<?xml version="1.0"?>
<rss version="2.0">
   <channel>
      <title>White Supremacy and Black Resistance (1619 to present) by B Manker, Ed.D.</title>
      <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz</link>
      <description>A sample of racially motivated attacks and acts of Black resistance throughout American history. (How is the term &quot;race riot&quot; inconsistent with the information you see here?)</description>
      <language>en-us</language>
      <pubDate>2021-06-01 06:04:16 UTC</pubDate>
      <lastBuildDate>2021-06-05 21:45:15 UTC</lastBuildDate>
      <webMaster>hello@padlet.com</webMaster>
      <image>
         <url></url>
      </image>
      <item>
         <title>Chicago, IL, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1575358090</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1919<br>After police continued to turn blind eyes to Black swimmers getting harassed and a teenager getting killed on Chicago's segregated beaches, the city erupted into a summer of violence. Thousands of Black businesses were torched in acts of arson.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/riot-in-chicago/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 06:07:39 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1575358090</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Memphis, TN, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1575359163</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1866<br>In a city whose population was still deeply affected by Civil War, White civilians and police went on a three-day killing spree and burned Black schools and churches. No White perpetrators were ever charged or tried in a court of law.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/1866-memphis-riots/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 06:08:09 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1575359163</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Wilmington, NC, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1575370223</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1898<br>A armed, White mob burned a Black-owned newspaper office and murdered innocent Black civilians. In the ensuing coup d'etat, the leader of the mob ousted elected officials and installed White supremacists instead.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/wilmington-massacre-2/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 06:13:06 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1575370223</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Horatio, AR, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1575372986</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1896<br>White railway workers attacked itinerant Black workers in an attempt to drive them out of Arkansas.  </div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/polk-race-war/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 06:14:23 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1575372986</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Thibodaux, LA, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1575375715</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1887<br>Black sugarcane workers who attempted to organize into a union to demand better wages and working conditions were met with gunfire.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/thibodaux-massacre/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 06:15:41 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1575375715</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Ebenezer Creek Crossing, McCall Road, Springfield, GA, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577450937</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1864<br><br>Hundreds of recently freed Black families drowned in the freezing water or were shot by pursuing Confederate soldiers after being abandoned by the Union Army. </div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/ebenezer-creek-massacre/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 19:33:33 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577450937</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>New Orleans, LA, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577451814</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1866<br>At the direction of the lead police chief, police and firemen surrounded and stormed a voting rights convention killing 48 people and injuring 102 others.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/july-30-1866-new-orleans-massacre/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 19:33:59 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577451814</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Opelousas, LA, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577453640</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1868<br>A White teacher who advocated for Black voting rights was beaten in his own classroom. This served as the catalyst for White terrorists to roam the countryside and kill Black Americans. </div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/sept-28-1868-opelousas-massacre/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 19:34:48 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577453640</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>St. Bernard Parish, LA, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577454539</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1868<br>Two years before the ratification of the 15th Amendment to the Constitution, White supremacists feared the loss of power and privilege as Blacks gained the right to vote. They resorted to violence and mayhem in the days before the 1868 Presidential election.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/st-bernard-parish-massacre" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 19:35:11 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577454539</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Colfax, LA, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577457392</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1873<br>When Republicans and their Black allies narrowly won a gubernatorial election, in an act of revenge Democratic leaders urged armed gunmen to lay siege to the courthouse. By the end, 150 Black Americans were dead.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/colfax-massacre-1873/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 19:36:23 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577457392</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Clinton, MS, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577460169</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1875<br>After shots were fired during a Black political rally and barbecue, White mobs seized the opportunity to indiscriminately kill Black Americans and their White allies over the course of the next few days. A request for federal troops was denied by President Ulysses Grant.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/clinton-riot/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 19:37:38 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577460169</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Charleston, SC, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577467854</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>2015<br>Eight Black churchgoers were killed at the historic Mother Emmanuel A.M.E. Church by a White supremacist. </div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/charleston-church-massacre/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 19:40:58 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577467854</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Philadelphia, PA, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577469538</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1985<br>Police dropped a C-4 bomb on the MOVE organization, killing several children and obliterating two city blocks.