislative union where both sides get 42/42 repersentatives -> Lower CAN have more people so not proportionally repersented for assimilation purposes)

• UK said no to responsible government so that maybe form an ethnic line-> but Lafontaine-Baldwin alliance (Alliance of Reformers) Lower+Upper together fighting for responsible governemnt. 1842-51

• That means executive/legislative council appointed by Govenor andhad the power to veto.

• In 1848 UK finally agreed for responsible government-> Now executive council appointed by legislative Assmebly.

• Political problems: Double majority where both sides need a majority vote -> Reformers broke = conservatives and Liberals.

• Uk favored its colonies by giving them lower cusotm duties-> CAN benefited ( timber and wheat exports) -> But UK decided to change to Free Trade with all partners 1846 (no more prefferential tariffs)

• Prov of Canada lost its main export -> suffered-> Uk on behalf of CAN made a 10 year agreement with the US(in economic boom neededing more raw materials)= Reciprocity Treaty 1854-1865 -> Helped CAN economicaly prosper and be less economically dependant on UK.

  
  

• Due to the civil war, US and UK had more tension-> US decided NOT to renew the Reciprocity Treaty -> 1866 CAN losing main export market again.

• Solution: Political union between the British Maritimes( Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, PEI) and Province of Canada. -> creating vast domestic market.

• 1864 political deadlock( no political party could get the double majority) + Economic problems ( Need for new market/construction and finance of Intercolonial Railway/ Fear of American invasion.)

• Solution: George Brown+John A Macdonald+George-Etienne Cartier formed a coalition government. 1864

  1) Charlotte town Conference: Convince the Maritimes to join -> central power

  2) Quebec Conference: Iron out details

  3) London Conference 1866: Finalize

• 1867 BNA Act (Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec) first 4 provinces

  -> PEI+Newfoundland didnt join yet.

• BNA act outlined 2 levels of govt: Federal (central) and Prvincial government.

• Canadian federalism: centralized-> most power to federal goverment allowing them to to refuse any provincial legislation[ power of disallowance]-> Honore mercier opposed this and defended provincial autonomy -> 1887 interprovincial conference to ban no more disallowance.

  
  

• CAN bougth Ruperts Land from Hudson Bay company ( prevent US from invading it) -> needing the land for new immigrants

• 1869(before purchasing) Candadian government began divide land into townships-> Metis and indigenous felt under attack becasue no one consulted them for this land-> Louis Reil Rallied the Red river resistance -> took fort gary under seige (demanded recognition of territory, linguistics and religon)-> Canadian govt decided to pass Manitoba Act (recognizing land title, bilingual and religon respected in mani schools)

• CAN govt didnt follow the act and kept settling on the land-> 1885 2nd Resistance led By Riel (crushed by Fed Govt)-> Hanged in 1885 for high treason

• 1890 Mani Schools eliminated funding fro french-Catholic schools.

• Many immigrants-> gorwing settlers colonizing around Indigenous territory

• Indigenous territory impediment on colonizing-> govt wanted to impose sedentary life on them-> evangelize/assimilate Indg.

• Indian Reserves 1853 created-> numbered treaties transferring land to govt in exchange for medical and food aid, other goods and equitment . (John A Macdonald -> used starvation to get the Indg off the land)

• Indigenous people treated like minors-> not allowed to own property or vote.

• Goal: Eradicate culture/ territorial rights , assimilate into canadian Soceity. -> Forcing enfranchisment: giving up indian Status [ Indg women married to non-Indg+ Indg women earning Uni degree/join army)

• Indian Agents: managed reserves-> poer to issue or deny passes in order to leave the reserves.

• Economic crisis 1873 (in europe cause dominion of Canada period of Depression) -> John A Macdonald during electorial campaign inro National Policy (revive industrial development of CAN)

1). Tariffs: Custom Duties on outside products-> to encourage local products +increase govt revenue.

