“Those who eat Ribaa will not stand (on the Day of Resurrection) except like the standing of a person beaten by Shaytaan (Satan) leading him to insanity.

Riba in the pre-Islamic period consisted of the doubling and redoubling [of money or commodities], and in the age [of the cattle]. At maturity, the creditor would say to the debtor, ‘Will you pay me, or increase [the debt]’? If the debtor had anything, he would pay. Otherwise, the age of the cattle [to be repaid] would be increased ... If the debt was money or a commodity, the debt would be doubled to be paid in one year, and even then, if the debtor could not pay, it would be doubled again; one hundred in one year would become two hundred. If that was not paid, the debt would increase to four hundred. Each year the debt would be doubled. This existed in pre-Islamic times and also persisted while the message of Islam was then new.

(2) Riba al-Nasiyah (Riba in loan contract): This is the commonly understood type of riba. It's an increase in payment from a borrower to a lender over the original loan amount charged by the lender due to delay in time of payment. This type of riba only applies to a loan, not a credit sale.It does not matter whether the increase over the loan amount is fixed at the beginning of the contract, or at the end of the contract if the borrower didn't pay. Any pre-determined or pre-agreed increase, or any extra amount over the original loan amount charged by the lender is considered as riba.

(2) Mubadala is an Arabic term that translates into "swap" or "swapping". It is an exchange of two counter-values such as price for commodity, currency for currency, price for usufruct, or commodity for commodity. Mubadala also involves also the exchange of commodity for price.

(3 & 4) Yes, there are alternatives to riba such as trading; 
Allah says in the Qur’an: “Allah has permitted trade and forbidden riba”. In trading there is the cure to Riba. Seen as a system trade is Muamalaat.

History presumes that Hinduism was formed in India around 2000 B.C., but the founder is unknown. Followers believe that its approach to life has always existed. With more adherents than any other religion except Christianity and Islam, the Hindu faith is most populous in Asian countries. A collection of sacred readings in the Santana Dharma conveys the “never beginning nor ending way ” philosophy of the religion. Other scriptures reflect conflicting guidance about gambling in Hinduism with disapproval as well as tolerance. The Manu Smriti provides a general prohibition against the practice.

Guidance for the Hare Krishna cult explicitly prohibits gambling.

Gautama Siddhartha, the Buddha, was born to a king in modern day Nepal in 563 B.C. Gambling was an accepted activity in his father’s ancient kingdom and one that was widely practiced. The Tripiṭaka contains the holy scriptures of Buddhism, and the English translations fill 40 volumes to address topics that include gambling in Buddhism. Known as “the enlightened one”, the Buddha expressed disapproval of gambling as an unskilled activity.

Authors of the Old Testament composed its 39 books of holy scriptures over centuries that ranged from approximately 1657 B.C. to around 443 B.C. Stories of prophetic oracles, instructions for priests, royal court proceedings, historical records and teachings for the faithful. The Torah, the first five books contain Judaism’s most important writings, and Jews generally believe that Moses wrote the words of God in them. The second book, Exodus, contains the 10 Commandments, and the last one equates gambling in Judaism with coveting.

The New Testament contains 27 books that describe a new faith after the birth of Jesus. Without specifically prohibiting gambling in Christianity, the faith cautions against practices that violate biblical principles such as greed, materialism and covetousness.

Christianity observes the 10 Commandments as essential religious guidance, including the prohibition against coveting.

The thoughts of Chinese leader Mao Zedong attracted followers to adopt his political theories. Maoism taught that the peasant class possessed the essential qualities necessary for revolution. Mao’s theory purported that their capabilities made them more likely to stage a revolution and to establish socialism in China than the workers in the industrial sectors. He was the founder of the People’s Republic of China and chairman from 1949 until his death in 1976.

Maoism is a utopian concept that offers justice and equality for everyone, but its ideals were difficult for followers to uphold. Mao outlawed gambling in 1949 when he assumed power in the Communist Party. The philosophy rejects gambling in Maoism for these reasons:

The Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China states the consequences of gambling:

Hadiths and Ayaat
Answer: Shaytaan wants only to excite enmity and hatred between you with intoxicants (alcoholic drink) and gambling, and hinder you from the remembrance of Allaah and from al-salaat (the prayer). So, will you not then abstain?”[al-Maa’idah 5:90-91]