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/move-bombing/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 19:41:41 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577469538</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Greensboro, NC, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577470287</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1979<br>The Ku Klux Klan and Nazis killed five peaceful protestors at an anti-Klan rally.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.teenvogue.com/story/the-greensboro-massacre-of-1979-explained" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 19:42:00 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577470287</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Orangeburg, SC, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577473084</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1968<br>When South Caroline State College students engaged in peaceful protest of a Vietnam veteran's denied entrance to a segregated bowling alley, police fired into the crowd, killing three and injuring many more.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/orangeburg-massacre/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 19:43:13 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577473084</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Ponce, Puerto Rico</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577474848</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1937<br>Soldiers under the direct military command of the United States fired into a group of peaceful protestors, killing 21 and injuring hundreds.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/ponce-massacre/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 19:44:01 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577474848</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Catcher, AR, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577475591</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1923<br>White domestic terrorists successfully ran every Black family out of town over a course of a few days in December, 1923. </div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/catcher-race-riots/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 19:44:21 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577475591</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Tulsa, OK, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577479824</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1921<br>During one of the most appalling acts of violence against Black people in the history of the United States, Whites attacked and killed hundreds of Black Oklahomans and burned several city blocks to the ground. The Tulsa County Grand Jury argued that Whites were not to blame.<br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/perspectives-african-american-history/we-can-best-honor-our-past-by-not-burying-it-the-tulsa-race-massacre-of-1921/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 19:45:55 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577479824</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Ocoee, FL, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577480910</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1923<br>At least 50 Black Floridians were murdered by the Ku Klux Klan after they went to the polls and attempted to vote.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/ocoee-massacre/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 19:46:26 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577480910</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Elaine, AR, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577481868</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1919<br>After one man was killed and another was injured at a Black sharecroppers' union meeting, White mobs from neighboring states began to hunt for suspects while White media spread rumors of a Black uprising. The resulting hysteria led to a massacre of Black Americans.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/elaine-arkansas-riot-1919/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 19:46:50 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577481868</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Washington D.C., DC, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577483674</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1919<br>When a rumor of a Black man assaulting a White woman started to spread, White soldiers started attacking Black soldiers and civilians. Black Washingtonians armed themselves and fought back.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/red-summer-dc/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 19:47:37 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577483674</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Slocum, TX, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577487851</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1910<br>When rumors of an armed Black rebellion circulated among White residents, White supremacists roamed the countryside in groups, killing Blacks and seizing their property as they fled. Newspapers only inflamed tension as they spread misinformation about the events.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/the-slocum-massacre-1910/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 19:49:29 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577487851</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Detroit, MI, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577493813</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1943<br>A fistfight exploded into a 24-hour period of looting, arson, and violence which was halted by 6,000 Federal troops.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/detroit-race-riot-1943/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 19:52:12 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577493813</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Atlanta, GA, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577494567</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1906<br>A rapidly growing Black population, job scarcity, reports of attacks against women, and political activism contributed to White anxiety and eventually led to a White mob wandering the city, destroying Black businesses and killing Black men.&nbsp;</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/atlanta-race-riot-1906/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 19:52:32 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577494567</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Camilla, GA, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577495067</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1868<br>When the state legislature expelled elected bi-racial members, one of the representatives organized a march to protest. Black protesters were ambushed and killed as they attempted to join a political rally.&nbsp;</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/camilla-massacre/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 19:52:47 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577495067</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Eufaula, AL, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577495717</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1874<br>White domestic terrorists used violence to suppress voting and murder local citizens, signaling an end to Reconstruction efforts. Despite the phrasing on the historical marker seen above, the "riot" was actually a state-sanctioned pogrom against Black Americans.