2). Candadian Pacific Transcontinental Railway: 1880 CPR company established railway from Montreal to british Columbia.(Macdonald had to subsidize to not bankrupt)

3).Colonization of Western Canada: lure new immigrants to Canada to develop fertile Prairies. ( More people=more consumer=larger domestic market)

• National Policy successfuly stimulated Canadian Industry decreasing American competition.

• Rural areas (Quebec) -> high birth rates-> scarcity of agricultural lands -> agriculture becoming more mechanized (less laborouers needed) -> rural exodus (urban areas for work)

• Rural exodus/depopulation:

- Move to city : work in new facotories)

-Emigrate to US: More job oppurtunities

-Move to Quebec regions: areas not settled in yet.

• Many to Ontario+ Prairies-> Majority to US (cotton Mills) whole families to US for better lives -> Catholic Clergy +Quebec govt encouraged Unsettled regions in Que-> But land poor quality and climate harsh for plants=winter in timber industry to survive.

  
  

• 2 Million Irish forced to go to North America-> quaratined on Grosse-ile-> many malnourished, crowded in unsanitary ships (susceptible to diseases) like cholera, typhus...

• Women expected to be mothers and wives. -> 1866 Civil code of Lower Canada: legal incapacity of married women( treated like children)-> not allowed to inherit money or cant be sole guardian of her children.

• Many young unmarried women (very little educaiton) domestic labour 1860s-70s-> b/c of industralization increase of women in factory jobs.-> they supported husbands wages (husband insufficent wages) -> Family wage era. [money went to husbands]

• Religous orders: Ignace Bourget(montreal bishop)1840-76 -> women religous orders grew-> social role in teaching/ hospital care/ chritable work. (orphanages, soup kitchens, nurseries, asylums care for sick...)

First Phase of Industrialization

• industrial captilalism: capitalist driven to gain profit.

• Enturpretures (wealthy merchants) -> hired many people and paid them little. -> workforce became more mechanized [increasing productivity]-> workers treated the same (badly)

• trade increase -> need in more transportation infrastructure-> eg: canals, railways-> faster trasnpo of goods. (lachine canal 1820s, grand trunk railway 1850s, victoria bridge, intercolonial railway 1867, transcontinental railway 1885)

• Industrial development: large workforce (of men, women, children) , low wages, expansion of transportation networks.

• Industrial development concentrated in the cities (like MTL b/c main financial sector)

• Manufactoring industry: consumer goods, shoes, textiles, clothing and food. ( mainly produced for CAN domestic market) -> b/c new infrastructure/creation of new provinces.

Living and Working Conditions

• Industrialization brougth change to work-> before apprentices woudl learn from the master craftsman -> now workers do simple repetitive tasks.-> hence paid very little = division of labour

• Industrializtion-> urbanization =increase in urban population-> factories around railways and ports brought people from rural to urban. [rural exodus]

• working class neighborhoods grew -> many families living together (small, expensive, unsanitary, no running water)-> High population+Lack of municipal services=epidemics(public health problems) -> apart from these, there were upscale anglo buisnes bourgouises neighborhoods.

• Living conditions: low wages ( more profit for owners=less for workers), 60-70 hour weeks, fast paced work, unsafe environment, poorly lit/heated, treated harshly by employers. (men not enough wages so women and children worked too)

• Trade Unions: pushed to the limit by terrible conditions-> unions illegal until 1872 Trade Unions Act-> Union demands ( less hours, no child labor, higher wages) done by workers strikes

Forestry

• lower canada main export, sawmills in rural Quebec -> end of 19th century pulp and paper mills built near waterways-> major boom of industry

• farming progressed due to imporved production techniques -> Que govt supported modernization agriculture by opening up agricultural organizations/ schools and model farms -> iron replaced wood -> more efficent machinery.

• Ultramontanism: affirm pope supremecy over states authority-> Aim: prescence in all aspects of society.

• Under Ignace Bourget-> established mens and women religous orders in Que-> Newspapers, magazines, lists that prohibited certain stuff like books -> also trying to influence votes in elections.

