• In family : the traditional cultural patterns

• In informal relationship ( friendship ) : the leaders suddenly emerge

• In larger groups: through election and recruitment

There are no natural abilities or personality traits required to be a leader

• As long as they can meet the needs of a particular group, they can be a leader

Unlike people's thought, there are 2 kind of leadership

• Instrumental leaders are the ones who help a group accomplish their goals

• Expressive leaders , on the contrary, play a pivotal role in relieving the pressure and strengthen the bonds between members.

People should strike a balance between correlating with others and helping them to achieve their initial goals to be held in high regards.

No category for “natural leaders”
  - Leadership depends on group needs, not common qualities

Two main leadership roles
  - Instrumental: task-focused, gives orders, enforces discipline
  - Expressive: emotionally supportive, resolves conflict, maintains harmony

Relationship styles
  - Instrumental: distant, group's goal
  - Expressive: close, personal or primary, sympathy, humorous

Family-one or both parents

Other cases - one or more person, larger one - through voting

No specific qualities, what a leader need to do is to achieve the targets and meet the demands of the group

2 different types of leaders

Instrumental leadership: task completion and achieving group goals, directive, give orders, and may discipline members to meet dl .

Expressive leardership : maintain harmony, offer support, and build strong personal relationships -> reduce conflict and tension within the group.

• In families → leadership is traditionally given to parents.

• In friendship groups → leaders may emerge suddenly

• In large groups → formally chosen (election or recruitment).

2. Although many think leaders are people with special talents, studies say there is no exact set of qualities all leaders have. A person can be a leader if they have the right qualities for the group.

3. Two types of leadership roles:

. Instrumental Leadership:

focuses on work and tasks, and may tell others what to do.

. Expressive Leadership:

cares about people’s feelings and tries to keep peace in the group.

•   No consistent “natural leader” traits.

Leadership depends on how personal qualities match the group’s needs.

• Instrumental leaders → task-focused, give orders, maintain goals.

Expressive leaders → emotionally supportive, maintain harmony, close relationships.

• Traditional cultural patterns, leadership is traditionally given to parent

• Friendship groups, leaders may emerge naturally without formal selection

• In larger groups, leaders are usually elected or recruited formally.

• No category for "natural leaders", the leadership skill depends on the qualities needed by a specific group

• Leadership roles are typically categorized into 2 groups: instrumental and expressive.

• Instrumental leaders, focus on task completion, goal achievement, maintaining distant relationships with group members.

• Expressive leaders, prioritize group harmony, offer support, forming strong bonds and helping manage conflicts.