Literature Review and Surveys Revealed

1. Several learning and development theories existed with overlapping and contrasting concepts which led to confusion around learning theory terminologies and appropriate identification and application (Bowen, 2025; Cherry, 2024a; Gibson et al., 2023; Saunders & Wong, 2020).

2. Identifying cognitive and constructive learning theories in instructional strategies, methods, and techniques was minimal among educators.

3. Although educators had basic conceptual awareness and applied learning theories in instruction, the integration and application of cognitive and constructive theories in practice was implicit/hidden/minimally identified.

4. The factors hindering identification and application of cognitive and constructive learning theories among educators were time constraints, busy workload, behavior management, terminology confusion, and challenges associated with differentiated instruction such as diverse learning styles and varied learning abilities.

Learning is social (Vygotsky) and happens through interaction.

Hands-on exploration leads to deeper understanding.

Teachers guide learning by posing questions, not just giving answers.

Example in action: Use inquiry-based projects where students research, collaborate, and present their own findings.