• Anticlericalists: opposed Ultramontanes (liberal minded) -> adovacting for the seperation of church and state. -> institute Canadien de Montreal (library anticlericalists gathered to debate freedome and expressive ideas) -> 1858 Bishop Bourget condemed the institute (threatening exocommunication)

  
  

• Wilfred Laurier liberal party in office 1896

• Conflicting ideologies:

  -British Imperalism [believed Brit empire shoudl treat its territories as thier colonies rather than independent countries ]

  -French canadian nationalism [Quebec based movement by Henri Bourassa, vision to close divide of french and english(essentially not wanna get assimilated)]-> bourassa not fan of immigrants/jews

• Boer War 1899-1902 (south Africa): Brit empire wanted to prevent Dutch Boers declaring independence-> Brit empire asked for former colonies to help strenghten imperial ties. -> imperialists supported idea-> Canadian/french nationalist agasint it. -> PM laurier comprimised sending 1000 volunteers ( imperialist happy there are people helping, Nationalists happy that they made the choice not B.E)

• Naval Serive Act 1910: worsened the political ideologies division -> Imperialist wanted larger navy to support Britain -> French-canadian nationlists didnt want navy cause they knew it would be used to support Britain. -> Canadian-nationalist wanted one to establish independent military.

• CAN used financial/ millitary support provided to Brit during Boer war and WW1 to testify their ability to manange own foreign policy. -> first hald 20th century PMs fought for Canadas autonomy -> WW1 fed govt negotiated to have an embassy in US capital(incharge of own international affairs) / signing Treaty of Versaille (end of WW1) / Founding members of League of Nations

• 1926 london called commonwealth dominion[former UK colonies] meeting -> Balfour Report (decalring dominons are autonomous/equal status/ common allegience under the crown)

• 1931 British Parliment passed Statute of Westminster (recognizing legislative independence of brit Dominions )-> Brit imperialist lost and slowly fade.

• Hvw Brit Parliment still had right to canadian constitution 1982

• came from french-canadian nationalism-> evolved into something diff

• Clerico-nationalism: directed by Catholic church-> guided french canadians to chruch values-> away from communist. (nationalism free from politcs and economics-> MORE cultural/religon... Basically to protect french canadian in Anglo society)

• Orsnge order ( anti-catholic/ anti-franco religous fraternal for 1/3 of anglos.

• Catholic trade unions: catholic chrich tried to influecne working world -> Ecole scoiale populaire 1911 ( improve working class conditions and steer away fro communism.

• Magazine Action Francaise: (lionel Groulx) promoted agriculture as best way for french-Cans to achieve econmic independance.

Liberal Era

• led by wilfred laurier 1896-1911: dramatic revival of canadian economy + immigration to the Prairies, Alberta, Saskatchewan -> second transcon railway.

• 1896 they lured immigrants from Eastern Europe (Ukraine, hungary, poland) to Canada through targetted campaign ads (especially farmers, casue they used to the conditions)

• 1905: Govt screened applicants by ethnicity -> Chinese Immigration Act (head tax on chinese immigrants) -> 1906 Immigration Act (banning epileptics, mentally ill, criminals, prostitutes, poor...) -> Act allowed govt to deport and refuse anyone they wanted.

• xenophobia [dislike of or prejudice against people from other countries] spread-> Cans feared losing their jobs/ though immigrants too slow to integrate. -> anti-immigration protest 1907, ended with vandalism on asians.

• Indigenous: French-catholic Indg discriminated outside Que-> french catholic teachibng banned in Manitoba schools -> isolated in federal reserves (malnutrition, lack medical care, no rigths or culture recognition..)

• Indian Act modified 1920 to make residential school manditory.

Womens Struggle

• WW1 large no. women joined workforce replacing the men in war. -> even when war ended women still worked ( factroies, social work, teaching) ->yet still underpaid -> founding feminist associations

  -Marie Lacoste Gerin-Lajoie: founded Federation Nationale Saint-jean baptist 1907 -> fighting for access to edu in french.

