The use of early neuroscience to discriminate and enslave by https://padlet.com/abdullahi81/95cltvx8ofjpmzcz Made with the best of intentions en-us 2022-04-11 03:23:19 UTC 2022-04-11 06:05:23 UTC hello@padlet.com A sign of the times, Emancipation Proclamation 1863. abdullahi81 https://padlet.com/abdullahi81/95cltvx8ofjpmzcz/wish/2138582930 On January 1, 1863 the 16th President of the United States, President Abraham Lincoln, signed into law the emancipation proclamation granting legal status for 3.5 million formerly enslaved African Americans. Freedom which was wildly opposed which resulted in Civil War. Beyond just bondage these human beings were subjected to the worst kind of medical torture by people who believed inherently that they were superior. They believed that these enslaved people did not feel pain and even if they did they were not worthy of the care and consideration that they themselves would want.

https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/emancipation-proclamation]]> 2022-04-11 03:32:27 UTC https://padlet.com/abdullahi81/95cltvx8ofjpmzcz/wish/2138582930 Resisting liberation and the urge to be superior abdullahi81 https://padlet.com/abdullahi81/95cltvx8ofjpmzcz/wish/2138582980 In order to justify enslavement they turn to science and medicine to give some sort of physiological reasoning to maintain their systems of injustice. They went through every human body system that Showed a fraction of a difference between white bodies and black bodies to reinforce their superiority. Black bodies have large sex organs and small skulls so they aren’t intelligent. 
And the understanding of the brain increased that only reinvigorated their cause to continue to find differences and use them as a justification.
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/racial-differences-doctors.html]]> 2022-04-11 03:32:32 UTC https://padlet.com/abdullahi81/95cltvx8ofjpmzcz/wish/2138582980 'Experimenting on thee but not on me'. The use of the enslaved for 'science'. abdullahi81 https://padlet.com/abdullahi81/95cltvx8ofjpmzcz/wish/2138583024 Some of the most gruesome treatment of enslaved people was the Experimentation on black bodies. Black woman in particular suffered at the hands of gynecologist who under the misconception that Black people couldn’t feel pain or couldn’t feel pain to the level of their white counterparts, performed countless dangerous and painful procedures. Lots of regularly practiced OB/GYN procedures today were discovered at the expense of black women.
All of this injustice from head-to-toe was perpetuated by injustice but more to the foundation that these people were not people. That their minds didn’t work the way white people‘s minds did. And that these people at the root of them are barbaric and aren’t human ‘like us’ and shall not garner any sympathy.

https://www.ohsu.edu/historical-collections-archives/women-power-and-reproductive-healthcare

]]> 2022-04-11 03:32:35 UTC https://padlet.com/abdullahi81/95cltvx8ofjpmzcz/wish/2138583024 Even in psudeoscience racism prevails : Polygenism and Craniometry abdullahi81 https://padlet.com/abdullahi81/95cltvx8ofjpmzcz/wish/2138583067 Craniotomy is a pseudoscience that measures human skulls and because the remains of Black people and white people marginally appear different, The black skulls show differences that make them inferior to white people. Craniometry coupled with polygenism which try to appreciate human beings set the foundations of division to show that while we all maybe human we’re not the same and some are worse than others. These differences justified everything from murders on the street to egregious acts in the name of science. 
Craniometry was big part of early neuroscience That like phrenology defined certain behaviors, traits, In characteristics to measurements of our skulls. Someone based on a certain measurement is intelligent intelligent two major life qualities as to being a bad spouse. In our case qualities of humans that were turned into generalizations and a reason that allowed for atrocity.

https://library.harvard.edu/confronting-anti-black-racism/scientific-racism]]> 2022-04-11 03:32:38 UTC https://padlet.com/abdullahi81/95cltvx8ofjpmzcz/wish/2138583067 Docent: Charles Caldwell abdullahi81 https://padlet.com/abdullahi81/95cltvx8ofjpmzcz/wish/2138583195 Charles Caldwel was one of the most well-known racists in the medical community that really begin to solidify what he believed to be inferiority in Black people. His work was to use phrenology to prove why slavery was not only okay but the right place for Black people. He believe that their skulls showed abnormalities that prove that they needed a master and could not do things on their own and needed to be told to. While on the other hand conveniently enough, white skulls actually showed the complete opposite how they were superior and their rightful place was to be the masters into control. 
Charles Caldwell used science for evil his work continues to be perpetuated in the modern day. Phrenology as a whole and quickly deviated away from localizing function to determining who and what people were based off of the skull. The treatment of Black people and people of color such as Native Americans was solidified through medical lies and it persists today.

