Week 4: Intersectional Criminologies by Nayyar

Conduct research and write a short paragraph addressing either one of the following questions:

nayyar_hussain — 2023-10-23 05:00:37 UTC

- How does intersectionality contribute to understandings of Gender and Offending?

-How does intersectionality contribute to understandings of Gender and victimisation?

Use contemporary examples and statistics to support your points.

hi

2023-10-24 10:08:32 UTC

hru

it allows the gender equality to become inclusive

2023-10-24 10:13:05 UTC

2023-10-24 10:18:06 UTC

Intersectionality contributes to a deeper understanding of gender and offending as it acknowledges that individuals experience different identities and social factors that intersect together which in turn influences their experiences with the criminal justice system. For instance, marginalised groups may face unique challenges and discrimination within the legal system. Understanding this thus allows greater inclusivity.

How does intersectionality contribute to understandings of Gender and Victimisation

2023-10-24 10:18:53 UTC

Intersectionality helps explain that individuals of different races, backgrounds, genders and etc can intersect and have unique experiences, intersectionality shows that some individuals may be more vulnerable to discrimination due to their social identity. An example of this is that women face a gender pay gap in the workforce, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 2020, the median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary women workers were lower than those of men, this is especially so for women of colour.
Intersectionality also shows that some individuals of a specific social identity will be less inclined and willing to report victimisation and seek help. This could be due to various reasons such as cultural or language barriers.

2023-10-24 10:18:59 UTC

By understanding that people might encounter numerous tiers of privilege and oppression depending on their various identities, intersectionality advances our understanding of gender and victimisation. This viewpoint emphasises how various identities interact to shape victimisation experiences, which are not all the same.

2023-10-24 10:19:38 UTC

Intersectional feminism allows gender equality to become inclusive. Before, feminism was only seen through a white, middle class, homosexual woman’s lens; whereas now, other social classes are taken into consideration. By taking an intersectional approach, we find that the minority ethnic groups, sexualities and working-class women are more likely to be charged and arrested compared to middle/upper class white women. It allows us to see the inequalities within feminism.

2023-10-24 10:21:13 UTC

From an intersectional standpoint, it is recognised that several elements of an individual's identity, such as race, socioeconomic status, and gender, are closely linked (Parmar, 2016). it contributes by giving us an understanding on gender and offending. for example, it elaborates on the idea that social identities are intersectional, and we have multiple which interfere with each other on a daily basis, aiding us in making choices. when offending these overlapping identities can increase the chance of deviance. However, in criminological research, the collection of ethnic group data is typically limited to studies that specifically address racism or explore the associations between ethnic origins and other crime-related factors, such as victimisation, therefore not addressing gender as a main aspect of data in studies (Parmar, 2016).

2023-10-24 10:21:49 UTC

it allows for a more holistic and inclusive understanding of offending . it can also contribute to more effective research that is higher in validity.

Women as offenders

2023-10-24 10:21:51 UTC

Intersectionality within criminology allows us to greater understand the needs and experiences of different sub-sections within society. Without intersectionality, the more stereotypical and conservative theories would remain.

One particular area of focus within criminology and the CJS is the rise of women offenders. The female prison population is expected to rise by over 1000 in the next 2 years(Beyond the streets.ORG). Intersectionality gives us the opportunity to look at this in more detail and examine the experiences and causes behind this.

One big perception within society is that in regards to the CJS, women have far more lenient sentences. Whilst the data does somewhat reflect this, the data does also give some insight into why this is. Women usually commit less serious crimes (GOV.UK), and men usually commit more violent crimes, for example, 70% of all murders in 2020/21 in the UK were committed by males.

The data however doesn't always accurately reflect social life, especially in regards to the 'double punishment' women offenders face. Women are more likely to have been victims before offenders. Women are more likely to have child dependants(often the reason for more lenient sentences.

"Women are punished more harshly for lesser offences; criminalised more quickly and suffer harsher consequences in terms of housing, family support, economic impact, access to and relationships with children, social networks and employment after prison." (Patriarchy on Trial)

Intersectionality recognizes multiple identities such as race, gender identity, and socioeconomic can lead to discrimination. For example, working class women are more likely to be arrested in comparison to upper class women.

2023-10-24 10:22:19 UTC

Policy implication

2023-10-24 10:22:29 UTC

An intersectional approach to criminology has contributed to policy implications and amendments in the criminal justice system. For example, in the case of victims of domestic violence, intersectionality helped shine a light on the flaws of policies such as using bruising of the skin as a measure of extent of physical abuse, as bruising was less likely to be as apparent on women of darker complexions.

hi

2023-10-24 10:22:41 UTC

im good wbu

Domestic violence

2023-10-24 10:23:11 UTC

Race, as well as gender, affect the risk of becoming a victim to domestic violence. The ending of an abusive relationship can come at a higher economic price to women of colour compared to white women.

Single African American women have a average personal wealth of $100, whereas single white women have an average personal wealth of $41,500. Half of single African American and Latino women have a negative personal wealth, and single women of colour with kids u18 have no measurable wealth.

Less personal wealth can make it difficult to make the decision to report domestic violence or leave a violent partner much harder to make.

African american women are more likely to be victims of initimate-partner violence and twice as likely to be killed by a spouse as a white women.

(Brown, 2012)

How does intersectionality contribute to understandings of gender and victimization?

2023-10-24 10:24:02 UTC

Intersectionality contributes to the understanding of gender and victimization because it considers other inequalities or oppressions and how they interact with gender to create difference experiences for every individual. It helps to understand the different ways in which people make victims of similar crimes but have very different experiences or feelings about what happened.

Intersectionality gender, race

2023-10-24 10:25:26 UTC

Gender is important especially if the crime is violent women are treated differently than men due to biological differences, it feels unnatural when women are being charged for violent crimes POLLACK OTTOMAN (XXXX) “Men hate to accuse women and thus send them to their punishment, police officers dislike to arrest them, district attorneys to prosecute them, judges and juries to find them guilty, and so on." This can be argued that only white women are looked at in this way this quote ignores the reality of black women; according to prisonreformtrust.com “Black women are 18 29% more likely than white women to be remanded custody at the Crown Court.”

Contributing to Gender and Violence.

2023-10-24 10:27:51 UTC

Intersectionality contributes to Gender and Victimisation as social identities such as race and gender can influence an individual’s experiences. For example, women of colour and lower classes would have different experiences than women in the upper class and privileged. Furthermore, in terms of the Criminal Justice System, in the past women of colour and lower classes would be given harsh, longer sentences in contrast to white women, even though they would have committed the same minor crimes.