  -1908 first college for women->Ecole d'ensignement superuer.

  -Lea Roback : 1937 led 5000 fem worker strike to protest long workweeks, salaries, sexual harrassment-> achieved recongition, less hours and increased wages.

• Legal recognition: 1902 Lajoie wrote treatise on everday life explainng married women gave up most of their rights(own salary, husband permission, no back account, cant own passport)

• 1964 women finally recognized capacity and no longer treated as minors.

• Women achieved right to vote federally 1918

• right to vote in quebec 1940 (suffragettes keep fighting)

• religous leaders/intellects/catholic church thought suffrage threaten traditional values.

• Driven by exploitation of natural resources and electricty. -> Mining industries (bult near areas rich in natural resources) copper, silver, gold, asbestos-> helped automative, chemical, electrical industries.

• New technologies improved agriculture -> mass production in factories became increasingly more efficient.

• WW1 1914-1918: Industrial war -> warring parties not only based on strength but industrial production/ new technologies.(machine gun, airplanes, tanks..)-> war stimualted canadian economy b/c major food supplier and small arms and shells to ( Uk and france)=War industry

• Men went off to fight-> women took their place in factories (paid significantly less than men)-> major factor in rise of feminist movement. -> day nurseries set up around country to help women work outside home -> 1918 Canadianwomen federal right to vote.

• Anglo buisness communities invested in MTL, TOR new industries ( franco investor rare)-> CAN natural resources caught attention of US buisness-> CAN have cheap labour and clsoe to US -> American entreprenuers invested aswell-> causing entire country to rely on foreign investments. -> Ports grew, infrastructures expanded -> labour movement also pressure govt better working conditions

Urbanization

• Industrialization many factories built in Urban areas-> many peeps to go from rural to urban for jobs -> surge in population =urbanization

• Cities couldnt accomadate so many people -> infrastructure porblems -> overcrowded homes/poor ventilation/lack of health services/ epidemics/ garbage/ bad water quality

• 1901 Public Heslth Act: gave cities low cost housing/ sewers and aqueducts/ municipal garbage collection. -> Public clinics , vaccinations, water and milk purification.

• these massive influxes forced cities to build new infrastructure (meet changing needs) -> imporve hygene/ more roads

• eventually urban sprawl led to zoning for easier more organized divison.

• Improve quality of life: public services -> firefighting station, electric street lights (safer neigborhoods), recreational centres, movie theatres, parks...

• Nationalism-> scramble for african colonies and resources (Uk, germany, austrian hungarina empire, European nations) went to war -> dominon of UK =CAN part of war too.

• War measures Act 1914: allowed fed govt (PM Borden) govern by decree and not democratic parlimentary process.

• Voluntary recruiment high with Anglos but not frenchys -> used propoganda to make em join.

• Canadian soldiers thought would be fasr-> dragged on b/c dug out trenches make it easier to defend than conquer. -> to finance long war-> CAN sold victory bonds ( Can citizen lend money to govt and they get repaid later with interest)-> also introduced income tax 1917.

• Battle of Vimy Ridge 1917: Most significant for Cans b/c they took control of german area that France nor Britain couls seige.-> became canadian national pride.

• CANs participation helped PM borden assert demand for autonomy

Conscription Crisis

• CAN first enterd WW1 Fed govr said military recruiment voluntary -> but 1916 needed more peeps especially frenhc-canadians -> PM borden wanting to show UK CAN is a partner not a colony-> Military Service Act 1917 (opposed by frenchy/ supported by anglo) -> Law imposed conscription[required enlisment] throughout country on 20-45 unmarried men .

• conscription divided country: French/ non-anglo immigrants opposed( betrayal by govt, blood tax) -> Francoeur Motion (Quebec stong opp) wanted to withraw from CAN confederation -> riots

• Military service Act-> kinda useless -> many excemptions granted -> frenchys alienated -> bitterly dividing the country on french<-> English lines.

