• Language Skills Development

• Cultural and Literary Appreciation

• Critical Thinking and Analysis

• Communicative Competence

• Task-based Learning

• Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

• Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL)

• Project-based Learning

• Formative Assessments

• Summative Assessments

• Self-assessment and Peer-assessment

• Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2023). Standard Kurikulum dan Pentaksiran Bahasa Inggeris Pusat Tingkatan Enam Tahun 2023.https://www.moe.gov.my/storage/files/shares/pekeliling_dan_garis_panduan/surat_siaran/Surat%20Siaran%20KPM%20Bil.%204%20Tahun%202023%20Pelaksanaan%20Standard%20Kurikulum%20Dan%20Pentaksiran%20Bahasa%20Inggeris%20Pusat%20Tingkatan%20Enam%20Tahun%202023.pdf?_t=1703556323

• Unified Curriculum Committee of Malaysian Independent Chinese Secondary School Working Committee. (2021). Senior Middle Level English Language Curriculum Standards.https://elearning.dongzong.my/pluginfile.php/86676/mod_resource/content/1/Curriculum%20Standards%20for%20English%20Language%20%28Senior%29%202021.pdf

-Integrative Motivation

·A lack of connection with the language or its use outside the classroom may reduce interest.

·  Fun Activities

·  Out-of-Class Exposure

·  Sustain enthusiasm through creative and relatable teaching materials.

·  Provide guidance to overcome barriers and ease learning difficulties.

· Metacognitive Strategies

· Affective Strategies

· Social Strategies

· Compensatory Strategies

· Raising awareness of personal learning styles and strategies.

· Embedding strategy instruction within the curriculum.

· Teaching compensatory techniques to address weaknesses.

Ambiguity Tolerance

high tolerance vs low tolerance

Reflectivity vs. Impulsivity:

2)Numbered Heads Together

3)RoundRobin

4)Three-Step Interview

5)Jigsaw

Kagan, S., & Kagan, M. (2009). Kagan Cooperative Learning. San Clemente, CA: Kagan Publishing.

Kagan, S. (1994). Cooperative Learning. San Juan Capistrano, CA: Kagan Publishing.

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1385531.pdf

Biwer, F., oude Egbrink, M. G. A., Aalten, P., & de Bruin, A. B. H. (2020). Fostering effective learning strategies in higher education—A mixed-methods study. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 9(2), 186-203

https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2020-35981-001.html

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Pei, X. (2022). The Latest Research Trends and Methods in Language Learning Strategies : A Systematic Review. The Journal of Asia TEFL. https://doi.org/104609400/s200_xiaoyu

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· Introduce reflective or impulsive tasks based on learner tendencies.

· Create activities that enhance strategy use, such as group discussions (social strategies) or self-monitoring journals (metacognitive strategies).

Collaborative Learning

Critical Pedagogy

Social Justice Themes

Democratic Classroom Environment

Holistic Approach

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The Innate Theory - The technique of teaching - The Innate Theory Introduction The Innate Theory - Studocu. (n.d.). Studocu. https://www.studocu.com/row/document/universite-ibn-zohr/linguistics/the-innate-theory-the-technique-of-teaching/14639632

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Marxism and Education. (2017). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351253321

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Juvova, A., Chudy, S., Neumeister, P., Plischke, J., & Kvintova, J. (2015). Reflection of Constructivist Theories in Current Educational Practice. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 3(5), 345–349. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2015.030506

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Muhajirah. (2020). Basic of Learning theory: (Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, and humanism). International Journal of Asian Education (IJAE) by READ Institute, 1(1), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.46966/ijae.v1i1.23

Dörnyei, Z., & Muir, C. (2019). Creating a Motivating Classroom Environment. Second Handbook of English Language Teaching, 719–736. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02899-2_36

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