https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/caldwell-charles]]> 2022-04-11 03:32:46 UTC https://padlet.com/abdullahi81/95cltvx8ofjpmzcz/wish/2138583195 Dehumanization to justify enslavement abdullahi81 https://padlet.com/abdullahi81/95cltvx8ofjpmzcz/wish/2138622079 The easiest way to try and convince people that Black people were deserving of the enslavement and the bad treatment was that they weren’t human at all or were so much different than ‘us’. One of the ways this was done was through Polygenism in categorizing our skulls based off of appearance. African and Black skulls appeared different From white and Caucasian skulls and stead of summing it up to simply a different appearance it was used to justify that blacks were closer to chimpanzees then their white counterparts. The appearance of black skulls Was drastically emphasized to appear wildly different and inferior. This basis that black skulls were different and almost not human coupled with phrenology which attempted to say that because the measurements on black skulls were different in certain areas as well they do not deserve to be treated the same or even as human.


https://annaarabindankesson.com/scientific-racism/2020/9/3/from-types-of-mankind-or-ethnological-researches-based-upon-the-ancient-monuments-paintings-sculptures-and-crania-of-races-by-george-gliddon-and-josiah-nott]]> 2022-04-11 04:18:42 UTC https://padlet.com/abdullahi81/95cltvx8ofjpmzcz/wish/2138622079 Franz Joseph Gall abdullahi81 https://padlet.com/abdullahi81/95cltvx8ofjpmzcz/wish/2138626243 Franz Joseph Gall what is a German anatomist who known for the belief of localization, specific areas in the brain determines specific traits. This notion of phrenology developed maps of the brain that defined regions of the brain that could determine whether you were a good dancer or whether you were intelligent or even well spoken. Vast portions of a humans personality and behaviors were summed up to specific bumps and grooves in a skull. This was incredibly important for neuroscience because it was the first time that someone really began to assign key areas of the brain to behavior and function. 
While phrenology is a ousted pseudoscience the implications of this still leave scars. The measurements of people skulls allowed for generalizations about races and the medical backing to allow myths to abuse.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franz-Joseph-Gall]]> 2022-04-11 04:23:56 UTC https://padlet.com/abdullahi81/95cltvx8ofjpmzcz/wish/2138626243 citations abdullahi81 https://padlet.com/abdullahi81/95cltvx8ofjpmzcz/wish/2138697799 Anna Arabindan-Kesson. (2020, September 24). From types of mankind: Or, ethnological researches, based upon the ancient monuments, paintings, sculptures, and crania of races .... by George Gliddon and Josiah Nott - Anna Arabindan. Kesson. Retrieved April 11, 2022, from https://annaarabindankesson.com/scientific-racism/2020/9/3/from-types-of-mankind-or-ethnological-researches-based-upon-the-ancient-monuments-paintings-sculptures-and-crania-of-races-by-george-gliddon-and-josiah-nott 
Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Franz Joseph Gall. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 11, 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franz-Joseph-Gall 
Historical Collections and Archives. OHSU. (n.d.). Retrieved April 11, 2022, from https://www.ohsu.edu/historical-collections-archives/women-power-and-reproductive-healthcare 
History.com Editors. (2009, October 29). Emancipation proclamation. History.com. Retrieved April 11, 2022, from https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/emancipation-proclamation 
Long, D. (n.d.). Caldwell, charles. NCpedia. Retrieved April 11, 2022, from https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/caldwell-charles 

Scientific racism. Harvard Library. (n.d.). Retrieved April 11, 2022, from https://library.harvard.edu/confronting-anti-black-racism/scientific-racism 
Villarosa, L. (2019, August 14). How false beliefs in physical racial difference still live in medicine today. The New York Times. Retrieved April 11, 2022, from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/racial-differences-doctors.html?mtrref=padlet.com&gwh=375CC44926B9A545B725F964F93909E7&gwt=pay&assetType=PAYWALL 
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