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/1874-election-riot/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 19:53:07 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577495717</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Mobile, AL, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577630808</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1943<br>When 12 Black workers were promoted to welders at the Alabama Dry Dock and Shipping Company, 4,000 armed White supremacists attacked any Black worker they could find. The company eventually created segregated work areas after&nbsp;some Whites refused to work with the skilled Black laborers.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/may/25" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-01 20:58:15 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1577630808</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>East St. Louis, IL, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1578330092</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1917<br>Thousands of Black families moved to St. Louis to work in factories during WWI. As their political power grew, so did racial unrest and tension. After two police officers were killed on July 1, White citizens took to the streets indiscriminantly killing Black men, women, and children and destroying Black property.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/east-st-louis-race-riot-1917/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-02 03:07:53 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1578330092</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Springfield, IL, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1580077866</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1908<br>When the sheriff denied the release of a couple of incarcerated Black men to a White mob, the crowd went on a murderous pogrom, destroying Black-owned businesses and killing innocent civilians. These events—in Abraham Lincoln's hometown, nonetheless—shocked the nation and eventually led to the formation of the NAACP.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/springfield-race-riot-1908/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-02 16:36:05 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1580077866</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Chicago, IL, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1580533930</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1963&nbsp;<br>When the Chicago School Board refused to cooperate with Black parents, 200,000 Black school children walked out of class to protest crowded classrooms and inadequate supplies. The demonstration was known as "Freedom Day". Eventually, the School Board allowed some students to transfer to less-crowded, traditionally White schools.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/1963-chicago-school-boycott/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-02 19:12:45 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1580533930</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Charlottesville, VA, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1580538776</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>2017&nbsp;<br>The city council voted to remove a statue of Confederate General "Stonewall" Jackson and relocate another statue of Confederate commander Robert E. Lee.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/charlottesville-city-council-vote-removal-stonewall-jackson-statue-n798821" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-02 19:14:50 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1580538776</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Nashville, TN, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1580698711</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>February 13-May 10, 1960<br>Large numbers of Black students targeted restaurants in an attempt to desegregate lunch counters. Their successful protests were some of the first recorded sit-ins and served as a model for future protests.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/nashville-sit-ins-1960/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-02 20:29:53 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1580698711</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Washington D.C., DC, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1581420035</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1848<br>In the single largest recorded escape attempt by enslaved people in American history, 77 Blacks boarded "The Pearl" and attempted to sail to New Jersey to freedom. The daring feat led to the abolition of slavery in Washington, D. C. and inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe to write "Uncle Tom's Cabin". </div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/pearl-incident/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-03 03:18:40 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1581420035</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>St. Charles Parish, LA, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1581552844</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1811<br>A group of over 500 enslaved people took up arms and marched toward New Orleans in an attempt to form their own Black State along the banks of the Mississippi.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/its-anniversary-1811-louisiana-slave-revolt-180957760/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-03 04:36:07 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1581552844</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Philadelphia, PA, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1581681625</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1830-1860<br>It is estimated that nearly 9,000 enslaved people were escorted to safety through this busy Underground Railroad depot.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://nmaahc.si.edu/blog/underground-railroad" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-03 05:43:29 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1581681625</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Omaha, NE, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1581732865</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1919<br>(Warning: Graphic photos in the article above.)<br>As one of the many&nbsp;lynch mobs of the "Red Summer" of 1919, a group of angry&nbsp;Whites attacked Blacks after a White woman accused a man of assaulting her and two newspapers carried the story based on the rumor.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="http://www.nebraskastudies.org/en/1900-1924/racial-tensions/a-horrible-lynching/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-03 06:10:55 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1581732865</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>San Francisco, CA, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1581738197</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1863<br>Years before Rosa Parks, Black San Franciscans successfully lobbied to desegregate the city's street cars.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/charlotte-brown-streetcar/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-03 06:13:25 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1581738197</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Washington D.C., DC, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1581749214</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1961<br>James Farmer and his group of activists boarded two buses bound for New Orleans. Their courageous journey was to test newly-passed laws banning segregated interstate travel. Televised coverage of the violence the protestors endured spurred the Interstate Commerce Commission to impose harsh fines for those who ignored the law. It inspired other Black activists and their allies to engage in civil disobedience in the years to come.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/freedom-rides-1961/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-03 06:19:11 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1581749214</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>New Orleans, LA, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1581749738</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1961<br>Intended "Freedom Rides" terminus.