In other words, bioprinting is a type of 3D printing that can potentially produce anything from bone tissue and blood vessels to living tissues for various medical applications, including tissue engineering and drug testing and development.

Pros
-Bioprinting may be used to increase human performance, strength, speed, or endurance. For instance, bioprinting may be used to manufacture enhanced bones and replace regular human bones that are stronger and more flexible. The 3D printer could also be used to increase muscle performance by making muscles more "resilient and less likely to become fatigued". Lung capacity could also be improved by replacing it with an artificial lung that can increase oxygen efficiency in the blood.
-Bioprinting could create a culture without disease or imperfection.

Cons:
- Design inaccuracies that may lead to the production of poor quality organs or biomaterial that may cause harm to the acceptor of the bio-printed material.

- It limits genetic diversity: Bioengineering has also been blamed for the diminishing genetic diversity that is being experienced across the world. This may render some species extinct before their time.

- The research is insufficient: The research around Bioengineering has not been vast or sufficient enough to give conclusive results, especially in cases where animals are concerned.

- May lead to allergic reactions: In creating organic foods, Bioengineering may result in other types of foods that react with the body. This ends up being counter-productive as far as the research is concerned.

- It is irresponsible because many embryos die as a result of bioengineering: Some people have argued that Bioengineering is irresponsible because, in order to get the desired results, many embryos being subjected to tests end up dying.

Controversies:
These are expensive technoscientific solutions likely to benefit only a few members of a particular subgroup. Therefore, 3D bioprinting is another solution that will not be a game-changer for everyone and certainly not for most in its immediate applications. Despite the promise of organs printed on demand for all, it is likely that the spectre of a ‘social stratification of bio-fabrication’ will emerge, with those who can afford to pay for their ‘own’ organs benefitting. A tiered system of therapeutic organ replacement is likely with those who can afford to pay for self-organs living longer; perhaps enjoying a significantly high quality of life avoiding the negative physical consequences of taking immune-suppressant drugs. While others will wait until a human organ donor becomes available and then have to undertake a punishing drug regime for the rest of their lives to prevent episodes of rejection of the transplanted organ. Others who cannot afford to pay then will make do with ‘second-hand’ organs from another living or deceased donor once available (as is the current system).

Essay question:

Bionic limbs are artificial limbs that work using signals from an individual's muscles to move seamlessly, while prosthetic limbs are artificial limbs that require an individual's body power to move
Pros
bionic vs prosthetics?
Bionic implants ease attachment and removal of the prosthesis. It also provides a much more comfortable sitting position and allows a much larger range of movements. There is overwhelming evidence that bionic limbs attached to osseointegrated implants significantly improve mobility
Cons
cons of bionic implants?
Bionic limbs can potentially cause issues with implant stability, bone fracture, breakage of the implant parts and infection. All these adverse events have several common negative effects. They cause pain. They significantly disturb the lifestyle because they limit the usage of the prosthesis for a prolonged duration

Importantly, when you think of data, you might think of formal studies in which demographics and representation are carefully considered, limitations are weighed, and then the results are peer-reviewed. That’s not necessarily the case with the AI-based systems that might be used to make a decision about you. Let’s take one source of data everyone has access to: the internet. One study found that, by teaching an artificial intelligence to crawl through the internet — and just reading what humans have already written — the system would produce prejudices against black people and women. Another example of how training data can produce sexism in an algorithm occurred a few years ago, when Amazon tried to use AI to build a résumé-screening tool. According to Reuters, the company’s hope was that technology could make the process of sorting through job applications more efficient. It built a screening algorithm using résumés the company had collected for a decade, but those résumés tended to come from men. That meant the system, in the end, learned to discriminate against women. It also ended up factoring in proxies for gender, like whether an applicant went to a women’s college. (Amazon says the tool was never used and that it was nonfunctional for several reasons.)

*Food for thought: Given that it is known that there is bias in algorithms, why do we (instituitions, companies, governments etc.) still continue to use (and rely on) them?

 Just because a technology is accurate doesn’t make it fair or ethical. For instance, the Chinese government has used artificial intelligence to track and racially profile its largely Muslim Uighur minority, about 1 million of whom are believed to be living in internment camps.

Relevant controversial issues:


Also consider Intersectionality  (intersecting and overlapping social identities- which could prove to be empowering for some, yet oppressing for others)

Cons and Limitations
- Prosthetics can cause skin irritation at the sight where they are fitted, and most patients undergo some level of physical therapy as they get used to using the new device.
- Bionic implants and prosthetics are expensive and may not be covered by insurance. Hence, people of low-income family may not be able to afford it, increasing inequity.
- Bionic limbs can potentially cause issues with implant stability, bone fracture, breakage of the implant parts and infection.

Controversies
For some, that might seem a slightly unsettling idea. Obviously, wearable robotics and bionic implants could have multiple benefits as medical devices, such as for improving prosthetics. But beyond that, bionics and wearable robotics could potentially enhance people’s capabilities in the workplace and boost productivity.

Given such rapid advances, Prof Makin said the question arises about how the human body and brain adapt to and assimilate these devices. ‘I was feeling like a big chunk that’s often left out of this discussion is how the brain and cognition of users will relate to an artificial body part,’ she said.