ECOL 409: Katelynn Herod by Katelynn Rhea Herod https://padlet.com/katelynnherod/90ovond0yh8nrfxp Croup en-us 2023-03-18 04:49:08 UTC 2023-04-26 04:18:29 UTC hello@padlet.com https://media0.giphy.com/media/KItHQcsfWfyxO/giphy.gif [3-18-23] Disease Choice: Croup katelynnherod https://padlet.com/katelynnherod/90ovond0yh8nrfxp/wish/2521512693 I am choosing croup (laryngotracheobronchitis) which is a respiratory infection caused my mostly viruses. 

]]> 2023-03-18 05:08:42 UTC https://padlet.com/katelynnherod/90ovond0yh8nrfxp/wish/2521512693 [3-25-23] Point of Origin katelynnherod https://padlet.com/katelynnherod/90ovond0yh8nrfxp/wish/2531584611 From what I can find, it seems as though the location where croup was first detected was in the European area. 
There are two different identified types of croup. One is diphtheritic croup which is caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which is more rare. The second, the one I am studying, is a viral version caused most often by the parainfluenza virus, which wasn't identified as a different version of croup until 1826. 
Croup originally was thought to be a "complication of the common cold". It is most commonly known as a viral infection and more specifically an upper respiratory tract infection. A viral infection is defined as "any illness you get from a virus (a small germ that uses your cells to reproduce)" 


Marchessault, V. (2001, November). Historical review of croup. The Canadian journal of infectious diseases = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses. Retrieved March 25, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2094841/

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2022, December 3). Croup. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved March 25, 2023, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/croup/symptoms-causes/syc-20350348#:~:text=Croup%20refers%20to%20an%20infection,cough%20that%20sounds%20like%20barking.

Wikimedia Foundation. (2023, March 16). Croup. Wikipedia. Retrieved March 25, 2023, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croup#:~:text=The%20word%20croup%20comes%20from,and%20Cure%20of%20the%20Croup.

Viral infection: Causes, symptoms, tests & treatment. Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2023, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24473-viral-infection#:~:text=Viral%20infections%20are%20any%20illness,simplex%20virus%20(cold%20sores).




]]> 2023-03-26 04:18:22 UTC https://padlet.com/katelynnherod/90ovond0yh8nrfxp/wish/2531584611 [4-2-23] katelynnherod https://padlet.com/katelynnherod/90ovond0yh8nrfxp/wish/2541236243 The disease started in the European area. From there is spread though almost everywhere in the world. I was unable to find a timeline of when the disease spread but I do know that the differentiation of viral croup from bacterial croup happened in 1826. Croup in general was discovered around the mid 1700s. About 15% of children are affected by croup. It affects males 50% more often than it does females. Any deaths by croup were not caused by the viral version of croup, which is what I am studying here.

Wikimedia Foundation. (2023, March 16). Croup. Wikipedia. Retrieved March 25, 2023, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croup#:~:text=The word croup comes from,and Cure of the Croup.]]> 2023-04-02 16:57:17 UTC https://padlet.com/katelynnherod/90ovond0yh8nrfxp/wish/2541236243 [4-8-23] Virulence katelynnherod https://padlet.com/katelynnherod/90ovond0yh8nrfxp/wish/2547835223 Virulence is "the harm done by a pathogen to the host following and infection" (lecture 7). Other sources label virulence as the "severity of harmfulness of a disease" (Google)

Overall, croup is fairly mild. Some cases may be more or less severe but overall its a mild case. It causes a barking cough, hoarseness, and even stridor. The virus usually lasts anywhere from 3 days to a week.
Croup,  in the viral form, is considered an HPIV (Human Parainfluenza Virus). There are 4 variations of this virus. The most virulent version of the virus is HPIV-3. I was unable to find the timeline of virulence for the virus.


Subhash Chandra Parija, MD. “Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIV) and Other Parainfluenza Viruses.” Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology, Medscape, 17 Oct. 2021, https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/224708-overview.

The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. “What Is Croup? Symptoms, Treatment, and When to Worry.” Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 7 Dec. 2020, https://www.chop.edu/news/health-tip/what-is-croup-symptoms-treatment-and-when-to-worry#:~:text=How%20serious%20is%20croup%3F,wake%20the%20child%20from%20sleep. 


]]> 2023-04-09 04:31:34 UTC https://padlet.com/katelynnherod/90ovond0yh8nrfxp/wish/2547835223 [4-15-23] Medical Advances katelynnherod https://padlet.com/katelynnherod/90ovond0yh8nrfxp/wish/2555570235 Originally the treatment for croup was a hot shower. The steam was thought to help the cough. 
Medications that are now used for croup are Corticosteroid and Epinephrine. 
The only new technologies that seem to have been applied to the disease is the nebulization of the medication (epinephrine). 


Marchessault V. Historical review of croup. Can J Infect Dis. 2001 Nov;12(6):337-9. doi: 10.1155/2001/919830. PMID: 18159359; PMCID: PMC2094841.]]> 2023-04-16 03:57:02 UTC https://padlet.com/katelynnherod/90ovond0yh8nrfxp/wish/2555570235 [4-22-23] Leadership Response katelynnherod https://padlet.com/katelynnherod/90ovond0yh8nrfxp/wish/2564434079 Because croup was never a threat to the majority of the population, there was not much response, that I can find in my research, by leadership/governments. 
The CDC has recommendations on how to prevent the illness which is mostly based on hygiene such as washing hands, not sharing utensils, cups, etc. 
There are currently works in making a vaccine that is for the virus causing croup (HPIV)

Croup Fact Sheet - Pennsylvania Department of Health. https://www.health.pa.gov/topics/Documents/Diseases%20and%20Conditions/Croup.pdf.
“Preventing and Treating Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIV).” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 22 Dec. 2022, https://www.cdc.gov/parainfluenza/prevention-treatment.html. ]]> 2023-04-23 02:51:42 UTC https://padlet.com/katelynnherod/90ovond0yh8nrfxp/wish/2564434079 [4-25-23] Society Effect katelynnherod https://padlet.com/katelynnherod/90ovond0yh8nrfxp/wish/2568221360 Because the illness was never a large impact to society and affected such a specific portion of the population, there was not such a sociological impact of the disease.
I would say if any society behaviors changed, it was due to the knowledge of croup increasing so that people knew how to better take care of the sick. For example, we now know that aspects such as good hygiene, keeping your kids up to date on vaccines, etc. will and can help your child to not be affected by croup.
Society did in fact "learn" from the physical effect of the disease. Like mentioned previously, the prevention care and care while the child is sick has altered by our increased knowledge of the illness.

Victor Marchessault, MD FRCPC, Historical review of croup, Paediatrics & Child Health, Volume 6, Issue 10, December 2001, Pages 721–723, https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/6.10.721

“Croup.” NHS Inform, https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/lungs-and-airways/croup#:~:text=Croup%20is%20spread%20in%20a,infections%20that%20can%20cause%20croup. ]]> 2023-04-26 04:18:29 UTC https://padlet.com/katelynnherod/90ovond0yh8nrfxp/wish/2568221360