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-03 06:19:31 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1581749738</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Hamburg, SC, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1582894113</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1876<br>White supremacists used a misunderstanding with an all-Black militia to arm themselves, terrorize Black Americans, and keep them away from the polls.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/hamburg-massacre/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-03 15:48:47 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1582894113</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Pensacola, FL, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1582990750</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1972-1973<br>Black students and their allies protested rituals of their recently-desegregated high school (including flying Confederate flags as football games, playing "Dixie", and using a "Rebel" as a mascot) and won in a U.S. District Court.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="http://escambiahighschool.org/news.html" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-03 16:18:28 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1582990750</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Charleston, SC, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1583011785</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>In a daring and ingenious move, Robert Smalls, an enslaved man, successfully boards an iron-clad&nbsp; ship, slips past&nbsp;Confederate guards, and "surrenders" to the Union army, delivering 17 formerly-enslaved people to safety and freedom.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/which-slave-sailed-himself-to-freedom/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-03 16:25:19 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1583011785</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Rosewood, FL, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1584159008</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1923<br>After hearing a rumor that a White woman had been sexually assaulted by a Black man, a posse of White terrorists went on the hunt.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/rosewood-massacre-1923/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-04 01:44:46 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1584159008</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Boston, MA, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1584168773</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1778<br>Paul Cuffee and his brother, John, refused to pay taxes. As free Black men they were denied a vote, and therefore—they reasoned—they were taxed without representation. Massachusetts soon thereafter changed its tax laws.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/who-led-the-1st-back-to-africa-effort/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-04 01:48:34 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1584168773</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Everglades, Florida, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1584329139</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1817-1858<br>Enslaved Blacks fled to Florida to seek freedom from the cruelty of plantation life and join the Seminole Tribe. Both Blacks and Native People courageously against three aggressive military campaigns by the United States government.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://seminolewars.org/index.php/history/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-04 03:01:22 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1584329139</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>St. Louis, MO, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1584344453</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1856<br>Moses Dickson, an abolitionist and minister, formed a secret anti-slavery society called the Knights of Liberty. At its peak, it boasted over 42,000 members across the country who were to participate in a great uprising to end slavery.&nbsp;</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/dickson-moses-1824-1901/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-04 03:09:49 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1584344453</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Farmville, VA, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1584354000</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1951<br>Eleventh-grader Barbara Johns led a successful student strike to protest inequitable conditions in public schools. Her case eventually was included in the Brown vs. the Board of Education Supreme Court case and decision.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/4-five/farmville-virginia-1.html" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-04 03:15:14 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1584354000</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Fort Mose Historic State Park, Fort Mose Trail, St. Augustine, FL, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1584365280</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1738<br>Fort Mose became a haven for formerly-enslaved Black families and was the first free Black settlement in what was to become the United States.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/fort-mose-florida/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-04 03:21:29 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1584365280</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Cairo, IL, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1584387820</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1969<br>Black residents, fed up with racist violence throughout the early twentieth century, formed the United Front of Cairo. Its goal was to boycott White businesses to drive the owners out of town and to protect Black Illinoisans. </div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://allthatsinteresting.com/cairo-illinois" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-04 03:34:11 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1584387820</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Little Rock, AR, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1584397915</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Throughout September, nine courageous Black students attempted to attend the recently-desegregated Central High School, only to be met by state-sanctioned force and mobs of angry White supremacists. </div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://nmaahc.si.edu/blog-post/little-rock-nine" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-04 03:39:49 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1584397915</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Zinn Education Project</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1586124399</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Thank you to the Zinn Education Project for in-depth information about these American atrocities.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.zinnedproject.org" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-04 19:23:28 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1586124399</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>The Decolonial Atlas</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1586126246</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Thank you to the Decolonial Atlas for the map of Black resistance.