• industrialization +urbanization -> increse working-class population-> so unions like (knights of labour/ American Federation Of Labour) set up in CAN-> But couldnt maintain infleunce in Que bc Catholic Church fougth against them.

• Canadian Cathlic Confederation of Labour (CCCL) 1921 to imporve workers conditions and limit american influence. (1960 became confederation des syndicats nationaux)

• 1920s Workers faced difficult conditions (low salaries, long hours, abuse, lack of job security, unsanitary..) -> more worker strikes -> empolyers upper hand bc they fire strikers and hire strike-breakers(scabs) = ineffective strike-> strikes ended in violence

• 1944 Que govt Labour Relations Act : workers gained significant legal strength (intro in WW2 bc govt didnt want any manufactorign delays)

• 1920s Canadian economy was good -> end of WW1 large number of immigrants-> flourishing domestic market -> creating overproduction-> credit more readily available (cosume more thank could afford)-> stock market speculation ( speculative bubble of blind faith in capitalist system)

• Stock Market Crash 1929: massive sell off bc peeps saw prices decline=bad signs? -> crisis stoped consumer activity -> US imports drop-> raw materials demand plummeted-> Canadian companies bankrupt-> many unemployed/salaries droped-> disease/malnutrition/peeps flocking to cities (for jobs or charities) -> chruch run organizations/ charities overwhelmed.

• Solution: Govt gave assitance-> social Assistance Programs

  • relief vouchers to exchange for food

  • "return to land policy" more colonization fo regions[land was unsuitable]

  • Fed+Prov+Munic govt collab -> Public works prjects-> generate jobs

  • The Bank of Canada: country's first central bank 1935-> regulate nations monetary policy and fincancial system.

• severighty of Great depression brougth forth states responisbily of well bing of citzens-> Govt needing to take more control over church run stuff-> welfare state [protect social and econmic well being] and govt intervention.

• even with efforts by Govt -> WW2 revived the economy and ended Great Depression.

  
  

Capitalism

• Before GD economist believed in Economic Liberalism [Govt shouldnt try to regulate economy-> market is self regulating] ; demand decreases-> employees decreasde-> price decreases-> more buying-> rise in employment again

• Keynesianism (by John Maynard Keynes) : priviate sector unabel to ensure full employment to populatoin then state need to lower txes and invest in job creation (or even creating deficits to revive economy)

  -state investment -> increase consumption-> stimulate production+revenue.

• GD effected whole western world-> peeps started questioning if capitalism was best economic ideology.-> Alternate ideologies

  • Communism: aim to create society without class division(like workers and employers) sharing profit equally across society [ left wing ideology -> equality social solidarity]

  • Fascism: Agressive form of patriotism,nationalist ideology (blamed jews for econmic problems)-> Militarized/idealized leader like hitler-> In Quebec Adrien Arcand was leader [Right wing ideology]

• Germany held repsonsible for WW1-> collapsing under weight of reparations for allied powers-> instability+great depression+presusure=fuel rise of political ideologies in europe. -> Hitler began annexing adjacent countries (breaking treaty of versailles)

• 1939 Germany invaded poland-> France/UK declared war on Germany (So did CAN)

• Germany/ Japan/Italy (Axis power)

• UK/US/CAN...

• 1930 Mackenzie King Lib Govt imposed War Measure Act (objective of mobilizing CANs resources to win the war -> suspension of civil liberties-> rationing(rubber, sugar, meat, butter, gasoline)-> Propoganda+censorship-> Victory Bonds + income tax increase.

Conscription

• war first started-> enlistment was voluntary-> conscription threat loomed over Quebecers-> 1944 adoption of conscription:

  • Quebec Nationalism(no imperialism)

  • Govt CAN inital promise to not

  • Difficult for Franco to adapt to anglo military life.

• 1942 PM King hold plebiscite to release from commitment to no consrciption -> french -canadian anti-conscription movement ( defence league of Canada) -> imposed oversea conscription to compensate heavy casualties -> Canadian army

• Consrcipted soldiers-> germany surrendered 1945-> still worsened tension between franco and Anglo