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://decolonialatlas.wordpress.com" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-04 19:24:37 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1586126246</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>The National Museum of African American History and Culture</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1586128974</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Some information was found on this fantastic website.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://nmaahc.si.edu" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-04 19:26:15 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1586128974</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Blackpast.org</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1586132755</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Check out the stories and information here. It's a fantastic resource. </div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.blackpast.org" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-04 19:28:30 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1586132755</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Birmingham, AL, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1586178332</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1963<br>Hundreds of children faced police dogs and firehoses to peacefully protest segregation. 600 were arrested. This courageous march was part of a larger campaign of civil disobedience to change one of the most segregated cities in America.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.pbs.org/video/religion-and-ethics-newsweekly-childrens-march-50th-anniversary/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-04 19:56:55 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1586178332</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Denver, CO, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1586203348</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1996<br>Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf refused to stand for the singing of the National Anthem during Denver Nuggets games to protest the American flag—a symbol of "tyranny and oppression". </div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.yesmagazine.org/democracy/2017/10/02/before-the-nfl-took-a-knee-4-lesser-known-moments-of-resistance-in-sports-history" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-04 20:14:44 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1586203348</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Indian Wells, CA, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1586208722</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Serena Williams courageously played in her first tennis tournament in front of a loud, unwelcoming crowd of mostly affluent White people.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.yesmagazine.org/democracy/2017/10/02/before-the-nfl-took-a-knee-4-lesser-known-moments-of-resistance-in-sports-history" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-04 20:18:34 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1586208722</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Clarksville, TN, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1586213431</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Wilma Rudolph, an Olympic gold medalist, refused to participate in a segregated event to celebrate her accomplishments. Her hometown eventually threw a parade and banquet in her honor—the first integrated event in town history.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.yesmagazine.org/democracy/2017/10/02/before-the-nfl-took-a-knee-4-lesser-known-moments-of-resistance-in-sports-history" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-04 20:21:52 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1586213431</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>New York City, NY, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1586257583</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1909&nbsp;<br>Black leaders and descendants of famous abolitionists formed this organization—which has worked for racial justice and civil rights ever since—on the centennial of Abraham Lincoln's birth. </div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://naacp.org/about/our-history" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-04 20:55:51 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1586257583</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Fredericksburg, VA, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1587065796</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1805<br>Enslaved people on the Chatham Plantation successfully staged a revolt against the overseer, who had threatened to cut their Christmas holiday short by ordering them back to work in the fields. Several decades later, enslaved people took up arms against the Confederacy when the Union Army liberated Fredericksburg. </div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.nps.gov/frsp/learn/historyculture/chatham-slave-revolt.htm" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-05 16:04:39 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1587065796</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Memphis, TN, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1587070070</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1966<br>James Meredith led a march from Memphis TN to Jackson, MS to inspire Black residents to register to vote and to protest segregation and oppression. Despite being shot on the second day, Mr. Meredith recovered and finished the march with hundreds of members of civil rights organizations.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://exhibits.stanford.edu/fitch/browse/meredith-march-against-fear-june-1966" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-05 16:09:06 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1587070070</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Jackson, MS, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1587070384</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1966<br>The "March Against Fear" terminus.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-05 16:09:25 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1587070384</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Tuskegee, AL, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1587305798</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1957-1961<br>Black shoppers boycotted White businesses to protest gerrymandering and voting restrictions, causing 100 White businesses to close and invigorating Black businesses in the area.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/black-citizens-boycott-white-merchants-us-voting-rights-tuskegee-alabama-1957-1961" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-05 21:35:28 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1587305798</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>St. Augustine, FL, USA</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1587309904</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1964<br>Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference&nbsp;organized a "wade in" to protest the segregation at public pools and beaches across Florida, drawing national attention to "barbaric racism". </div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/florida-wade-ins-end-racial-segregation-public-beach-and-pools-civil-rights-movement-1945-19" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-05 21:42:51 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1587309904</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Global Non-Violent Action Database</title>
         <author>doctormanker</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1587310802</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Check out various forms of peaceful protest from around the world with this database.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/index.php/" />
         <pubDate>2021-06-05 21:44:30 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/doctormanker/93h8c0h9vhs9ipz/wish/1587310802</guid>
      </item>
   </channel>
</rss>
